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1、Reading and ThinkingA Short History of Western PaintingWhat is Western art?It is hard to give a precise definition.As there have been so many different styles of Western art,it is impossible to describe them all in a short text.Perhaps the best way to understand Western art is to look at the develop
2、ment of Western painting over the centuries.Para.1define v.给.下定义definite adj.清晰的；确定的definitely adv.肯定地It is+adj+to do sth 做某事是做某事是.的的zthere be 的现在完成时不定式短语做表语the way to do sth=the wazy of doing sth做某事的方式什么是西方艺术？很难给出准确的定义。由于西方艺术有很多不同的风格，不可能用一篇短文来描述它们。也许了解西方艺术的最好方法是看看西方绘画几个世纪以来的发展。The Middle Ages(from
3、the 5th to the 15th century)During the Middle Ages,the purpose of Western art was to teach people about Christianity.Thus,artists were not interested in painting realistic scenes.Their works were often primitive and two-dimensional,and the main characters were often made much larger than everyone el
4、se to show their importance.This began to change in the 13th century with Giotto di Bondone(1267-1337).Para.2z不定式短语做表语因此=therefore=as a resultthe purpose of.is/was to do.的目的是的目的是realism n.现实主义；逼真realist n.现实主义画家realistic adj.现实的；逼真的作品/prmtv/adj原始的二维的 dimension n.维在被动语态中，宾语补足语变成了主语补足语不定式做目的状语在中世纪，西方艺
5、术的目的是向人们传授基督教。因此，艺术家们对绘制逼真的场景不感兴趣。他们的作品往往是原始的、二维的，主角也通常被塑造的比其他人高大许多，以显示他们的重要性。13世纪，随着乔托迪邦多纳（1267-1337）的出现，这种情况开始发生变化。乔托迪邦多纳Para.2While his paintings still had religious themes,they showed real people in a real environment.In particular,his paintings are set apart from other paintings by their realis
6、tic human faces and deep emotional impact.While：1.引导时间状语从句，表示“当时候”。2.引导让步状语从句，表示“虽然；尽管”。3.表对比，意思为“而；但”。adj.宗教的 religion n.主题 尤其；特别 =particularly 使突出；使与众不同 set about(doing sth.)开始(做某事)set out(to do sth.)开始(做某事);出发(for)set off 动身/出发(for)；引爆；引发set aside 留出set down 记下set up 建立have an impact on 对.有影响 虽然他
7、的画仍然有宗教主题，但它们展示了真实环境中的真实人物。特别是，他的画作以其逼真的人脸和强烈的情感冲击而与众不同。Para.3The Renaissance(from the 14th to the 17th century)New ideas and values gradually replaced old ones from the Middle Ages.As a result,painters concentrated less on religious themes.They began to adopt a more humanistic attitude to life.An i
8、mportant breakthrough during this period was the use of perspective by Masaccio(1401-1428).Influential painters such as Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519),Michelangelo(1475-1564),and Raphael(1483-1520)built upon Giotto and Masaccios innovations to produce some of the greatest art that Europe had ever seen
9、./rnesns/文艺复兴vt.代替；取代因此=therefore=thus全神贯注于.=focus onvt.采用 adapt vt.适应a attitude to/towards 对.的态度n.重大进展；突破/pspektv/透视法；观点马萨乔莱昂纳多达芬奇米开朗琪罗拉斐尔乔托马萨乔/nvenz/n.创新that 在定语从句中作宾语，可省略新思想和价值观逐渐取代了中世纪时期的旧思想和价值观。因此，画家们较少关注宗教主题。他们开始对生活采取一种更加人性化的态度。这一时期的一个重要突破是马萨乔（1401-1428）对透视法的运用。有影响力的画家，如莱昂纳多达芬奇（1452-1519）、米开朗基
10、罗（1475-1564）和拉斐尔（1483-1520），在乔托和马萨乔创新的基础上创作出了欧洲有史以来最伟大的一些艺术作品。build on/upon 建议在.基础上Para.4Another innovation was the use of oil paints.With their deep colours and realism,some of the best oil paintings look like photographs.While painters as early as Da Vinci had used oil,this technique reached its h
