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1、优点英语Lesson 5 Chinese Architecture- Gardens 中国建筑-园林The garden is one of the important types of architectural art. It is essentially aimed at organizing an environment rich in character and interest and full of the beauty of artistic conception through the so-called four gardening elements including m
2、ountains, rivers, structures and plants, as well as the organic components such as roads, interior settings In comparison to ordinary structures, the spiritual character of gardens is more outstanding, and it requires that artists have greater and higher ingenuity and imaginationCompared with other
3、gardening systems of the world, such as European or Islamic Chinese gardens have their unusual national characteristics: (1) Paying attention to natural beauty. Chinese gardens carry out processing and transformation of the original terrain and land form by following the principle of making it seem
4、like nature, or seem naturally formed, so as to satisfy peoples feeling of getting close to nature The buildings in gardens do not focus on artificial, well-arranged patterns, but rather they follow the example of roadside or riverside pavilions and bridges and village buildings that closely integra
5、te the countryside with natural mountains and rivers, becoming a total combination of architectural and natural beauty. (2) Pursuing many twists and turns. Nature itself is ever-changing and interesting. Chinese horticulturists who imitate nature necessarily make efforts to follow changing, free-sty
6、le composition Although nature does not have a fixed form, it has a fixed way. Therefore, the freedom pursued by the Chinese garden is not absolute. There exists strict ways and methods, only they are not geometric methods but natural ones. The operation of the garden requires even more genius and i
7、magination than the regular composition of a picture. It is of a completely different system compared with the Western landscape gardening theory which “force nature to accept the symmetrical rules”- and stresses the symmetrical pattern, straight roads, regular flower beds and ponds, the carpet patt
8、ern-like lawns and trees cut into a geometric shape. (3) Advocating artistic conception. The beautiful environment created by Chinese horticulturists does not stop at the stage of formal beauty, but tries to express inward feeling through outward scenery. Therefore, the creation of the appreciation
9、of gardens is a process of full, deep-seated feeling. At the time of creation, one describe the scenery with ones feeling, while at the time of appreciation, the natural setting stirs up ones feeling. This atmosphere of combining feeling with scenery is what is called artistic conception. The key to
10、 the high or low level and success or failure in the creation of Chinese gardens depends on the cultural level, and the high or low level and the interest of the creator. Chinese horticulture began in the Qin Dynasty, and two royal garden construction upsurges occurred during the Qin/Han and Sui/Tan
11、g dynasties. Private gardens saw great development during the Tang and Song dynasties, and entered the summary stage in the Ming and Qing dynasties. The achievements in gardening during the Qing Dynasty are worth still greater attention, representing an important part of the third development upsurg
12、e in Chinese architecture. Almost all of the existing gardens were: preserved during this age. The remaining royal gardens are near Beijing, while private gardens of a higher artistic level are mostly concentrated in areas south of the Yangtze River. They consist the two major schools of Chinese gar
