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1、第一讲：名词一、 【考点解读】名词是人类认识事物所使用的基本词汇，是用来表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念的名称的词。在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、称呼语等。小升初的考点主要集中在名词的分类判断和名词的修饰成分上面。二、 【知识讲解】知识点1名词的分类和可数名词的单复数一、名词的种类名词是用来表示人名、地名、事物名称及其抽象概念的词类。名词普通名词可数名词具体名词 抽象名词不可数名词例:book, student 例：colour, message具体名词 抽象名词例：rice, sugar 例：work, advice 专有名词 Shanghai, English二、名词的数（一
2、）可数名词有单数和复数两种。 名词复数的构成法：变化规则读音规则示例特殊情况一般在名词后加-s在清辅音后读/s/book-books, map-mapshouse-houses发音/ziz/在元音和浊辅音后/z/toe-toes, room-rooms名词以s/x/ch/sh结尾在其后加-eses 一般读/z/bus-buses, box-boxes,dish-dishes,match-matches以th结尾的加-s，例：monthmonths stomachstomachs以 “辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，把y改为ie，再加-s一般读/z/family-families, city-citi
3、es,strawberry-strawberries以 “辅音字母+y”结尾直接加“s”：toy-toysmonkey-monkeys以字母f/fe结尾，把f/fe变为“ve”再加-s一般读/vz/leaf-leaves, knife-kniveswolf-wolves, wife-wivesthief-thieves特例：roof-roofsdwarf-dwarfschief-chiefs以字母o结尾的名词大部分加s一般读/z/zoo-zoos kangaroo-kangaroosphoto-photospiano-pianosheroheroes mangomangoestomatotom
4、atoes, potatopotatoes,NegroNegroes（黑人）zero-zeros/es不规则变化的名词toothteeth footfeet goose-geesemanmen womanwomen mousemicechildchildren oxoxen（公牛）单复数形式相同sheepsheep deerdeer ,fish一fish（指鱼的条数时）fishfishes（指鱼的种类时)只以复数形式出现scissors（剪刀）trousers（长裤）shorts（短裤）jeans（牛仔裤）compasses（圆规或指南针）scales（天平）sunglasses（太阳镜）su
5、rroundings（环境）savings（储蓄）writings（作品）people cattle police以s结尾，但永远表示单数形式的单词可数： maths physics clothes means 例： a means(一种方式）不可数：news 例：a piece of news复合名词变复数以man或woman为前缀的复合名词变复数，前后两个名词都变复数，例:man servant men servants, woman doctor women doctors.但以其他名词前缀的复合名词只需要变后面的名词为复数。例：boy studentboy students. girl
6、 student-girl students（二）国人变复数的规则如下表：国名人民（s）/国籍语言Asia(Asians)China Chinese Chinese (mandarin)Japan Japanese Japanese Korea Korean(s)Korean India Indian(s)Indian Thailand Thai(s)Thai Singapore Singaporean(s)Chinese and EnglishAmerica (Americans) the USA(America)American(s)English Canada Canadian(s)En
7、glish and FrenchBrazil Brazilian(s)BrazilianEurope (Europeans)England /Britain/the UKEnglish(men)English France French(men)French Italy Italian(s)Italian Germany German(s)GermanSpain Spanish Spanish Greece Greek Greek Switzerland Swiss Swiss Holland Dutch (go dutch)Dutch Egypt Egyptian(s)Egyptian Af
8、rica (Africans)Kenya Kenyan(s)Kenyan RSASouth Africans Oceania Australia Australian(s)English News landNews lander(s)English Austria Austrian(s)Austrian 知识点2常见的不可数名词以及修饰名词的数量词一 常见的不可数名词如下表液体类milk, juice, coffee, water, tea, coke, oil, vinegar(醋), soy, yogurt,wine,petrol（汽油）blood,flood 食物类fruit,food,
9、meat, beef, pork, mutton,rice, flour, bread, salt, sugar, butter,cream, jam, sauce, pizza,jelly,jam,ham自然类weather,rain, snow,wind,fog,frost(霜),light,fire,sunshine,thunder,lightning,electricity材料类silk, wool,cotton,cloth,iron,steel,glass(玻璃)，paper，coal,gold,silver,plastic,wood其他furniture，money, air, f
10、un, music, news, glue, tape, time(时间)，work, homework, housework, information, advice二修饰名词的数量词如下表可数名词s不可数名词some/anya lot of/lots ofplenty ofmany具体的数字/severala great number of(a) fewa large amount of a great deal ofmuch(a)little知识点3名词的句法作用名词在句子中可以用作如下成分： 1. 名词作主语 The boy opened the door. 那个男孩把门打开了。 2.
