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1、Unit 3 Food and CulturePeriod 3 Discovering useful structures导学案过去完成时和被动语态1. to tell the same information using the past perfect active tense and the passive tense.2. to use the two constructions correctly, and understand their meaning and function in the context.3. to make sentences using the past
2、perfect active and passive tense and use these sentences to make dialogues.一：下面这个句子含有什么时态和语态？它们的意义是什么？By the time the tornado ended, more than 700 people had been killed.【答案】: the passive voice of the past perfect tense.function: The past perfect tense is used to refer to an action or a state of bei
3、ng that occurred or was completed before a specific time in the past. 二：从第一篇课文中找到所有含有以上时态和语态的句子并总结规律。【答案】:1. Prior to coming to China, my only experience with Chinese cooking was in America, with Chinese food that had been changed to suit American tastes.在来中国之前，我唯一接触过中国烹饪的经历是在美国，我接触过经过改变以适应美国人口味的中国食
4、物。2. When my family and I had just arrived in China, we went looking for a good place to eat in Beijing.当我和家人刚到中国时，我们在北京找了一个吃饭的好地方。3. A restaurant had been recommended to us by a friend, and finally, we found it.一位朋友向我们推荐了一家餐馆，我们终于找到了。4. We had no idea how to order, so the chef just began filling ou
5、r table with the best food we had ever eaten.我们不知道该怎么点菜，所以厨师就开始在我们的桌子上摆满我们吃过的最好的食物。语法共性：1句1和句3中的黑体部分为过去完成时的被动语态，其构成为had been done。2句2和句4中的黑体部分为过去完成时，其构成为had done。三：语法知识填空。过去完成时的构成为“_”。过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前_的动作或存在的状态。它表示句子中描述的动作发生在“_”。【答案】: had过去分词; 已经发生或完成了; 过去的过去(1)过去完成时表示在过去某个动作或某个具体的时间之前已经发生、完成的动作或
6、存在的状态，即表示“过去的过去”。The boy was reminded that his homework_这个男孩被提醒说他的家庭作业还没有交上来。Her homework _when I got home. 我到家的时候，她的作业还没有完成。How many buildings _when the hurricane ended?飓风结束的时候，有多少建筑物被毁坏了？【答案】: had not been handed in; had not been finished; had been destroyed (2)用于hardly/scarcely . when ., no soone
7、r . than .等表示“_”或“一就”的固定句型中。【答案】:刚就;_school from school _it began to snow heavily.我们刚到达学校就下起了雪。【答案】: Hardly had we reached ;whenhardly/scarcely/rarely/no sooner置于句首时，主句部分_，从句_倒装。【答案】:倒装;不(3)有些动词，如hope、expect、think、intend、mean、suppose等，用过去完成时表示“_”。【答案】:原本打算做而未做某事We_ to finish the task on time but we
8、failed.我们本来希望按时完成这项工作的，但我们没有做到。Eve _to see more of China.伊芙曾希望在中国多观光一番。I _to be there on time.我本打算准时去的。Greta _to see her off at the airport.格瑞塔本打算是要去机场送她的。【答案】: had expected; had hoped; had intended; had meant(4)在“That/It was the first/second . time从句”中，从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时。That was the last time I _such
9、a foolish mistake.那是我最后一次犯那样的傻错误。It was the first time ( that) I _Shanghai.那是我第一次去上海。It was the most inspiring performance I_. 这是我看过的最激励人心的表演【答案】: had made; had been to; had watched(5)用在It was+一段时间+ since从句句型中(从句用过去完成时) It was at least three months since I _Beijing.我离开北京至少有三个月了。【答案】: had left(6)wish
10、、if only、as if、would rather等后面的从句中，常用过去完成时表示对过去的假设或虚拟。If only I _by the teacher yesterday.我昨天要是被老师表扬就好了。I wish I _there at that time.那时候我要在那儿就好了。（事实上我不在那儿。）I wish I _about it.我要是告诉他那事就好了。（事实上我没告诉他。）【答案】: had been praised; had been; had told him3过去完成时与一般过去时的区别一般过去时侧重发生在过去的_；而过去完成时强调动作发生在“过去的过去”，一定有一个
