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1、高考英语语法复习虚拟语气知识讲解与练习一、语气的种类 (1)陈述语气表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：We are not ready.我们没准备好。 What a fine day it is!多好的天气啊!Whats wrong with you？你怎么呢？！这里一定要注意一点，我们说的是陈述语气，不是陈述句哦！(2)祈使语气表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如: Open the door, please。请打开门。Go away！请离开！(3)虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如: If I
2、were you, I should study English.如果我是你，我就学英语了。May you succeed! 祝您成功！二、虚拟语气在条件从句中的呈现条件句主要分为两种类型：一类是真实条件句一类是虚拟条件句如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件句。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。如: If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go to the park.如果明天不下雨，我们就去公园。如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如: If he had seen you yesterday, he would
3、 have asked you about it.如果他昨天见到你，他会问你这件事的。(事实上他昨天没见到你，因此也未能问你这件事。)在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下:注: 主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should 可用于各种人称。三、虚拟语气在条件从句中的具体用法表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果如: If my brother were here, everything would be all right.要是我哥哥在这儿 ，一切都没问题了。表示与过去事实相反的
4、假设和结果 如: If you had taken my advice，you wouldnt (couldnt) have failed in the exam.如果你按照我的建议去做，你一定不会(不可能)考试不及格。表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果如: If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should (would，could，might) go to see my grandmother.如果明天是星期天，我就 (可能)去看望我奶奶。If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out.如果今晚下雪，他们将
5、不出去了。有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致（表示错综时间的虚拟语气）这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。如: If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now.如果你当初听了医生的话，身体现在就好了。(从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在)虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式(l)省略连词if。在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had 或 should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。如: Should he come (If he should come), tell him
6、to ring me up.他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it.我要是你，就不做这事。(2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来，而是通过介词短语来表示。如: Without air (If there were not air), there would be no living things.如果没有空气的话，就不会有生物了。But for your help (If it hadnt been for your help) I couldnt have done it.要是没
7、有你的帮助，我就不可能完成这件事。(3)假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。如: I was busy that day.Otherwise I would have gone there with them.=(If I hadnt been busy that day, I would have gone there with them.) 我那天很忙，否则，我就和他们一起去那儿了。(如果我那天不忙的话，我就)；I would have finished the work, but I have been ill.=(If I hadnt been ill, I would h
8、ave finished the work.) 我本来该完成这项工作的，但我生病了。(如果我没生病的话，我就会完成)省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。(1)省去条件从句如: You could have washed your clothes yourself.你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去了If you had wanted to)(事实是:你自己没洗衣服，因为你不想洗。(2)省去主句(常用以表示愿望)如: If my grandmother were with me! 如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世。)；If only she
9、had not left! 如果她没走就好了!(事实是:她已经走了。)四、虚拟语气的其他用法1.虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法在It is important (strange，natural，necessary )that这类句型里，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “should十动词原形”结构，表示某事是重要、奇怪、自然、必要等意义。如: It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules.重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。2.虚拟语气在宾语从句中用法(1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现
10、在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be动词一般用were)。如: I wish I knew the answer to the question.我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道)；表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词常用had十过去分词。如: I wish (wished) I hadnt spent so much money.我后悔不该花那么多钱。(实际上已经花掉)；表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为would十动词原形。此时要注意，主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实
11、现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动物名词除外)。如: I wish it would stop raining.但愿雨能停止；I wish you would come soon.但愿你立刻来。(2)在suggest，demand，order，propose，insist，command，request，desire等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。如: I demand that he (should) answer me immediately.我要求他立刻答复我。3.虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法(1)在带有even if/ even