11、 名词作宾语 I saw the boy .我看到那个男孩。（boy 作动词saw的宾语） Give the money to your brother. 把这些钱给你兄弟。(brother 作介词to的宾语) 3. 名词作表语 He is a clever boy. 他是个聪明的孩子。 4. 名词宾语补足语They called him a fool. 他们叫他傻瓜。He was called a fool.（当含有宾语补足语的句子变为被动语态的时候，原来的宾语变成了主语，那么原来的宾语补足语就变成了主语补足语。）5. 名词作定语Is it a colour film? 是彩色影片吗？ 6.
12、 名词作同位语 This is my friend John. 知识点4名词修饰成分的排列顺序下面所列的修饰语的顺序就是名词前修饰成分的常见顺序：1.限定词 包括冠词（ a ,an ,the ）、指示代词(this, that ,these ,those )、所有格和形容词性物主代词，他们不能同时出现。2.数量形容词 包括序数词和基数词，他们不能同时出现。3.描述性的修饰语（beautiful , interesting , important ）4.常见的表示大小、高度或长度的形容词（big , large , huge , small , little , tiny , tall , hi
13、gh , deep , long , short 等）。5.常见的表示年龄、新旧或温度的形容词（old, new , hot , cold ,freezing , burning等）6.常见的表示形状的形容词（round, square , triangle 等）。7.常见的表示颜色的形容词（green,yellow , brown , black , blue 等）。8.表示国籍、出身或地点的修饰词（American , Chinese , French ,Italian ,city 等）。9.表示物质或成分的修饰语（silver , wooden, gold ,silk , steel ,
14、 glass等）将常见的修饰语按其顺序用汉语变成顺口溜。我们已经熟悉代词和冠词通常放在前面，所以从数量词开始我们不妨记为：限定描绘大长高， 形状年龄和新老； 颜色国籍跟材料， 作用类别往后靠。 三、【典例探究】【例题1】：1. She must look after those_.A. dog B. sheep C. parrot D. animal答案：B【解析】词汇辨析。Those+ns, 决定了要选择名词复数。-A，C，D三个选项都是可数名词的单数，而B项sheep单复同形，所以答案为B。【例题2】：2. Lucy, do you like ?Yes. Most of my clothe
15、s are .A. an orange； an orangeB. orange； orangeC. oranges； orangesD. orange； an orange答案：B【解析】词汇辨析。orange作为可数名词意思是“橘子，复数形式为oranges；作为不可数名词 意为“橘子汁，橙汁，橘黄色,无复数形式；作为形容词意为“橘黄色的”根据答语可知此题考查它作为形容词和颜色名词的用法，故选择B。四、【课堂运用】【基础】【练习1】一、朗读下列单词，并按照要求把单词写在相应的横线处。plane, lake, water, sugar, chair, butter, tea, meat, ai
16、r, milk, card, cheese, match, news, rice可数名词 不可数名词 答案：可数名词 plane, lake, chair, card, match不可数名词 water, sugar, butter, tea, meat, air, milk, cheese, news, rice【练习2】名词的练习 1. 写出下列名词的复数： tooth-_ goose-_ table -_ sheep-_man driver-_ potato -_ piano-_ mouse-_ loaf-_ glass(玻璃杯) -_2. 找出下列句子中的错误并改正： 1） This
17、is a pair of trouser.2） He gave me some advices. 3） She went to the library with two ladies friends. 4） The police is looking for him. 参考答案： 1. teeth, geese, tables, men drivers, potatoes, pianos, sheep, mice ,loaves, glasses. 2. 1)trouser 不对。trousers 总是复数 2)advises 不对。advice 是一个不可数名词，不能加-s. 3) 应是la
18、dy friends. lady 和woman不同，它的复合名词变复数时，只变它后面的名词。 4) police 总是复数，因此要把 is 改为are.【巩固】【练习1】可数名词复数不规则变化1.-Whatarethese?-Theyare_.A.deersB.radiosC.radioes D. tomatos2.Howmany_arethereinthese_?A.tomatos,photosB.tomatoes,photosC.tomatoes,photoesD.potatos,photoes3.Mr.Chenhastwo_.A.toothsB.teethC.teeths D.tooth