11、eight with Rembrandt(1606-1669),who gained a reputation as a master of shadow and light.n.创新 innovative adj.新颖的 看起来像 尽管；让步状语从句 /teknik/n.技巧；技术 到达它的顶峰 伦勃朗 非限制性定语从句，补充说明 Rembrandt 另一项创新是使用油彩颜料。凭借其浓重的色彩和现实主义，一些最好的油画，看起来与照片相似。早在达芬奇时代，画家们就使用油彩绘画，但伦勃朗（1606-1669）的这种技艺达到了顶峰，并获得了光影大师的称号。获得.的名誉 过去完成时 Para.5In
12、 subject matter,the emphasis increasingly shifted from religious themes to people and the world around us.Kings,nobles,and people of high rank wanted to purchase accurate pictures of themselves and the people they loved.Others wanted paintings showing important historical events or stories from myth
13、ology.Finally,most clients wanted paintings that were beautiful and interesting to look at./emfss/n.强调；重视adv.越来越多地从.到.转变/nblz/贵族成员级别高的/pts/n&vt 购买；采购/kjrt/adj.精确的定语从句，省略做宾语的who或that现在分词短语做后置定语(有关)历史的/mldi/n.神话/klants/委托人;客户在主题方面，重心日益从宗教主题转移到我们周围的人和世界。国王、贵族和地位显赫的人希望购买自己和他们所爱的人的精确画像。其他人想要展示重要的历史事件或神话故
14、事的绘画。最后，大多数客户都想要漂亮的有趣的画。that 引导的定语从句Impressionism(late 19th to early 20th century)The development of Western art slowed until the invention of photography in the mid-19th century.After that,paintings were no longer needed to preserve what people and the world looked like.Hence,painters had to find a
15、 new way of looking at their art.From this,Impressionism emerged in France.The name of this new movement came from the painting by Claude Monet(1840-1926)called Impression,Sunrise.In this work,Monets aim was to convey the light and movement in the scenethe subjective impression the scene gave himbut
16、 not a detailed record of the scene itself.Para.6/mprenzm/n.印象派vi.放慢速度n.发明n.照相术；摄影n.保存因此做某事的方式于是/imd/vt.出现/kld mne/克劳德莫奈The aim is to do.目的是v.传达 不定式短语做表语主观的详细的;具体的定从；省略that 或whichPara.6西方艺术发展缓慢，直到19世纪中期摄影术发明。在那之后，绘画不再需要保存人和世界的样子。因此，画家们不得不寻找一种新的方式来看待他们的艺术。由此，印象派在法国出现了。这一新运动的名字来源于克劳德莫奈（1840-1926）的画作印象
17、，日出。在这部作品中，莫奈的目的是传达场景中的光线和运动场景给他的主观印象但不是对场景本身的详细记录。While many Impressionists painted scenes of nature or daily life,others,such as Renoir(1841-1919),focused on people.Unlike the cold,black-and-white photographs of that time period,Renoirs paintings are full of light,shadow,colour,and life.He sought
18、to show not just the outer image of his subjects,but their inner warmth and humanity as well.Para.7尽管；引导让步状语从句印象派画家/rinw/雷诺阿聚焦于=be filled with 充满seek to do sth 力求做某事seek-sought-soughtnot just.but.(as well)=not only.but also不仅.而且.人性虽然许多印象派画家画的是自然或日常生活的场景，但其他人，如雷诺阿（1841-1919），则专注于人。与那个时期冰冷的黑白照片不同，雷诺阿的
19、绘画饱含光、影、色和生命。他力求既展示主题人物的外在形象，又展现其内在的温暖和人性。Para.8Modern Art(from the 20th century to today)After Impressionism,subsequent artists began to ask,What do we do next?Painters such as Picasso(1881-1973)tried to analyse the shapes which existed in the natural world but in a new way,with Cubism.Others gave
20、their paintings a realistic but dream-like quality.Still others turned to abstract art.What they attempted to dowas no longer show reality,but instead to ask the question,What is art?现代艺术时期印象主义/sbskwnt/后来的pks/毕加索which引导定语从句/kjubzm/立体主义转向;求助于what引导的主从，作宾语试图做某事主语部分含有do或do的其他形式时，做表语的不定式可省略to印象派之后，后来的艺术家开始问：“我们下一步该怎么办？”毕加索（1881-1973）等画家试图分析自然界中存在的形状，但是以一种新的方式-立体主义。其他人则赋予了他们的画作一种写实但梦幻般的品质。还有一些画家转向抽象艺术。他们试图做的不再是展示现实，而是问一个问题，“艺术是什么？”Thank you!Thank you!Thank you!Thank you!