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1、初中英语语法复习讲义之不定式的句法功能归纳不定式虽然不能做谓语,但保留着动词的特征,可带有自己的宾 语和状语,从而形成不定式短语。不定式短语具有名词、形容词及副 词的性质,可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、同位语、定语及状 语等句子成分。一、不定式做主语(1)英语中,不定式短语可放在句首充当句子的主语。如:To learn English well is very important.学好英语很重要。(2)但为了使句子平衡,常用it做形式主语放在句首,而将真 正的主语一一不定式放到句末,特别是在疑问句及感叹句中必须采用 这种方式。如:It is very important to learn
2、English well.学好英语很重 要。Is it necessary to bring an umbrella today?今天带雨伞有 必要吗?(3)不定式做主语时,不能有单独的名词或代词做逻辑主语,而 应用for sb. /of sb.做它的逻辑主语,当不定式表示对逻辑主语 的利害关系时,用for sb;当不定式用来对逻辑主语表示赞美或责 备时,用of sbo如:It is not good for your eye to read in the sun. 在阳光下 看对你的眼睛不好。It is very kind of you to help us.你来帮助我们,真是太好To二、不
3、定式做宾语(1)在英语中,不定式可用来做宾语。如:He agrees to go with us.他同意跟我们一起去。I want to buy a Chinese-English dictionary. 我想买一本汉 英词典。(2)不定式做宾语时须注意:A.不定式并不是可做任何及物动词的宾语。能接不定式做宾语 的动词有:afford, agree, arrange, ask, attempt, begin, care, choose, continue, dare, decide, desire, demand, determine, elect, expect, fail, hate, h
4、esitate, hope, intend, know, learn, like, long, love, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prepare, promise, pretend, prefer, refuse, require, start, try, wait, want, wish, wonder.如:I cant afford to buy such an expensive computer. 我买不起 这么昂贵的电脑。He decided to work in that factory.他决定去那家工厂工作。B.做宾语的不定式如果带有自
5、己的补足语,则须用it做形式宾 语,而将真正的宾语置于补足语之后。如:Do you think it necessary to master a foreign language? 你 认为掌握一门外语有必要吗?I find it interesting to stay with you.我发觉与你待在一起很有趣。C.不定式一般不做介词的宾语,但可做介词but, except的宾语, 并且,当but, except前面如果有动词do时,不定式的to须省略。 如:He said nothing except to go away. 他二话没说就走了。Now we cant do anything
6、 but wait for him. 现在我们只能等 待他。三、不定式做宾语补足语不定式做宾语的补足语须从三个方面来掌握。(1)动词接动词不定式做宾语的补足语时,不定式的to不能省 略。这样的动词有:advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, force, forbid, get, help, order, permit, persuade, require, teach, tell, want, wish, warn, call on, wait for, long forG如:The teacher advised us to le
7、arn through experiment. 老师 劝我们通过实验来学习。They didnt allow us to enter the hall.他们不允许我们进入大厅。(2)动词接动词不定式做宾语的补足语时,不定式的to须省略。 这样的动词有:have, let, make, feel, hear, notice, see, watch, observe ,但它们变为被动语态时,不定式的to不能省略。如The boss made the workers work over ten hours a day in the past. 一 The workers were made to w
8、ork over ten hours a day by the boss.过去老板使工人们每天工作十多个小时。I saw Li Lei fall down from his bike. 一Li Lei was seen to fall down from his bike.我看见李蕾从单车上摔了下来。(3)动词help接动词不定式做宾语的补足语时,不定式的to可 省略也可不省略。如:He often comes to help us (to) do some farming work. 他经 常来帮我们干农活。四、不定式做表语(1)不定式短语可用来做系动词的表语。如:My hope is to
9、 become a scientist like Einstein. 我的希望 就是做一个像爱因斯坦那样的科学家。My job is to teach English.我的工作就是教英语。(2)不定式做表语时须注意两点:A. 一般说来,不定式前面的to不能省略,但当主语部分含有动 词do时,to须省略。如:What I want is to visit the History Museum now. 我所想的 就是现在去参观历史博物馆。What he wants to do is go swimming in that river. 他想做 的事就是去河里游泳。B.不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语