19、es4.Hereare_foryou,Sue.A.potatosB.somepotatoesC.threetomatosD.sometomato5.Thenthe_begantoeatthegreen_ofyoungtrees.A.deer,leafsB.deer,leavesC.deer,leafD.deers,leafs答案：1.B 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.B【练习2】国人复数变化专项1.Imetsome_intheparkandtalkedwiththemtheotherday.A.JapaneseB.AmericanC.ChinesesD.English2.-Excuseme,ar
20、eyou_?-Yes,Imfrom_.A.Japan,JapaneseB.China,ChineseC.England,EnglishD.American,America3.Agroupof_aretalkingwithtwo_overthere.A.Frenchmen,GermansB.Frenchmen,GermenC.Frenchmen,German D.Frenchmanes,Germans4.Yesterdayafew_cametovisitsome_inShantou.A.German,placesofinterestB.Germans,placesofinterestsC.Ger
21、mans,placesofinterest D.Germen,placesofinterest。5.Two_andfive_arestudyingChineseatBeijingUniversity.A.German,EnglishB.Germans,EnglishC.Germans,EnglishmenD.Germen,Englishmen答案：1.A 2.D 3.A 4.C 5.C【拔高】【练习1】1.Therearetwo_overthere.(watch)2.Iliketaking_.(photo)3.lcanseea_andtwo_standingthere.(man,woman)4
22、.Therearetwobasketsof_onthefloor.(apple)5.Lookatthose_.(child)6.Hedoesntlikethese_.(glass)7.Howmany_canyousee?(radio)8.Therearemoreandmore_driversinShanghainow.(woman)9.Givemesome_,please.(water)答案：watches photos man women apples children glasses radios women water含性别的复合名词1. Therearetwenty_inourhosp
23、ital. A.womandoctorsB.womendoctorC.womendoctorsD.womandoctor2. _areusuallycarefulindoingexercises.A. GirlstudentsB.GirlsstudentsC.GirlsstudentsD.Girlsstudents答案：C A复合名词1. Thedeliciousdishesarecookedby_.A.womencookersB.womencooksC.womancooksD.womancookers2.Juliewenttothe_tobuyapairofshoes.A.shoesstor
24、eB.shoesstoreC.shoestoreD.shoesstore答案：B C【练习2】1.Lookattheshoes.Theyaremy_.A.sisterB.sistersC.sisterssD.sisters2.Thisis_room.Comein,please.A.JohnandJoanofB.JohnandJoansC.JohnsandJoansD.JohnsandJoan3.Wesell_inourshop.A.womanandchildsclothes B.womenandchildrenT-shirtsC.womensandchildrensjacketsD.woman
25、sandchildscoats4.Wehadagoodtimeduringour_holiday.A.twoweeksB.two-weekC.two-weeksD.twoweeks5._roomisonthe5thfloor.A.LucyandLilyB.LucyandLilysC.LucysandLilyD.LucysandLilys6.Ilikethatsonof_.A.JohnssisterB.JohnsistersC.JohnssistersD.Johnssisters7.On_,allthechildrencanplaygamesallday.A.ChildrensDayB.Chil
26、drensDayC.TheChildrensDayD.childrenday8.Thisisnotmycap,butmy_.A.brothersB.brothersC.brothersD.brother9.Tomscarismorebeautifulthan_.A.hisbrothersandsisterB.hisbrotherandsisterC.hisbrothersandsistersD.hisbrothersandsisters10.Illgoandcallat_rightafterschool.A.thedoctorB.theSmithsC.SmithD.myuncles答案：D B
