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1、Welcome Unit: Discovering Useful StructureBasic Useful Structures导学案 姓名： _ 班级： _1. To master the basic components of a sentence such as subject, object, predicative etc2. To master the basic useful structures such as the SVO, SVP,SVOC etcTo analyze the structures of a sentence. To analyze the compon
2、ents of a sentence. 本节语法思考：常见的句子成分有哪些？常见的基本句子结构有哪些？1.句子的基本成分： 2.简单句的几大基本句型结构： 第一部分：句子成分一个句子一般由两部分构成：即_部分和_部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。 句子的次要成分包括_，_，_，_等。 1）主语(S)：是一句的主体，是全句述说的对象，常用名词，数词或代词担任，一般放于_。如： Students study. (学生学习。) We are friends.(我们是朋友) 这两句话中单词students是个名词，we是代词，它们在句中做_。 2）谓语(V) ：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态
3、，常用动词（ vt. 及物动词 / vi. 不及物动词）或者动词词组担任，放在主语的_。如：Students study. (学生学习。)We are friends. (我们是朋友)这两句话中单词_和_都是动词，_叫做实意动词，_叫做be动词，它们在句中作_。3）宾语(O)：表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。放在_或者_之后。如：I play with him. (我和他一起玩。)4）定语：是用来说明或者限制名词的成分，常用形容词或者相当于形容词的_或_担任。形容词放在名词_，相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的_。如：This is a red sun.He is a tall boy.
4、）状语是用来说明_，_，_或_的成分。常由副词担任。修饰动词时可以放在动词之前，也可以放在动词之后；修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。如：The students study hard. I often write to him.The bag is too heavy.）表语：用来说明主语的性质或状态。一般由_或者_担任。如：English is not easy. We are family.7）宾语补足语：英语中有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语的后面加上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语+宾语补足语”称为复合宾语。复合宾语表达的意思相当于一个句子的意思。 划出下列
5、句子的宾语补足语，并指出是什么成分作宾语补足语。1. We called him Dongming.2. We saw him playing soccer. 3. We saw him play soccer.4 .We found math difficult.5. Mom makes me study all day. 宾语补足语和双宾语的区别：双宾语就是有些动词后面跟直接宾语和间接宾语. 直接宾语指的是动词所涉及的_,间接宾语是指受益于动词所表示的行为的_. 例如: They gave him a watch. 这里的him 是_, a watch 是_, 这种间接宾语和直接宾语同时出
6、现的情况叫双宾语. 在英语中，有些动词接了一个宾语后句子意思仍不完整，还需要再加上一个词或短语放在宾语之后来补充说明其身份、特征、状态或所做的动作，这种“宾语宾语补足语”结构称为复合宾语. We call him Jack . 我们叫他杰克。 这里him 是宾语, Jack 是宾语补足语 They appointed him chairman. 他们任命他为主席. 这里的him是宾语, chairman 是宾语补足语.划出下列句子的直接宾语和间接宾语： He read us the text. My sister wrote me a letter. Henry teaches us Engl
7、ish. My mother bought me a watch. Her mother made her a cake. Would you fetch me some chalk? Ill order you a new dictionary. H e found Tom a tax. 第二部分：简单句的基本结构简单句一般有哪些基本结构？英语句子长短简繁不一，但可以归纳成五种基本句型：基本句型一： + （主谓） 基本句型二： + + （主谓/系表） 基本句型三： + + （主谓宾） 基本句型四: + +InO +D(主谓间宾直宾） 基本句型五: + + +O（主谓宾宾补）基本句型 一(su
8、bject) +V(verb)（主谓）特点:句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做_，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 e.g. His words works.将下列句子的主语和谓语动词填入表格中。1. Time flies.2. The moon rose.3. The man cooked.4. We all eat, and drink. 5. Everybody laughed.6. I woke.7. They talked for half an hour. 8. He walked yesterday SV (主语+不及物动词)扩展和修饰: The boy spo
9、ke loudly to his teacher. VAd主谓状 He spoke in a low voice. SVAd主谓状 He talked too much. SVAd主谓状划出下列句子的主谓状结构1.She went home very late yesterday evening.2.The meeting will last two hours.基本句型 二 + +（主谓宾） 特点：谓语动词都是实义动词，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。 这类动词叫做_。 e.g. We like the movie. 主 谓 宾a）标注以下句子的主谓宾分别是
10、什么？1. Who knows the answer? 2. She laughs at her. 3. He understands English. 4. He made cakes. 5. They ate some apples. 6. Danny likes dogs. 7. I want to have a cup of tea. 8. He said Good morning. b) 划出下列句子的宾语1. Tom made a hole in the wall.2. I dont know if he can come tomorrow.3. They havent decid
11、ed where to go next.4. She stopped teaching English two years ago.5. It took them ten years to build the dam.6. Mother promises to give me a present.1.做宾语的成分常见的有哪些？2.划出下列句子的宾语。1.I dont know this girl.2 .He refused to support us.3 Please express yourself in your own words.4.We managed to put the fire
12、 out.5 She avoided answering them.6. She found that she wrong.7. I dont know what to do with it.(主语+及物动词+宾语)扩展和修饰I forgot to mail the letter yesterday. (SVOAd主谓宾状）Unfortunately, I forgot to mail the letter yesterday. (SVOAd主谓宾状）I had my first maths class in senior high school. (SVOAd主谓宾状）基本句型 三 + +（