12、though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如: Even if he had been ill, he would have gone t his office.即使生了病，他俩去办公室。(2)由as if或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be用were)或 “had十过去分词”。如: He treated me as if I were a stranger.他那样对待我，好像我是陌生人似的。She talked about the film as if she had rea
13、lly seen it.她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。注:如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。(3)在in order that或so that引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词多用 “could或might（有时也用should）+ 动词原形”。如: Mr green spoke slowly so that his students could (might) hear clearly.格林先生说得很慢，好让学生听清楚。4.虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法在It is time (that) 句型中，定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来，动词形式一般用过去式
14、，意思是该干某事的时候了。如: Its (high) time we did our homework.我们该做作业了。5.虚拟语气在简单句中的用法(1)情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌，或委婉的语气，常见于日常会话中。如: It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别太晚睡觉。(2)在一些习惯表达中。如: I would rather not tell you.我宁愿不告诉你。(3)用“may + 动词原形”表示祝愿、但愿”，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。如：May you be ha
15、ppy!祝你快乐！May good luck be yours.祝你顺利。五、实战演练1.I wish I _ football game on TV last night, but I went to a friends birthday party.A.watched B.had watched C.would watch D.were watching2.We the sunshine in Sanya now if it were not for the delay of our flight.A.were enjoying B.would have enjoyedC.would be
16、 enjoying D.will enjoy3.I didnt know he was in the company._it, I_then.A.Had I known; would call on himB.Should I know; would have called on himC.If I knew; would call on himD.Had I known; would have called on him4.I _ to the party with you tomorrow if I didnt have to attend the meeting.A.went B.had
17、 gone C.would go D.would have gone5.It was the drug, not the disease, that killed the boy.He would be still alive today if he _it.A.doesnt take B.shouldnt have takenC.didnt take D.hadnt taken6.Volunteering is pleasant and there is so much more I could do if I _ the time.A.had had B.had C.would have
18、D.could have had7.We often visit the nursing home and talk to the aged as if they _ our own grandparents.A.were B.are C.had been D.will be8.My boss is so mean.I should quit my job.I_very seriously about that if I were you.After all its not easy to get a job these days.A.will think B.will have though
19、t C.would think D.would have thought9._ then what I know now, I would have made different decisions.A.Should I know B.I knew C.I did know D.Had I known10.Without coconuts, most of the tropical islands in the South Pacific _ uninhabitable for both animals and people.A.must have remained B.may have re
20、mainedC.need have remained D.would have remained【答案和解析】1.B【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：我希望我昨晚看了电视上的足球比赛，但是我去了一个朋友的生日聚会。分析可知，wish后的宾语从句，应用虚拟语气，由时间状语last night可知该句是对过去发生事情的虚拟，结构为：wish + 主语 + had + 过去分词。故选B项。2.C【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：要不是我们耽搁了航班我们现在就在三亚享受阳光了。根据后面if it were not for可知此处是对现在状况的虚拟，根据now以及if的虚拟语气可知，故主句用would be doi
21、ng 。选C。3.D【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：我不知道他在公司。要是我知道的话，我就会给他打电话了。分析句子可知，虚拟条件句的从句部分是对过去发生的事进行假设，使用过去完成时，将had移到从句句首实行倒装句式。虚拟条件句的主句部分表示与过去事实相反的假说，因此使用would have done形式。故选D项。4.C【解析】本句考查虚拟语气。句意：如果我不必参加会议的话，我明天回和你去参加派对。根据句意可知与将来事实相反，从句用一般过去时，主句可用would do，所以C正确。5.D【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：是毒品而不是疾病杀死了这男孩。如果他不吸毒的话，他现在还活着。分析句子可知，此处考查
22、虚拟语气，结合语境可知if引导的句子与过去事实相反，应用过去完成时had done，hadnt taken it“如果没有吸毒”故填D项。6.B【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：做志愿者是很愉快的，如果我有时间，我能做得更多。根据there is so much more I could do可知本句是与现在事实相反的假设，从句应用“If+主语+动词的过去式（be动词用were）。故选B项。7.A【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：我们经常去敬老院和老人交谈，就好像他们是我们自己的爷爷奶奶一样。as if引导方式状语，当说话人认为句子所述的是不真实的或极少有可能发生或存在的情况时，as if从句用虚拟语气。
23、表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去式。表示与过去或与谈话时间为止发生的事实相反，谓语动词用“had +过去分词”。根据上文often可知是对现在的虚拟，从句中主语为they，故应用were。故选A。8.C【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：我的 老板很刻薄。我应该辞职不干了如果我是你我会认真考虑一下。毕竟现在这个时候不好找工作”，根据if I were you提示，是对一般现在情况的虚拟，根据if条件句虚拟语气的使用规则，主句和现在情况相反，用would/should/could/might + do。故选C。9.D【解析】考查If条件句中的虚拟语气和倒装。句意：如果我之前知道我现在知道的事情，我
24、可能会做出不同的决定。分析句意可知，这是If引导的条件句，从句“_ then what I know now”表达的是“如果我之前知道我现在知道的事情”，这是对过去的一种假设，从句谓语动词需用过去完成时had known。分析句子可知，If在句中被省略，if引导的条件句中，如果if被省略，从句需进行部分倒装，将助动词had提前。故选D。10.D【解析】考查含蓄条件句。句意：如果没有椰子的话，大多数南太平洋的热带岛屿对于人和动物而言都将会不适宜居住。本处考查含蓄条件句，这里从句可以用另外一种形式If there were no coconuts, 表示与过去事实相反的假设，主句结构：主语+should(would, could, might)+现在完成时+其他。故选D。 5