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1、专题三 动词和动词词组 谓语和动词谓语：对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明，指出主语“是什么”、“做什么”或“怎么样”。一般在主语之后，由动词构成，并且有人称、时态、语态和数的变化。动词的类型：分为谓语动词和非谓语动词；谓语动词分为实义动词（及物动词和不及物动词）和非实义动词（系动词、助动词和情态动词）动词 考点一：动词的基本形式1. 第三人称单数形式的构成一般现在时中主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词也要用第三人称单数形式。不规则变化have - has。2. 现在分词的构成3. 过去式和过去分词的构成规则变化不规则变化需单独记忆。（九年级课本p184-185）总结：规则动词的变化形式原形第三人称单数
2、过去式及过去分词现在分词一般动词work直接加-s（在清辅音后读/s/，在浊辅音后读/z/）works直接加-ed（在清辅音后读/t/，在浊辅音后读/d/，在t和d后读/id/）worked直接加-ingworking以重读闭音节结尾的动词stop,prefer加-sstops,prefers双写词尾辅音字母再加-edstopped,preferred双写词尾辅音字母,再加-ingstopping,preferring以s,x,ch,sh或o结尾的动词dress,wash,watch,fix加-es（读/iz/，o后的读/z/）dresses,washes,watches,fixes加-edd
3、ressed,washed,watched,fixed加-ingdressing,washing,watching,fixing以辅音字母+y结尾的动词study,try变y为i,再加-esstudies,tries变y为i,再加-edstudied,tried加-ingstudying,trying三个ie结尾的动词lie,die,tie加-slies,dies,ties加-dlied,died,tied变ie为y,再加-inglying,dying,tying以不发音字母e结尾close,movecloses,movesclosed,moved去e加-ingclosing,moving注意
4、：1. 过去式及过去分词：stopped, begged, dropped, hugged, planned, shopped, preferred, chatted, regretted, robbed, fitted2. 现在分词：cutting, putting, swimming, beginning, getting, forgetting, hitting, running, sitting, winning, shopping, stopping, dropping, digging, planning, setting, preferring考点二：实义动词词义辨析实义动词是本
5、身有词义，且能独立作谓语的动词。根据后面是否带宾语，可分为及物动词和不及物动词两类。1及物动词及物动词后面要跟宾语才能使句子结构完整。如love，need，want等。它主要用于三种句型中：动词宾语如：I bought some books yesterday.我昨天买了一些书。(bought后有宾语books，为及物动词)lose heart 灰心;make faces做鬼脸;make friends交朋友动词宾语宾补如：The sun keeps us warm.阳光让我们保持温暖。动词双宾语(即直接宾语和间接宾语)如：My mother passed me an apple.妈妈递给我一
6、个苹果。2不及物动词不及物动词本身有完整的意思，后不需接宾语。如：He always studies hard.他一直努力学习。(study后无宾语，为不及物动词)若不及物动词需要带宾语，其后需加适当的介词，才可以跟宾语。如：They left last week. 他们上周离开了。(left后无宾语，为不及物动词)They live in a small house in Beijing.他们在北京住在一所小房子里。(live后需介词in才可以接宾语)3有的动词既可作及物动词，也可作不及物动词。如：She sings very well.她唱得很好。(sing是不及物动词)She sang
7、an English song just now.她刚才唱了一首英文歌。(sing是及物动词)考点训练二： 背诵下列常见的不及物动词1. 只是不及物的：faint,hesitate,lie,occur,pause,rain,remain,sleep,sneeze.2. 常见的及物，不及物的：answer,ask,begin,borrow,choose,climb,dance,eat,enter,fail,fill,grow,help,hurry,jump,know,leave,marry,meet,obey,pull,read,see,sell,touch,wash,watch,win,wri
8、te3. 及物不及物意义变化的lift.升高beatvi.跳动vt.敲、打;growvi.生长vt.种植playvi.玩耍vt.打（牌、球）,演奏smellvi.发出（气味）vt.嗅ringvi.（电话、铃）响vt.打电话speakvi.讲话vt.说（语言）hangvi.悬挂vt.绞死operatevi.动手术vt.操作4. 意义不变的start,answer,sing,close,consider,insist,read,learn,prepare,pay,hurt,improve.5. 常做不及物动词：live,go,work,listen,look,come,die,belong,fal
9、l,exist,rise,arrive,sit,sail,hurry,fail,succeed. agree.6. 不及物动词agree,go,work,listen,look,come,die,belong,fall,exist,rise,arrive,sit,sail,hurry,fail,succeed、beat、buy,catch,invent,found,like,observe,offer,prevent,promise,raise,find,forget,receive,regard,see,say,seat,supply,select,suppose,show,make,tak
10、e,tell考点三：系动词和助动词的用法1系动词系动词本身有词义，但不能独立作谓语，须与表语一起构成谓语，称作系表结构。用来表示主语状态的系动词只有be(am，is，are，was，were)；用来表示主语继续或保持一种状态或态度的系动词有keep，stay，remain，stand等；表象系动词有look，seem，appear等；表示人的感觉的系动词有feel，smell，sound，taste等；表变化的系动词有become，get，grow，turn等。2助动词助动词是辅动性动词。本身无意义或意义不完整，不能独立用作谓语，但可以与实义动词连用，共同构成谓语，表示各种时态、语态、否定句和
11、疑问句等。常用助动词有：be: am, is, are, was, were, being, been have: has, had, having do: does, did will：would shall：should考点四：情态动词的用法情态动词有一定的词义，但不能独立作谓语，须与动词原形一起构成谓语，表示说话人的情绪、态度和语气。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。1 can(could)原形,过去式用法含义例句can,could表能力(=be able to有时态变化)能,会He can dance.=He is able to dance.表请求(一般疑问句)可以Can you help