13、dening.（556 words）Helper:component kmpunnt 成分 ingenuity ndinjuiti 心灵手巧, 独创性 Islamic Islamicizlmik 伊斯兰教的 terrain tren 地形，地势 pavilion pvln（公园中的）亭，阁楼 integrate intireit 使一体化 twist twist 曲折 horticulturist ,hrtkltrst 园艺学家 composition kmpzin 构图，布置 pursue psju: 追求 geometric di:metrk 几何学的, 几何装饰的 symmetrical
14、 smetrkl 对称的 stirs up引起，激起 artistic conception :tistik knsepn 意境 upsurge ps:d高潮, 高涨Chinese Brief Introduction: 我国的园林艺术至今已有三千多年的历史，是世界园林艺术起源最早的国家之一，在世界园林史上占有极重要的位置，并具有极其高超的艺术水平和独特的民族风格。园林是人们为了游览娱乐的方便，用自己的双手创造风景的一种艺术。由于各民族、各地区人们对风景的不同理解和偏爱，也就出现了不同风格的园林。归结起来，世界上的园林可分为三个系统欧洲园林、西亚园林和中国园林。我国园林有着悠久的历史，它那“虽
15、由人作，宛自天开”的艺术原则，那熔传统建筑、文学、书画、雕刻和工艺等艺术于一炉的综合特性，在世界园林史上独树一帜，享有很高的地位。我国南方江南地区、广东沿海地区和四川一带的园林较富特色，于是便有了所谓江南园林、岭南园林和蜀中园林的称谓。而北京四周及山东、山西、陕西等地的园林风格较为相像，便统称之为北方园林。Exercise:I. Questions:1. List four gardening elements of Chinese gardens. 2. What are unusual national characteristics of Chinese gardens compared
16、 with European gardening systems?3. What does the success or failure in the creation of Chinese gardens depend on? 4. What is the difference between Western landscape gardening theory and Chinese landscape gardening theory?5. Why are the achievements in gardening during the Qing Dynasty worth still
17、greater attention?II. Written work假如有一批澳大利亚中学生在京旅游，住在北京饭店，请用英语为他们拟一个参观颐和园（the Summer Palace）的口头通知, 内容要点如下:(1) 参观时间: 五月四日，星期三(2) 颐和园简介: 它是中国最大的保存最完好的皇家园林, 风景优美, 甚是迷人, 有山有水, 有皇家建筑和画廊。(3) 活动安排: 上午自由参观, 中午在快餐馆吃午饭, 下午5:30返回宾馆。(4) 集合时间: 星期三早上6:10, 汽车6:30出发, 行驶45分钟到达。(5) 集合地点: 宾馆大门口。要求: 只能用5个句子表达全部内容。Annou
18、ncementMay I have your attention?_Thank you.Thats all. Thank you! 2. (2009年全国卷) 假定你是李华，你的美国朋友Sarah打算暑期来北京旅游，来信询问改建后前门大街的情况。请你写封回信，简单介绍以下内容：1.简况：长800余米、600多年历史、300余家商铺；2.位置：天安门广场南面；3.交通：公共汽车17、69、59等路，地铁2号线；4.特色：步行街、当当车、茶馆、剧院等。参考词汇：步行街pedestrian street；当当车trolley car；地铁subway注意：1. 词数100左右；2. 可以适当增加细节
19、，以使行文连贯。3. 开头语已为你写好，请将完整的回信书写在答题卡上。Dear Sarah,Thank you for your letter asking about the rebuilt Qianmen Street.Here is something about it.Yours,Li HuaLesson 6 Chinese Pagodas中国宝塔 Chinese pagodas come in carious sizes and shapes- some look like towers, others like pavilions, still others like pyrami
20、ds. Some stand alone, while others were built in clusters. Most Chinese pagodas are connected to the Buddhist tradition in China. The earliest were built in the first century AD, when Buddhism was introduced to China from India. Some were built for feudal rulers to commune with the immortals who wer
21、e believed to live in the clouds. Others housed religious artifacts and relics. The best example of these Buddhist pagodas is perhaps the Wild Goose Pagoda in Xian, Shanxi Province. This seven-story, 64.1-meter-high, wood-and-brick structure was built in the mid-seventh century to house Buddhist scr
22、iptures brought from India by the monk, Xuan Zang. The famous Tang Dynasty pilgrim traveler and scholar collected more than 600 volumes of scriptures and later translated them into Chinese. The Wild Goose Pagoda is an architectural masterpiece and remains intact and in good condition, despite 1,300
23、years of weathering and a very strong earthquake. At first, pagodas were the central building of a temple, around which the monks prayed. Later, they were placed elsewhere on the temple grounds. In recent centuries, some have been built simply to adorn a scenic spot, while others were erected to ser
24、ve more practical needs. In North China, for instance, pagodas were built as military watch -towers. In South China, seaside and river bank pagodas aided navigation. Sailors used to climb the Guangta Pagoda in the Huaisheng Temple in Guangzhou to observe weather conditions before going to sea. The L
25、iuhe Pagoda on the Qiantang River estuary in Hangshou, Zhejiang Province, has served as a lighthouse for navigation for centuries. Chinese pagodas may be square, polygonal or circular with each story separated by projecting roofs or eaves. A typical pagoda has three main elements: the underground ha