10、时,表示主语的责任、义务或 将来的行为;当不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语时,不定式是表语, 表示主语的内容或性质。如:We are to keep the order in the street,我们将去街上维持 秩序。(将来时)Our job is to keep the order in the street.我们的工作是 维持街上的秩序。(系表结构)五、不定式做定语(1)不定式做定语时,一般放在所修饰的名词、代词之后,表示 即将发生的动作。如:We have much work to do,我们有很多事情要做。I have a letter to answer.我有一封信要回复。(2)不
11、定式做定语时,中心词与不定式的关系:A.主谓关系,即:中心词是不定式的逻辑主语。如:Li Lei was the first student to come into the classroom this morning.今天早晨李蕾是第一个进教室的学生。Liu Ying was the very girl to meet you.刘英正是来接你的 那个女孩子。B.动宾关系,即:中心词是不定式的逻辑宾语。如:Do you have anything to do now?你现在有事情要做吗?I have some clothes to wash.我有些衣服要洗。当不定式与所修饰的中心词有动宾关系
12、时,不定式中的动词须为 及物动词,若是不及物动词,不定式后须加上适当的介词。如:Go ahead, please. I have a friend to wait for here. 请先 走吧,我还有个朋友要在这儿等。C.说明关系,即:不定式是中心词的内容。如:I had a dream to fly in the sky like a bird. 我做了一个像 鸟儿在天上飞的梦I have a wish to go to college.我有一个上大学的愿望。六、不定式做状语不定式做状语,可表示动作的目的、结果、原因、条件和方式。A.表目的表目的时,不定式可放在句子的前面也可放在句子的末尾
13、。但在 句子前面时,不定式常与句子用逗号隔开;而在句子末尾时一般不用 逗号隔开。如:To get there on time, we set out at five in the morning. 为 了按时到达那儿,我们早晨五点就出发了。He goes there to enjoy the fresh air.他去那儿享受那儿的 新鲜空气。比较:to do, in order to do, so as to do都可表示 目的,但 to do, in order to do的位置既可在句首,又可在句末;而 so as to do只能在句末。In order to build a house,
14、 he bought some wood and steel yesterday. 一He bought some wood and steel yesterday in order to build a house. / He bought some wood and steel yesterday so as to build a house.为了建房,昨天他买来了木料和钢材。B.表结果不定式在下列结构中表示谓语动作的结果,不定式的位置一般在 句子末尾。(1) 表示终结性的动词 find, see, hear, learn, discover 的 不定式,常表示出乎意料的结果,并且,不定式
15、前常有never, only 等副词修饰。如:I hurried to the railway station yesterday, (only) to find that the train had left.昨天我急急忙忙赶到火车站时,发现火 车已经开走了。I went to the classroom, to discover it empty. 我走至U教室, 结果发现教室是空的。(2) 在 “so + adj. / adv. + as + to do”中。如:The scenery is so beautiful as to attract many people here ever
16、y year.景色非常美,每年都要吸引很多人来这里。(3) 在 “adj. / adv. + enough + to do” 中。如:He ran fast enough to catch up with Li Lei. 他跑得彳艮快, 结果赶上了李蕾。(4) 在 “so + adj. / adv. +a(n) + n. + as + to do” 中。如:This is so interesting a story as to interest children. 这 是个很有趣的故事,使孩子们非常感兴趣。(5) 在 “such + adj. / adv. + n. + as + to do
17、” 中。如:She is such a good girl to help you make great progress. 她 是个非常好的姑娘,帮助你取得了很大的进步。(6) 在 “too + adj. / adv. + to do” 中。如:They went too slowly to catch the early bus.他们走得太慢 了,结果没能赶上早班车。C.表原因不定式表示原因时,一般放在句子的末尾,说明主语某种心情、 情感 (glad, pleased, sad, worried, sorrow, excited) 所产生的原因。如:Im very glad to hear
18、 that Li Lei has been elected secretary of the Party.听说李蕾被选为了党的书记,我很高兴。D.表条件不定式表示条件时,一般放在句首。如:To be heated, liquid will change into gas.如果受热,液体 就会变成气体。E.表方式不定式可接在as if / as though之后表示方式时,如:He moved his mouth as if to say something. 他的 嘴唇动 了 动, 好像要说什么事似的。七、不定式做同位语不定式可用作同位语,说明某些名词或代词task, idea, thought 的内容。不定式做同位语时,在名词或代词与不定式之间常用逗号隔 开。如:Suddenly I have got the idea, to hunt rabbits in the woods.突然,我有了这个想法,去林子里去猎取野兔子。八、不定式做独立成分To tell you the truth, I don t like it.告诉你实话,我不 喜欢它。