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1、2023年高中英语语法定语从句的用法及考点一、定语从句关系词的用法与选择1 .关系词的用法关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代询主要有that, who. whom, whose, which, as 等，其中 who 和 whom 只用干指人,which 和as只用干指事物，whose和that既口生指人也可用于指物，它 们在定语从句可用作主语、宦语、表语或定语；关系副词主要有when, where和why,其中when表示时间，where表地点，why表原因，它 们在定语从句中均用作状语：A plane is a machine that can fly.飞机是一种能飞行的机器。 （tha
2、t植物，在从句中用作主语）I have forgotten everything that I learn t at school.我 把学校学的所有东西都给忘了。that植物，在从句中句作室语The man who lives in that house is my uncle. 住在刃B座房 子里的人是我叔叔。who指人，在从句中作主语The house whose windows are broken is empty.破了 窗户的刃E 座房子是空的。whose植物，在从句中作定语There are some students whose questions I cant answer.
3、 有 些学生提出的问题我回答不了。whose指人，在从句中作定语He is not such a fool as he looks,他并不像他看起来那么 傻。as指人，在从句作表语2 .关系词的选择选择关系词可考虑以下四点：(1) 一看先行词的意义，即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因(如指物时不能用who或whom,指人时通常不用which 等)。(2)二看关系词的句法功能，即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分, 是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等(如作定语通常用whose, 有时也用which；作状语要用when, where, why) o(3)三看定语从句的种类，即分清是限制性定语
4、从句还是非限制 性定语从句(如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句)。(4)四看文体，即分清是正式文体还是非正式文体，是书面语体 还是口语体。二、定语从句关系词省略关系词有时可以省略，但这只限于限制性定语从句中，在非限制 性定语从句中，关系词则不可省略。1 .关系代词作宾语时的省略当关系代词who. whom, which和that在定语从句中用作动词宾语 或介词位于句末时的介词宾语时，可以省略。如：Is there anything (which) you wanted? 想要什么东西吗？Is there anything (which) you wanted?想要什么东西吗？Have
5、 you anything (which) youd like to sell? 你有什么东 西想卖吗？This was the worst film (that) he had ever seen.这是他所 看过的电影中最差的一部。That is the house (that) we built.这就是我们盖的房子。He is the kindest man (that) I have ever met, 他是我遇至U 过的最仁厚的人。It was the most worrying day (that) he had ever spent. 这 是他度过的最烦恼的日子。I wore th
6、e necklace (which) my grandmother(had) left me. 我戴着祖母留给我的项链。Its the only building (which) I ve ever seen which is made entirely of glass.这是我所见过的唯一的一座全部用玻璃造的建 筑物。Who is the man(that /who /whom) you were talking to? 冈! 才和你讲话的人是谁？You remember the boy (who) I was going out with?你记得 那个跟我约会的小伙子吗？真正爱过的只有这个
7、女人。2 .关系代词作表语时的省略当关系代词that在定语从句中用作表语时，可以省略。如：China is not the country (that) it was.中国已不是过去的 中国了。(that作表语)My son is not the boy (that) he used to be.我的儿子已不是过去的样子了。(that作表语)Can you remember the factory (that) it used to be?你还记得工厂原来的样子吗？ that作表语When he came back, he found that his hometown was not the
8、 one that it had been,他回来的时候，发现家乡已不是原来的样子 了 o that作表语3 .关系代词作宾补时的省略当关系代词that在定语从句中用作宾语补足时，可以省略。如:Im not the madman (that) you thought me. 我并不是你所认 为的那个疯子。(that作宾语补语)4 .关系代词作主语时的省略一般说来，关系代词作主语时是不能省略的，但是在以下两种特 殊情况，也可省略。(1)当定语从句为there be结构时，作主语的that可以省略。 如：I ve told you all (that) there is to tell.该告诉的我
9、都 告诉你了。It was the only cotton mill (that) there was then.那时它 是唯一的一家棉纺织厂。(2)当主句为there be结构时，在定语从句中作主语的that, which, who有时可省略。如：Theres a gentleman (who) wants to see you. 有一位先生要见您。(3)当主句为it is, here is结构时，在定语从句中作主语的 that有时可省略。如：Heres a little book (that) will tell you how to raise roses. 这是一本关于玫瑰花栽培的小册
