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1、完形填空+第十三篇 Solar Power without Solar CellsA dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light discovered by University of Michigan1 researchers could lead to solar power without traditional semiconductor-based solar cells.The researchers found a way to make an optical 1 , said Stephen Rand, a professo
2、r in the departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Physics and Applied Physics. Light has electric and magnetic components. Until now, scientists thought the 2 of the magnetic field were so weak that they could be ignored. What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right int
3、ensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than 3 expected. 4 these circumstances, the magnetic effects develop strength equivalent to a strong electric effect.This could lead
4、 to a new kind of solar cell without semiconductors and without absorption to produce charge separation, Rand said. In solar cells, the 5 goes into a material, gets absorbed and creates heat. Here, we expect to have a very low heat load2. Instead of the light being absorbed, energy is stored in the
5、magnetic moment3. Intense magnetization can be induced by intense light and then it is ultimately capable of providing a capacitive power 6.What makes this possible is a previously undetected brand of optical rectification4, says William Fisher, a doctoral student5 in applied physics. In traditional
6、 optical rectification, lights electric field causes a charge separation, or a pulling 7 of the positive and negative charges6 in a material. This sets up a voltage, similar to 8 in a battery.Rand and Fisher found that under the right circumstances and in right types of materials, the lights magneti
7、c field can also create optical rectification. The light must be shone through7 a 9 that does not 10 electricity, such as glass. And it must be focused to an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter8. Sunlight isnt this intense on its own, but new materials are being sought that would wor
8、k at lower intensities, Fisher said.In our most recent paper, we show that incoherent light9 like sunlight is theoretically almost as. 11 in producing charge separation as laser light is, Fisher said.This new 12 could make solar power cheaper, the researchers say. They predict that with improved mat
9、erials they could achieve 10 percent efficiency in 13 solar power to useable energy. Thats equivalent to todays commercial-grade solar cells.To manufacture 14 solar cells, you have to do extensive semiconductor processing, Fisher said. All we would need are lenses to focus the light and a fiber to g
10、uide it. Glass works for 15 . Its already made in bulk10, and it doesnt require as much processing. Transparent ceramics might be even better.词汇：optical / ptikl / adj光学的 incoherent /, inkuhirnt/ adj非相干的capacitive / kpsitiv/ adj. 电容（量）的 semiconductor /,semikndkt n半导体rectification /, rektifikein/ n改正，
11、修正 ceramics / si rmiks n陶瓷注释：1.University of Michigan：密歇根大学。建校于1817 年，是美国名列前茅的公立大学，拥有优良的师资和顶尖的商学院、法学院、医学院和工学院。2. heat load：热负荷3. magnetic moment：磁矩4. optical rectification：光学校正5. doctoral student：博士生6. positive and negative charges：正电荷与负电荷7. shone through：shone是shine的过去式。shine through是“（光）通过”。8. an
12、intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter：每平方厘米一千万瓦特的强度9. incoherent light：非相干光10.Its already made in bulk：它（指玻璃）已大量生产。in bulk 是“大量，成批”。练习：1.A microscope B instrument C fiber D battery2. A modifications B effects C applications D results3. A frequently B privately C previously D formally4.