11、表示过去时间的_，表示在这个时间之前，动作已经发生。【答案】:客观事实; 参照点They_ when their parents got home at 11 oclock.父母11点回家之前他们已经睡着了。（过去的过去）They_ at 11 oclock.他们11点睡着了。（一般过去）【答案】: had fallen asleep; fell asleep二、过去完成时的被动语态1概念：过去完成时的被动语态表示动作在过去某一时刻或某个动作以前已经发生或完成，且主语与谓语动词动作存在_。【答案】:被动关系2构成(1)肯定结构：主语_(2)否定结构：主语_(3)疑问结构： had +主语+_【
12、答案】: had been done; had not been done; been done3用法(1)在told、said、 knew、heard、thought、found等动词后的宾语从句中，表示宾语从句中的动作已被做完时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。He heard that the tickets had already_他听说票已售完。He told me that the project _by the end of 1999.他告诉我到1999年底他们已完成了那个项目。The newspaper reported more than 100 people _in the th
13、understorm.报纸报道说有一百多人在暴风雨中丧生。【答案】: been sold out; had been completed; had been killed(2)before、when、by the time、until、after、once等引导的时间状语从句的谓语是一般过去时，以及by、before后面接过去的时间时，主句动作发生在从句的动作或过去的时间之前且表示被动时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。By the time my brother was 10, he _to Italy.我弟弟10岁前就已经被送到意大利了。Tons of rice _by the end of l
14、ast month. 到上月底已生产了好几吨大米。【答案】: had been sent; had been produced(3) It was the first/second/last . time that .句中that引导的定语从句中，主语与谓语构成被动关系时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。It was the first time that I_ the night fact to face in one and a half years. 这是我一年半以来第一次亲眼目睹夜晚的景色。【答案】: had seen(4)在虚拟语气中，条件句表示与过去事实相反，且主语与谓语构成被动关系时，
15、要用过去完成时的被动语态。If I _by him earlier, I would have finished the task.如果我早一点得到他的指示，我早就完成这项任务了。If I_, I wouldnt have missed the train.如果我快点的话，我就不会误了火车。If you _at the party, you would have met him.如果你去了晚会，你就会见到他的。【答案】: had been instructed; had hurried; had beenI 用所给词的适当形式填空【答案】1. had left 2. had written 3
16、. had intended4. had seen 5. had been out of work6. had come to this mountain village 7. had gone through 8. had written 9. had been offered 10. had been set up II.语法填空Along a long path we came to a deep valley. As I climbed down into the valley, a bird flew off the rock. On looking at the spot 1._t
17、he bird had risen, I saw two eggs. They were the kind that I did not have in my 2._ (collect), so I placed them carefully in my bag.As we went further down the valley, the sides became even 3._ (steep)The water that rushed down all these small valleys in the rainy season 4._(wear) the rock as glass.
18、 As it was too deep 5._ (climb) down, I handed my gun to one of the men and slid down it. My feet had hardly touched the sandy bottom when the two men jumped down, one on each side of 6._ (I)They quickly gave me the gun 7._ asked me if I had heard the tiger. In fact, I had heard nothing; possibly be
19、cause of the noise I made while 8._ (slide) down the rock. The men said they 9._ (hear) a tiger growling (虎啸) somewhere nearby, but they 10._ not know from which direction the noise had come.1【解析】：分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，修饰先行词“spot”，在从句中作地点状语。故填where。【答案】：where2【解析】：根据空格前的“my”可知，此处应填所给词的名词形式。故填collection
20、。【答案】：collection3【解析】：根据空格前的“even”可知，此处应用比较级。故填steeper。【答案】：steeper4【解析】：此处表示岩石已被冲刷得像玻璃一样光滑，全文以过去时态来叙述作者的经历，空处表示作者看到时，岩石已经磨损得很光滑，应用过去完成时。【答案】：had worn5【解析】：too .to .为固定短语，意为“太而不能”。故填to climb。【答案】：to climb6【解析】：根据空格前的介词“of”可知，此处应填所给代词的宾格形式。故填me。【答案】：me7【解析】：空格前的“gave”和空格后的“asked”为并列关系，故用and连接。【答案】：and8【解析】：分析句子结构可知，本句为省略句，省略主语 I 及系动词was。故填sliding。【答案】：sliding9【解析】：hear的动作发生在“said”之前，应用过去完成时。故填had heard。【答案】：had heard10【解析】：通篇文章都是以过去时为主，所以此处用did not表示否定。故填did。【答案】：did