10、子。5 .关系副词when的省略用作时间状语的关系副词when通常不能省略，但有一种特殊情 况，即用干day year time等少数几个词后时可以省略(也可换成 thato 如：That was the year (that) I first went abroad.就是那一年 我第一次出国了。Ill never forget the day (that) we met.我永远也忘不了 我们见面的那一天。That was the year (when) I first went abroad.那是我第一 次出国的一年。Now is the time (when) I need him mos
11、t,现在是我最需要他的 时候。Do you remember the days (when) there were no jet planes? 你还记得那个没有喷气机的年代吗？6 .关系副词where的省略用作地点状语的关系副词where通常不能省略，但有一种特殊情 况，即用于 place, somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere 少 数几个词后时可以省略(也可换成that)。如：This is the place (where) they met yesterday 这就是他们 昨天碰头的地方。Have you somewhere(where)I
12、can lie down for an hour?你 有没有一个什么地方可以让我躺一个小时？Have you got somewhere (where) I can lie down for a while? 你有什么地方我可以稍躺一会儿。We need a place (where) we can stay for a few days. 我们 需要一个能住几天的地方。Do you know anywhere (where) I can buy a second-hand typewriter?你知道哪里能买到旧打字机吗？I know somewhere (where) you can ea
13、t Japanese food.我认 识个地方可以吃日本菜。三、that / those在定语从句中的运用that后接定语从句时，通常用关系代词which来引导。如：I have that which you gave me.我有你给我的那个。That which many people say is not always true.很多人说的 并不表示一定是真的。注：that which是一个比较正式的用法，在通常情况下会用what 代替。如：What many people say is not always true.很多人说的并不表不一定是真的。另外注意，that后可接定语从句，但th
14、is后习惯上不接定语从句。those后接定语从句时，通常用关系代词who来引导。如：Those who do not wish to go need not go.不愿去的人不需要 去。It is said that those who eat the most are the least healthy. 据说吃得最多的人身体最差。另外注意，those后可接定语从句，但these后习惯上不接定语 从句。四、关系代词as和wh i ch的区别:两者有时可互换。如：I live a long way from work, as which you know. 我住得 离工作单位很远，这你是知道的
15、。:以下两种情况，习惯只用as,不用which。在such,as, the same后引导定语从句时只能用ash。如：I never heard such stories as he tells.我从未听过他讲那 样的故事。Its the same story as I heard yesterday.这故事跟我昨天 听到的一样。This is the photo which shows my house.这张照片拍的是我的住宅。当从句位于主句前面时，只用as。如：As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once e
16、very month.月球每月绕地球转一周，这是每个人都清楚的。:以下三种情况值得注意。as引导的非限制性定语从句应与主句在意义上和谐一致，但 which无此限制。比较：He went abroad, as which was expected.他出国了，这是大 家预料到的。He went abroad, which was unexpected.他出 国了，这让大家 感到很意外。（不用as）2as引与非限制性定语从句时，先行词通常不能是主句中某个具 体的词，而应是整个句子、整个短语或某个短语推断出来的概念，而 which则无此限制。如：The river which flows throug
17、h London, is called the Thames. 这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。（不用as）（3）当as引导非限制性定语从句作主语时，其谓语通常应是连 系动词，而不宜是其他动词，而which则无此限制：She has married again, as which seemed natural.她又结 婚了，这似乎很自常。She has married again, which delighted us.她又结婚了， 这 使我们很高兴。（不用as）关系代词who与whom的区别两者均只用于人，从理论上说，who 为主格，whom为宾格，但实际上，除非在正式文体中，宾格关系代 词wh
18、om往往省略不用，或用who或that代之。如：The man(that. who. whom) you met just now is called Jim. 你刚遇见的那个人叫吉姆。不过，值得注意的是，直接跟在介词后面作宾语时，只能用whom, 而且不能省略。如：She brought with her three friends, none of whom I had ever met before.她带了 3个朋友来，我以前都没见过。另外，引导非限制性定语从句目作宣语时，who和whom均可用， 但以用whom为佳，此时也不能省略。如：This is Jack, who whom you havent met before. 这是杰克，你以前没见过。