13、A Under B At C On D Over5.A light B electricity C chemical D magnetism6.A plant B equipment C source D line7.A down B up C together D apart8. A this B that C those D it9. A material B lens C meter D detector10.A produce B convey C use D conduct11.A remote B poor C effective D rare12.A prototype B sk
14、ill C technique D miracle13.A converting B obtaining C delivering D transmitting14.A compact B modern C durable D handy15. A others B some C all D both答案与题解：1.D第一段说密歇根大学发现，光所产生的巨大磁效应有望用于太阳能发电，从而取代传统的半导体太阳能电池。因此本题的正确选项应该是battery。optical battery是“光电池”。optical microscope （光学显微镜）、optical instrument （光学仪
15、器）或optical fiber （光纤）与第一段的意思没有联系。2.B 选择本题的答案的依据还是要回到第一段。第一段第一句的起始词语是“A dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light。本篇文章中心议题是用magnetic effect of light开发新型的太阳能电池。而以前的科学家认为magnetic effect of light太微弱，不值得去关注它。因此，本题选effects与上下文的意思很连贯。3. C 本句的意思是：当光通过一种绝缘材料时，光场产生的磁效应比以前想象的要强一亿倍。previously是当然的选择。其他三个选
16、项填入句子中，意思不合逻辑：frequently（频繁地）/privately（私下地）/formerly（正式地）expected。4. A under these circumstances 是固定词组，意为“在这种情况下”。也可以说in these circumstances ，而at、on或over 都不与circumstances 连用。5.A通篇文章谈的是光产生的磁效应，所以在太阳能电池中，当然是光进入某种材料起作用。答案是选项A。6. C 密歇根大学的科学家发现太阳光产生强烈的磁效应，再转换为电，所以磁效应是产生电的源泉（source）。power plant （发电厂）、pow
17、er equipment （电力设备）或power line （输电线）与上文的意思接不上。7.D or 在本句的意思是“即”，后面的词语是解释专业术语charge separation （电荷分离）。选apart与pushing构成pushing apart。pushing apart 的意思相当于separation。所以本题的答案是D。8. B 从上下文判断，要填人的代词是替代前面的voltage。根据英语语法，替代单数名词的代词要用that ，替代复数名词的代词要用those。voltage 是单数，所以that 是答案。9.A从本句句末的such as glass 判断，要填入的词一
18、定是包括glass 的概括词。因此，只有选项material 符合这个条件。而且第三、四段也都提到光磁场效应是由光通过一个不导电的材料（ material ）而产生的。10.D 答案的根据可以在第三段中找到。原句是：What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects t
19、hat are 100 million times stronger than previously expected.”选项conduct 是答案。11.C 激光通过特定材料时能产生charge separation 。密歇根大学科学家发现，阳光通过特定材料时也像激光一样能产生charge separation。如果charge separation 是remote、 poor 或rare，密歇根大学科学家所说的利用光磁场效应开发新型的太阳能电池就不可能成立。所以答案是effective。12.C 说这种样机（ this prototype ）、技巧（ this skill ）或这一奇迹（
20、this miracle ）能降低太阳能的价格，似乎离题太远。只有用这一技术（ this technology ）概括上一段的意思才准确。因此本题答案是technology。13.A 科学家预测，通过改进材料，可使太阳能转化成可用能源的效率达到10%。本题的答案是converting。而obtaining（得到）、delivering （输送）和transmitting（发射）与“能量转换”挂不上号。14. B 通篇文章没有谈到新型太阳能电池是compact（紧凑小型的）、durable（耐用的）或handy（使用便利的），所以不会是答案。选modern是合理的，因为密歇根大学科学家研发的不用
21、半导体的太阳能电池是先进的。15.D 答案是both，指代的是上一句的“to focus the light and a fiber to guide it”这两点。第十三篇 没有太阳能电池的太阳能密歇根大学的研究着们发现，光所产生的巨大磁效应有望用于太阳能发电，从而取代传统的半导体太阳能电池。Stephen Rand是电力工程和计算机科学系以及物理和应用物理系的教授，他讲道：“研究者们找到了制造光电池的方法”光具有电磁成分。而以前的科学家认为电磁光太微弱，不值得去关注。Rand和他的同事的发现是，在适当的强度下，当光通过一个不导电的物质，光场产生的磁效应比以前想象的要大一亿倍。在这种情况下，
22、光磁效应所释放的能量堪比强电效应。“这有可能开发出不用半导体或不用吸入电荷分离的新型太阳能电池，太阳能电池是利用光射入一种材料，吸收和产生热量。而目前我们期望有一种非常低的热负荷来取代用磁矩吸收光源，储存能量。强光可以诱导强磁力，强磁力最终能够发电”。Rand教授说。“使之成为可能的是，之前有一种探测不到的叫光学矫正的电光”。应用物理学的博士生William Fisher如是说。在传统的光学矫正中，光电场致使电荷分离或把材料中的正负电荷分开，这就具有像电池一样的电压了。Rand和Fisher发现，如果周围的环境合适并且材料适合，光磁场也可能产生光学矫正。光必须穿过像玻璃一样的不导电物质。并且聚
23、集的电量为每平方厘米一千万瓦。太阳光自己没有那么强，但是正在寻找的新型材料能够在低电流状态下完成工作。Fisher说：“在我们最近的论文中，我们表明，像太阳这样的非相干光，理论上能够像激光一样产生电荷分离。”研究者们断言，这项新技术能使太阳能降低成本，他们预测，一旦使用改进的材料，太阳能可转换成可用能量，其转换率可达10。这等同于当下商用的太阳能电池。目前要生产太阳能电池，必须要进行大量的半导体的加工，而我们将来所需要的只是聚光的透镜和导入光线的纤维。玻璃能起到以上双重的作用。它已被大量生产，而且不大需要太多的加工。如使用透明陶瓷会更好。+第十五篇 “Liquefaction” Key to