12、 me?=Could you give me a hand?(更委婉)表否定推测cant be(不可能)The boy cant be Tony.Tony is much taller.【注意】could在口语中，常代替can来向对方比较委婉客气地提出请求或表示看法。此时could不表示过去时。2 may(might)原形,过去式用法含义例句may,might表可能性可能Tim may know the way.=Maybe Tim knows the way.表客气请求可以May I come in?表祝愿祝May you good luck.【注意】may的一般疑问句的否定回答用 cant
13、。Mom,may I play computer games now?No,you cant.Study must come first.(必须先学习)3 Must原形,过去式用法含义例句must表命令/义务必须We must obey the school rules.表肯定推测一定He must be at home because the light is on.must的一般疑问句的否定回答用neednt 或dont have to 没有必要Mom,must I write to my cousin today?No,you neednt/you dont have to.You ma
14、y write it on weekends.与同义短语have to的区别:have to有时态、人称的变化(has to/had to.)must 无变化不得不,必须The boy had to stay at home alone yesterday.=The boy must stay at home alone yesterday.【注意】have to意为“不得不；必须”，主要强调受到外界客观因素的迫使。它可用于多种时态，且有人称和数的变化。must的否定形式为mustnt，意为“不许；一定不要”，表示禁止和告诫。You mustnt play soccer on the stre
15、et.Its so dangerous.表示对事物的推测，意为“想必；一定”，只用于肯定句。且比may的语气要肯定得多。4 Should原形,过去式用法含义例句shall,shouldShall I/we.表请求好吗?Shall I ask you some questions?Lets 的附加反意疑问句是shall we好吗Lets go to the park,shall we?should/shouldnt表义务(不)应该Students shouldnt have long hair.5其他情态动词原形,过去式用法含义例句will,would表提建议愿意Will/Would/Could
16、 you please take out the trash?needneed do(need是情态动词) 需要;需要做We need buy some school things.=We need to buy some school things.need to do(need是行为动词)need doing需要被做The watch needs repairing.(这块手表需要被修。)had betterhad better (not) do =Its (not) best to do sth.最好(不)You had better ask your teachers for help
17、.=Its best to ask your teachers for help.【注意】would作情态动词时，无人称限制，表意愿，常与like，love连用。7. 情态动词知识常考要点.“情态动词+have done(完成时)”意为“原本应该做某事,而实际上没做”。If we started two days ago,we should have finished the work earlier.“情态动词+be doing(进行时)”意为“想必正在;可能正在;应当正在”。Its 12 oclock.They must be having lunch.(他们一定在吃午饭).maybe 和
18、may be maybe=perhaps是副词, may be在句中作谓语。Where is Jack?He may be in the classroom.But Im not sure.Maybe Tom is at home now.Go and find him.考点五：动词短语动词短语指动词跟一个或两个介词或副词构成的固定短语。其意义与原来动词的意思不同。1动词短语的分类：动词介词arrive in(at)，ask for，begin with，get tobreak into破门而入;come from来自;deal with处理、对付;depend on依靠;laugh at 嘲
19、笑;look after 照顾;look for 寻找;hear from收到来信;take after与相像;stand for 代表;send for派人去请;wait for等候及物动词副词find out，give up，look up (查找)，put on，pick up，ring up，take off (脱下)，take away，turn on，turn off，think over，cut off;give away赠送,分发;cheer up使振奋、高兴;clean up打扫干净;fix up修理;put up设立、张贴;think over仔细考虑;wake up 叫醒
20、不及物动词副词get up，go on，grow up，set off，stand up，give in 屈服;hold on坚持、等一会;come up 走近动词副词介词get on (along) with，go on withadd up to合计达; catch up with赶上; come up with 提出; get away from 逃离; keep away from远离; keep on with继续做; look down upon/on 蔑视; look forward to 期盼动词名词介词make contributions to对做出贡献;make frien
21、ds with与交朋友;make fun of 取笑;make progress in在上取得进步;take care of照顾;take part in参加;take pride in以为骄傲;pay attention to注意be形容词介词be interested in，be good for，be worried aboutbe fond of喜欢;be afraid of害怕;be famous for因出名;be good at擅长;be ready for 为做准备;be proud of 以为自豪考点六：重点非延续性动词(短语)转换为延续性动词(短语)表非延续性动词(短语)延续性动词(短语)非延续性动词延续性动词(短语)borrow/lendkeepdiebe deadbuyhavejoinbe in/a member of openbe openclosebe closedleavebe awayfinish/endbe overbegin/startbe onarrive/comebe in/herecatch/get a coldhave a coldmarrybe married7学科网（北京）股份有限公司