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1、Unit 4 Space ExplorationPeriod 3 Discovering Useful Structure导学案1. Learn the structure, functions and features of infinitives.2. Learn to summarize some rules about infinitives to show purpose and modify.3. 3. Learn to use infinitives in oral and writing English.1. Learn the structure, functions and
2、 features of infinitives.2. Learn to summarize some rules about infinitives to show purpose and modify.3. Learn to use infinitives in oral and writing English.Step 1 Lead in-Pair workLook at the following sentences and focus on the italicized infinitives. In pairs, discuss their functions. 1. I trai
3、ned for a long time to fly airplanes as a fighter pilot.(作_)2. As we all know, an astronaut needs to be healthy and calm in order to work in space.(作_)3. First of all, you must be intelligent enough to get a related college degree.(作_)4. Some scientist were determined to help humans realise their dr
4、eam to explore space.(作_)5. On 12 April 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the world to go into space.(作_) Summary:1. 不定式的结构：_。2. 分析上面的句子，我们知道在描述太空探索时，动词不定式不仅可以用来表_，还可以用来作_，表_。Step 2 Functions of infinitives as attributeRewrite the sentences by using infinitives as attribute.1. In 2003, Y
5、uri Malenchenko became the first person who got married in space. In 2003, Yuri Malenchenko became the first person_ in space.2. Mankind has always been curious about the universe and many people have dreamed that one day they would fly into space. Mankind has always been curious about the universe
6、and many people have dream _ space.3. But Janis Adkins has the ability and desire that he can do some useful work for the disabled. But Janis Adkins has the ability and desire _ for the disabled.4. I usually have a lot of meetings which I have to attend next week. I usually have a lot of meetings_.5
7、. We need someone who can go and ask for a doctor. We need someone _.6. Anderson gave her his suggestion that she should insist on her task. Anderson gave her his suggestion _.Summary: 动词不定式用作定语， 放在被修饰的名词后面。1. 动词不定式作定语常放在名词或不定代词后面作后置定语, 表示尚未发生的动作。 We have much homework to do tonight. 2. 名词前有first, l
8、ast, next, only等词以及最高级修饰时, 其后要用动词不定式。 She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.3. 抽象名词attempt, ability, chance, desire, determination, decision, plan, way或不定代词something, nothing等后面常用不定式作后置定语。 Janis Adkins has the ability and desire to do useful work. 4. 当名词与定语之间存在动宾关系时。 She
9、 is a nice person to work with.5. 当名词与定语之间存在主谓关系时。 We must find a person to do the job.6. 当名词与定语有同位关系时。 We got the order to leave the city. Step 3 Practice(1) The airport _(complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area. (2) Do you have anything _(do) tonight? (3) The best way _(improve)
10、 your English is to join an English club. (4) Miss Liu is a very nice person_(work) with. (5) China is the third country in the world_(send) men into space. (6) Mary had great determination _(achieve) her goal.(7) The German girl has the ability _(learn) Chinese well.(8) I have something important _
11、(tell) you.Step 4 Functions of infinitives as purpose adverbialRewrite the sentences by using infinitives as purpose adverbial.1. In space, astronauts collect all dirty water so that it can be recycled for later use. In space, astronauts collect all dirty water _ it for later use. 2.Astronauts bones
12、 and muscles can get very weak in space due to the lack of gravity, so they need to exercise every day, which will help them stay healthy. Astronauts bones and muscles can get very weak in space due to the lack of gravity, so they need to exercise every day_. 3. Astronauts have to use tape to stick
13、everything down while working in space because everything would float off otherwise. Astronauts have to use tape to stick everything down while working in space _. 4. During a spacewalk, astronauts have to move slowly so that they can keep their bodies under control. During a spacewalk, astronauts h
14、ave to move slowly_. Summary: 不定式作目的状语，常译作“_”。主要用来修饰_和形容词, 也可用来修饰副词。在句中, 不定式可作目的状语、原因状语、结果状语、条件状语等, 可表示目的、原因及结果等。 1. 目的状语, 置于句首或句末, 置于句首时常表示强调,为加强语气。 A group of young people got together to discuss this question. (1) 置于句首时只用to do / in order to do。如用于表示否定, 用 in order not to do 或 so as not to do形式。 I
15、walked quietly so as not to disturb the baby. (2)不定式作目的状语可转换为 so that / in order that 或 so. . . that . . . 引导的目的状语从句。 He worked very hard to pass the exam. He worked so hard that he could pass the exam. He worked hard _. 2. 原因状语, 多见于“sb. +be+adj. +to do. . . ”结构句中。 I was very sad to hear the news. 3
16、. 结果状语, 多见于“too. . . to”; “enough to. . . ”; only to do(表示意料之外的结果的发生); so/such. . . as to(意为“如此以至于”)结构句中。 He is old enough to go to school . Im too tired to do well. He rushed back, only to find the book missing.Step 4 Practice(1) _(work out) the difficult maths problem, I have consulted Professor R
17、ussell several times. (2) _(learn) more about Chinese culture, Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course. (3) He hurried to the station only _(find) the train had left. (4) We travel on Day 2 to northern France _(visit) the World Warbattlefields. (5) When the gorillas and I f
18、rightened each other, I was just glad _(find) them alive. (6) Join us _(taste) a variety of fresh local food and drinks. Step 5 More about infinitive as purpose adverbial现在分词与不定式作结果状语的区别(1) 动词不定式作结果状语强调的是一种意想不到的结果。Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only to find it didn
19、t fit. (2) 现在分词作结果状语强调的是一种顺承的, 必然造成的结果。His father passed away, leaving him a little money. 答案：Step 1 Lead in-Pair workLook at the following sentences and focus on the italicized infinitives. In pairs, discuss their functions. 1. I trained for a long time to fly airplanes as a fighter pilot.(作目的状语)2.