13、主系表） 特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思， 必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。 这类动词叫做(连)系动词。 系动词可分四类： 1）be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用,后可接动词外的任何词； 2）感官动词类 look, feel, smell, taste, sound等 +adj. 3）表示变化：get, grow, become, turn, go等 4）表示状态延续：stay, keep, prove, remain, 等 划出下列句子主系表结构：1.This is an English dictionary.2.This is
14、 an English dictionary.3.Everything looks different.4.The weather becomes cooler. 基本句型 四 + +InO +D（主谓间宾直宾）特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。 通常可改为 S +V+DO+prep.+InO e.g. She gave me an apple. =She gave an apple to me. S V (Vt.) InO DO + +InO +D（主谓间宾直宾）:She passed him a new dress
15、.John told me his idea. 说明：此结构由“主语+及物谓语动词+间接宾语（人） +直接宾语（事物）”组成。如： He brings me cookies every day.常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；翻译下列句子，并划分句子结构。1Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。 2奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。 3请把那本字典递给我好吗？ 4他把车票给列车员看。 基本句型 五 +
16、 + +O（主谓宾宾补）特点：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。 判断原则：能表达成宾语 是/做 e.g. We made him the manager. S v O OC说明: 此结构由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。可以用做宾补的有：名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。如： The sun keeps us warm. I heard him singing.You must get your hair c
17、ut. They made Tom monitor.He used to do his homework with his radio on.用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：I found it very pleasant to be with your family.翻译句子。1我们叫她Alice. 2我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 3他们把小偷释放了。 4我要你把真相告诉我。 5 .卫兵命令我们立即离开。 6. 每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。 7他每个月理一次发8我们不会让她在晚
18、上外出的。 【答案】1.句子的基本成分： Subject Verb Object Predicative Adverbial direct object indirect object object complement2.简单句的几大基本句型结构： SV SVO SVP SVIODO SVOOC SVAd SVOAd There be第一部分：句子成分主语部分和谓语部分;宾语，定语，状语，表语等。 1) 句首；主语2）后面； study； are，study；are谓语。3）及物动词；介词4）短语；从句；之前，；后面5）动词，形容词，副词或整个句子6）名词；形容词7) 1 Dongming.
19、（名词）2 playing soccer. （现在分词）3 play soccer. (省to不定式)4 difficult.（形容词）5 study all day. （省to不定式）宾语补足语和双宾语的区别：物；人；间接宾语, 直接宾语,红色部分为IO;蓝色部分为DOHe read us the text. My sister wrote me a letter. Henry teaches us English. My mother bought me a watch. Her mother made her a cake. Would you fetch me some chalk?
20、Ill order you a new dictionary. H e found Tom a tax. 第二部分： 句子结构基本句型 一不及物动词SV1. Time 2. The moon 3. The man 4. We all 5. Everybody 6. I 7. They 8. Heflies. rose. cooked. eat, and drink. laughed? woke. talked for half an hour. walked yesterday 划出下列句子的主谓状成分1.She went home very late yesterday evening.主
21、谓 状2.The meeting will last two hours.主 谓 状基本句型二及物动词a) （实义动词） (宾语) 1. Who 2. She 3. He 8. He 5. They 6. Danny 7. I 4. He knows laughed at understands made ate likes want said the answer? her. English. cakes. some apples. dogs. to have a cup of tea. Good morning. b)1. Tom made a hole in the wall.2. I
22、dont know if he can come tomorrow.3. They havent decided where to go next.4. She stopped teaching English two years ago.5. It took them ten years to build the dam.6. Mother promises to give me a present.1名词 I dont know this girl.2 代词 He refused to support us.3 反身代词 Please express yourself in your ow
23、n words.4 不定式 We managed to put the fire out.5 动名词 She avoided answering them.6从句 She found that she wrong.7wh-词 + to do I dont know what to do with it.基本句型 三划出下列句子主系表结构：1.This is an English dictionary. S V (link-V.) P2.This is an English dictionary. S V (link-V.) P3.Everything looks different. S V
24、(link-V.) P4.The weather becomes cooler. S V (link-V.) P基本句型四Mr Johnson taught us German last year.Grandma told me an interesting story last night.Would you please pass me the dictionary?He showed the ticket to the conductor.基本句型五1. We call her Alice. 2. We all consider him to be honest. 3. They have set the thief free. 4. I want you to tell me the truth. 5. The guards ordered us to leave at once.6. Every morning we hear him read English aloud. 7. He has his hair cut once a month. 8. We wont let her go out at night.