27、 C B B C A B D D【练习3】1 The _ house smells as if it hasnt been lived in for years.A. little white wooden B. little wooden whiteC. white wooden little D. wooden white little2. The husband gave his wife _every month in order to please her . A. all half his income B. his half all income C. half his all
28、income D. all his half income3. _student are required to take part in the boat race. A. Ten strong young Chinese B. Ten Chinese strong young C. Chinese ten young strong D. Young strong ten Chinese4. John Smith ,a successful businessman ,has a _car. A. large German white B. large white German C. whit
29、e large German D. German large white5. This _girl is Lindas cousin. A. pretty little Spanish B. Spanish little pretty C. Spanish pretty little D. little pretty Spanish答案：A D A B D五、 【课后巩固】【习题1】一 根据可数名词的复数规则变化，完成下列表格。名词单数名词复数名词单数名词复数名词单数名词复数mapgirlpenbagcarbusbrushboxwatchherocountryzoowolfscarflife二
30、可数名词复数不规则变化6.child_foot_tooth_mouse_man_三国人单复数变化7.German_Englishman_Chinese_四单复数同形8.deer_sheep_yuan_答案：一.1.maps girls pens bags cars 2.buses brushes watches boxes 3.babies cities countries 4.heroes potatoes zoos tomatoes photos 5.knives leaves wolves wives lives二. children feet teeth mice men 三. Ger
31、mans Englishmen Chinese四. Deer sheep yuan【习题2】1.Aftermovingtotheirnewhouse,theLeesboughtsome_inthemallnearby.(08上海)A.furniture B.chairC.tableD.shelf2.Wehaventgotmuch_forourpicnic.Willyougoandgetsome?(07上海)A.appleB.tomatoC.breadD.biscuit3.Heknows_Chineseandhas_Chinesefriends.A.much,manyB.many,muchC.m
32、uch,muchD.many,many4.Imthirsty.IthinkIllbuysome_.A.waterB.breadC.eggsD.apples5.-Wouldyoulikesome_?-Oh,yes,just（只）alittle.A.pearsB.orangesC.milk D.grapes6.Look!Therearesome_onthefloor.AchildBboxesCwaterDgirl7.Therearemany_inthefridge.A.fishB.fruitC.eggsD.bread8.Donthurry!Westillhave_timeleft.A.little
33、B.fewC.alittleD.afewu9.Takesome_toschool.Itssohotandyoumayfeelthirsty.A.meatB.breadC.juiceD.orangeC.apaper,notanypapers,onD.apaper,notapaper,on10.Thisis_room.A.TomandMarysB.TomsandMarysC.TomsandMaryD.TomandMary11._motherscouldntgotothemeeting,becausetheyhavegonetoChengdu.A.LiLeiandLucysB.LiLeisandLu
34、cysC.LiLeiandLucyD.LiLeiandLucy12._cametovisitusthismorning.A.Myfatherfriend B.friendofmyfatherC.AfriendofmyfathersD.Oneofmyfathersfriend13.Itsonlyten_break.A.minutesB.minutesC.minutesD.minutess14.Tomwontheboys_raceinourschoolsportsmeeting.A.15000-metreB.15000-metresC.15000-metresD.1500meters15.-Whoseroomisthis?-Its_.A.LiMingB.LiMingsC.LiMingsD.LiMingsu答案：A C A A C B C C C A B C C A B