20、 As we all know, an astronaut needs to be healthy and calm in order to work in space.(作目的状语)3. First of all, you must be intelligent enough to get a related college degree.(作目的状语)4. Some scientist were determined to help humans realise their dream to explore space.(作定语)5. On 12 April 1961, Yuri Gaga
21、rin became the first person in the world to go into space.(作定语) Summary:1. 不定式的结构：to+do原形。2. 分析上面的句子，我们知道在描述太空探索时，动词不定式不仅可以用来表目的，还可以用来作定语，表修饰。Step 2 Functions of infinitives as attributeRewrite the sentences by using infinitives as attribute.7. In 2003, Yuri Malenchenko became the first person who g
22、ot married in space. In 2003, Yuri Malenchenko became the first person_ in space.8. Mankind has always been curious about the universe and many people have dreamed that one day they would fly into space. Mankind has always been curious about the universe and many people have dream _ space.9. But Jan
23、is Adkins has the ability and desire that he can do some useful work for the disabled. But Janis Adkins has the ability and desire _ for the disabled.10. I usually have a lot of meetings which I have to attend next week. I usually have a lot of meetings_.11. We need someone who can go and ask for a
24、doctor. We need someone _.12. Anderson gave her his suggestion that she should insist on her task. Anderson gave her his suggestion _.Answers: 1. to get married2. to fly into3. to do some useful work4.to attend5.to go and ask for a doctor6. to insist on her taskSummary: 动词不定式用作定语， 放在被修饰的名词后面。7. 动词不定
25、式作定语常放在名词或不定代词后面作后置定语, 表示尚未发生的动作。 We have much homework to do tonight. 8. 名词前有first, last, next, only等词以及最高级修饰时, 其后要用动词不定式。 She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.9. 抽象名词attempt, ability, chance, desire, determination, decision, plan, way或不定代词something, nothing等后面常用不定式作后置
26、定语。 Janis Adkins has the ability and desire to do useful work. 10. 当名词与定语之间存在动宾关系时。 She is a nice person to work with.11. 当名词与定语之间存在主谓关系时。 We must find a person to do the job.12. 当名词与定语有同位关系时。 We got the order to leave the city. Step 3 Practice(1) The airport _(complete) next year will help promote
27、tourism in this area. (2) Do you have anything _(do) tonight? (3) The best way _(improve) your English is to join an English club. (4) Miss Liu is a very nice person_(work) with. (5) China is the third country in the world_(send) men into space. (6) Mary had great determination _(achieve) her goal.(
28、7) The German girl has the ability _(learn) Chinese well.(8) I have something important _(tell) you.Answers: (1)to complete(2)to do(3)to improve(4)to work (5)to send(6)to achieve(7)to learn(8)to tellStep 4 Functions of infinitives as purpose adverbialRewrite the sentences by using infinitives as pur
29、pose adverbial.1. In space, astronauts collect all dirty water so that it can be recycled for later use. In space, astronauts collect all dirty water _ it for later use. 2.Astronauts bones and muscles can get very weak in space due to the lack of gravity, so they need to exercise every day, which wi
30、ll help them stay healthy. Astronauts bones and muscles can get very weak in space due to the lack of gravity, so they need to exercise every day_. 3. Astronauts have to use tape to stick everything down while working in space because everything would float off otherwise. Astronauts have to use tape
31、 to stick everything down while working in space _. 4. During a spacewalk, astronauts have to move slowly so that they can keep their bodies under control. During a spacewalk, astronauts have to move slowly_. Answers: 1. so as to/in order to/to recycle 2. so as to/in order to/to keep healthy 3. so a
32、s not to/in order not to/not to float off 4. so as to/in order to/to keep their bodies under control Summary: 不定式作目的状语，常译作“以便，目的是”。主要用来修饰动词和形容词, 也可用来修饰副词。在句中, 不定式可作目的状语、原因状语、结果状语、条件状语等, 可表示目的、原因及结果等。 1. 目的状语, 置于句首或句末, 置于句首时常表示强调,为加强语气。 A group of young people got together to discuss this question. (
33、1) 置于句首时只用to do / in order to do。如用于表示否定, 用 in order not to do 或 so as not to do形式。 I walked quietly so as not to disturb the baby. (2)不定式作目的状语可转换为 so that / in order that 或 so. . . that . . . 引导的目的状语从句。 He worked very hard to pass the exam. He worked so hard that he could pass the exam. He worked h
34、ard so that/in order that he could pass the exam. 2. 原因状语, 多见于“sb. +be+adj. +to do. . . ”结构句中。 I was very sad to hear the news. 3. 结果状语, 多见于“too. . . to”; “enough to. . . ”; only to do(表示意料之外的结果的发生); so/such. . . as to(意为“如此以至于”)结构句中。 He is old enough to go to school . Im too tired to do well. He ru
35、shed back, only to find the book missing.Step 4 PracticeRead the conversation. Find out which words have been left out.(1) _(work out) the difficult maths problem, I have consulted Professor Russell several times. (7) _(learn) more about Chinese culture, Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music a
36、s an elective course. (8) He hurried to the station only _(find) the train had left. (9) We travel on Day 2 to northern France _(visit) the World Warbattlefields. (10) When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad _(find) them alive. (11) Join us _(taste) a variety of fresh local fo
37、od and drinks. Answers:(1) To work out(2)To learn(3) to find(4) to visit(5) to find(6)to tasteStep 5 More about infinitive as purpose adverbial现在分词与不定式作结果状语的区别(3) 动词不定式作结果状语强调的是一种意想不到的结果。Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only to find it didnt fit. (4) 现在分词作结果状语强调的是一种顺承的, 必然造成的结果。His father passed away, leaving him a little money.