26、ll, the platform and the body. The underground hall usually housed sacred relics, books and paintings. The platform may be a simple structure, or it may be elaborately decorated. The shaft or the main part of the pagoda may be either solid or hollow. A spiral stairway sometimes leads up through this
27、 central shaft. Images of the Buddha are usually carved on the outside walls. Pagodas roofs are often crowned with ornate carvings or decorated with jewels. Based on their style of construction, Chinese pagodas belong to several categories. They can roughly be classified into four categories. As men
28、tioned earlier, ancient Chinese pagodas may stand alone or in groups. The largest group of pagodas is the Pagoda Forest at the famous Shaolin Temple in Henan Province. This group is composed of 220 brick and stone structures. Another well-known example is the unique Bamboo-shoot Pagoda in Yunnan Pro
29、vince. It consists of a central pagoda in the shape of a lotus flower, surrounded by eight smaller ones. From a distance the group suggests a bamboo thicket. (477 words)Helper:Pagoda pgud n.（尤指佛教的）宝塔 pavilion pviljn n.楼阁,馆 clusterklst n.群,串 immortal im:tl,im:tl n.不朽的人物,神 artifact :rtfkt 人工制品 intact
30、intkt adj.完好无缺的,原封不动的 polygonal plignl adj. 多角形的, 多边形的 eave i:v n. 屋檐 elaborately ilbrtli,ilbritli adv. 精巧地 shaft :ft n. 竖井,杆状物,轴 ornate :neit adj. 装饰的, 华丽的the Wild Goose Pagoda in Xian, Shanxi Province 山西西安的大雁塔the Guangta Pagoda in the Huaisheng Temple in Guangzhou 广州怀圣寺塔Chinese Brief Introduction:
31、 古印度埋葬佛祖释迦牟尼火化后留下的舍利的一种佛教建筑, 汉代时传入中国与中国本土建筑相结合形成了中国的塔这种建筑形式。随着佛教在东方的传播，这种建筑形式也在东方广泛扩散，发展出了塔这种极具东方特色的传统建筑形式。经历了唐宋元明清各朝的发展，并与临近区域的建筑体系相互交流融合，逐步形成了楼阁式塔、密檐式塔、亭阁式塔、覆钵式塔、金刚宝座式塔、宝箧印式塔、五轮塔、多宝塔、无缝式塔等多种形态结构各异的塔系，建筑平面从早期的正方形逐渐演变成了六边形、八边形乃至圆形，其间塔的建筑技术也不断进步结构日趋合理，所使用的材质也从传统的夯土、木材扩展到了砖石、陶瓷、琉璃、金属等材料。14世纪以后，塔逐渐从宗教世
32、界走向世俗世界，因此按照经律系统，塔可以分为佛塔和文峰塔。在东方文化中，塔的意义不仅仅局限于建筑学层面。塔承载了东方的历史、宗教、美学、哲学等诸多文化元素，是探索和了解东方文明的重要媒介。Exercise:Questions:1. The underlined word in the first paragraph means _. 2. When was Buddhism introduced to China?3. Who was it that translated more than 600 volumes Buddhist scriptures into Chinese?4. Wha
33、t else can pagodas be used for besides housing religious artifacts and relics?5. Where is here the largest group of pagodas in China? Whats its name?SUGGESTED ANSWERS5. Chinese Architecture- GardensII. Written work1. Boys and girls,May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make.We
34、 will visit the Summer Palace on Wednesday, June2nd. The Summer Palace is the largest well-kept royal park in China. In the park there is water and man-piled hills. There are some royal buildings and a gallery, too. I am sure you will be struck by its beautiful scenery. In the morning we will be fre
35、e to visit the different places of the Palace and then we will have lunch in the fast-food restaurant. We will get back to the hotel at half past five. Please gather at the hotel gate at 6: 10 in the morning. The bus will start at 6: 30. It will take us about 45 minutes to get there. Please be there
36、 on time.2. Dear Sarah,Thank you for your letter asking about the rebuilt Qianmen Street. Here is something about it.Qianmen Street is a famous street of over 600 years old. Along this 800-metre street, there are more than 300 shops. As the street is in the center of Beijing,just to the south of Tia
37、nanmen Square, its very convenient to get there by bus. You may take Buses No.17, 69 or 59.Subway Line 2 has a stop there too. Qianmen Street is a pedestrian street, but there are trolley cars to take you not only to the shops, but also to theaters and teahouses where you can experience a truly Chinese way of life. Im sure youll like it.Yours, Li Hua优点英语