24、Much of Japanese Earthquake DamageThe massive subduction zone1 earthquake in Japan caused a significant level of soil liquefaction2 that has surprised researchers with its 1 severity, a new analysis shows.Weve seen localized3 examples of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before, but the distance
25、and 2 of damage in Japan were unusually severe, said Scott Ashford, a professor of geotechnical engineering4 at Oregon State University5. Entire structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments, Ashford said. The shifts in soil destroyed water, drain and gas pipelines6, crippling the utilities
26、and infrastructure these communities need to 3 . We saw some places that sank as much as four feet.Some degree of soil liquefaction7 is common in almost any major earthquake. Its a phenomenon in which soils soaked with water, particularly recent sediments or sand, can lose much of their 4 and flow d
27、uring an earthquake. This can allow structures to shift or sink or 5 . But most earthquakes are much 6 than the recent event in Japan, Ashford said. The length of the Japanese earthquake, as much as five minutes, may force researchers to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurrin
28、g in situations such as this8.With such a long-lasting earthquake, we saw 7 structures that might have been okay after 30 seconds just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes, he said. And it was clear that younger sediments, and especially areas built on 8 fille
29、d ground, are much more vulnerable.The data provided by analyzing the Japanese earthquake, researchers said, should make it possible to improve the understanding of this soil 9 and better prepare for it in the future. Ashford said it was critical for the team to collect the information quickly, 10 d
30、amage was removed in the recovery efforts9.Theres no doubt that well learn things from what happened in Japan10 that11 will help us to reduce risks in other similar 11 , Ashford said. Future construction in some places may make more use of techniques known to reduce liquefaction, such as better comp
31、action to make soils dense, or use of reinforcing stone columns.Ashford pointed out that northern California have younger soils vulnerable to liquefaction -on the coast, near river deposits or in areas with filled ground. The young sediments, in geologic terms, may be those 12 within the past 10,000
32、 years or more. In Oregon, for instance, that describes much of downtown Portland, the Portland International Airport and other cities.Anything 13 a river and old flood plains is a suspect12, and the Oregon Department of Transportation has already concluded that 1,100 bridges in the state are at ris
33、k from an earthquake. Fewer than 15 percent of them have been reinforced to 14 collapse. Japan has suffered tremendous losses in the March 11 earthquake, but Japanese construction 15 helped prevent many buildings from collapse -even as they tilted and sank into the ground.词汇：subduction /sbdkn/ n俯冲 s
34、ediment /sedimnt/ n沉积；沉淀物liquefaction /likwifkn/ n液化 infrastructure /Infr,strkt/ n基础设施geotecnical /diuteknikl adj岩土技术 compaction /kmpkn/ n压紧的vulnerable /vlnrbl/ ad易受伤害的注释：1. subduction zone：俯冲带。亦称下降带、潜没带、消亡带。板块构造说认为，当大洋板块移动并与大陆板块相遇时，由于大洋板块岩石密度较大，地位也低，便俯冲到大陆板块之下，这一俯冲部分叫做俯冲带。俯冲带两侧板块会聚边界称会聚边缘（convergen
35、t boundary)。俯冲带上面反映震源活动的地带称“贝尼奥夫地震带（Benioff seismic zone)。2. soil liquefaction：土壤液化。土壤液化现象是指由于孔隙水压力上升，有效应力减小所导致的土壤从固态到液态的变化，饱水的疏松的粉、细砂土在振动作用下突然破坏而呈现液态的现象。3. localized：小范围的4. geotechnical engineering：岩土工程。5. Oregon State University：俄勒冈州立大学，建校于1858年，位于美国俄勒冈州科瓦利斯，全校设11个学院，80多个专业，尤以农科和工程最为突出。2008年俄勒冈州立大
36、学的核能工程专业在全美大学中排名第9名。6. water, drain and gas pipelines：自来水管道、排水管道和煤气管道。water, drain and gaspipelines” 即“water pipelines, drain pipelines and gas pipelines。7. some degree of soil liquefaction：某种程度的土壤液化8. to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this：本句的意
37、思是：重新审视类似这次（持续时间长的）地震中因土壤液化而可能造成的毁坏的规模。9. recovery efforts：重建工作10. that well learn things from what happened in Japan：我们将从日本的地震中学到很多东西。该句是同位语从句，说出前半句no doubt的内容。11. that：that引导的是定语从句，修辞前半句中的things。12.suspect：被怀疑对象。文中指的是那些疑似危险的土壤。练习：1.Ainternal B. different C. difficult D. widespread2.Avolume B. leng
38、th C. extent D. width3.Afunction B. repair C. build D. remove4.Adurability B. strength C. ability D. property5.Aascend B. compact C. collapse D. recover6.Ashorter B. longer C. simpler D. stranger7.Awhen B. what C. how D. which8.Aoccasionally B. frequently C. specially D. recently9.Adevelopment B. ph
39、enomenon C. formation D. composition10.Aunless B. until C. after D. before 11.Afindings B. locations C. events D. sources12.Adelivered B. deposited C. destroyed D. detached13.Anear B. from C. inside D. over 14.Aprevent B. accelerate C. predict D. detect15.Astyles B. sites C. costs D. standards答案与题解：
40、1.D前文说到日本的俯冲带地震是massive（巨大的），而且砂土液化到达一个significant level。根据上述描述，选widespread（分布广泛的）修饰severity是正确的。其他三个选项与severity搭配后，意思接不上。2.C 本句由but连接并列的两个分句组成。第一个分句说以前也发生过地震引发的砂土液化的现象，但涉及范围较小。第二个分句通过but语气一转，说这次地震造成的破坏是罕见的。很显然，选extent(程度)与distance（距离，范围）合用说明破坏的程度和范围是符合上下文的意思的。3.A 在“The shifts in soil destroyed wate
41、r, sewer and gas pipelines, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to”中，these communities need to.”是定语从句，指代utilities和infrastructure的关系代词which在定语从句中起宾语作用，被省略了。need后面的动词不定式的逻辑主语是which，也就是utilities and infrastructure。从意思上看，这些社区需要这些公用事业设备和基础设施起功能作用（function)。选function是对的。其他选项都
42、不合适。4.B 浸了水的砂土，特别是新近的沉积土、沙土等失去的不会是durability（耐用性）和ability（能力），也不会是泛泛的property（性质），而是strength（强度）。5.C 浸了水的砂土强度降低或消失。砂土随水流动，就会引发建筑物移位（shift）或下沉(sink)。再发展下去，建筑物就会倒塌（collapse)。collapse是答案。若选择ascend（上升）、compact(压实)或recover（复原），意思与上文接不上。6.A 地震持续的时间一般为数十秒。这次日本地震的时间长达5分钟。所以本题要填入的词应该是shorter，说明大多数地震的持续时间比它短。
43、7.C 从意思上看，选how是正确的。when structures、what structures或which structures意思明显不通。8.D 第三段第二句出现“particularly recent sediment。recent sediment浸水后就失去了强度。这提示了本题要选recently，因为建立在新近填就的土壤上的建筑物是最易受到伤害的。9.B 分析日本大地震得出的数据不会令科学家获得有关soil development（土壤发展）、soilformation（土壤形成）soil composition（土壤构成）这些方面的知识。若选phenomenon，意思就是科
44、学家的研究分析有助于他们了解到土壤浸水后的这类现象，以便做好防备，对付未来可能发生的同类现象。上下文意思很连贯，因此phenomenon是正确的选项。1O.D 选unless、until或after都不合逻辑。本题句子的意思是：重建工作首先要清理废墟，这样地震现场就被破坏了。所以科学家要赶在重建工作开始之前收集好地震资料。before是答案。11.C 本句的意思是：科学家无疑会从日本大地震中学到不少东西，从而有助于减低今后发生类似的地震时的风险。四个选项中只有events合适。similar events指的是“类似的地震事件”。若选findings（调查结果）、locations（地点）或s
45、ources（来源），句子的意思就不对。12.B 本句解释“young”这个词在地质学中的含义。句中的those指代sediments。young sediments指那些年代少于或略超过一万年的sediments。deposit是“沉积”，与句子意思匹配，是答案。其他三个选项，词义离题很远，只是词形与deposit有点相似，起干扰作用而已，它们不是答案。13.A 上一段说，younger soils是非常脆弱的。本句的anything指的是soils。哪些地方的soils是疑似高危对象呢？如果指soils from/inside/over river and old flood plains
46、是不合常理的。正确的选择应该是near，靠近河流和原洪泛区的土壤才是危险地区。因此near是答案。14.A 加固危桥的目的是为了防止坍塌。选项prevent是答案。15.D 在3月11日的日本大地震中，震区的建筑物倾斜、下沉，但没有倒塌。建筑上的什么因素起到了防塌的作用呢？当然不会是construction styles（建筑风格）、construction sites（建筑工地）或construction facilities（建筑设备）。日本的construction standards（建筑标准）才是防塌的关键因素。因此standards是答案。第十五篇 “液化”是日本地震破坏的关键一份分析报告表明，在日本，巨大的俯冲带地震致使土壤液化的程度之严重，范围之广令研究者们着实吃了一惊