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1、高中英语语法系列：定语从句知识要点1. 关系代词和关系副词的选用2. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别3. 几组的关系词特殊用法一、定义：在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。The happy man who lives next to me sells vegetables. You must do everything that I do.被定语从句修饰的词，叫先行词。比如上面两句中的 man 和 everything.引导定语从句的词，叫关系代词和关系副词。比如 who, whom, that, which, wh ere, when, why 等关系词三重作用：连接主从
2、句；指代先行词；在定语从句中担任句子成分。The man who lives next to me sells vegetables.该句中，who lives next to me 是定语从句，修饰先行词 the man， “who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词 the man，在定语从句中作主语。二、关系词引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, which, that, whose, as 等和关系副词w here, when, why 等。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成分。1. 用关系代词 that, which, who, whom 引导的定语从句who 指人，用
3、作主语whom 指人，用作宾语which 指物 ，用作主语、宾语皆可that 指人和物， 用作主语、宾语皆可The teacher who visits our school today is from Guangzhou. Mrs Read is the person whom you should write to.They planted some trees which didnt need much water. The fish (which) we bought this morning were not fresh. A plane is a machine that can
4、fly.The noodles (that) I cooked were delicious.2. 用关系代词 whose 引导的定语从句：先行词既可指人，也可指物，一般译为“谁的”“什么东西的”，请看例子The room whose window faces south is mine.3. 用关系副词 when、where、why 引导的定语从句(1) when 在从句中作时间状语October lst, 1949 is the day when (=on which) the Peoples Republic of Chin a was founded.(2) where 在从句中作地点
5、状语I recently went to the town where (=in which) I was born.(3) why 在从句中作原因状语The reason why (=for which) he was late was that he missed the train.高考试题中对于 where 的考查趋于复杂，从先行词为明显的“地点”转为“地点的模糊化”。事实上，对于 where 这个词，不能只理解为表地点。当先行词为 situa tion, case, stage, point 等，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，要用到关系副词where 引导。 way (方式，方法)后
6、常用 in which 或 that 引导定语从句，也可省略：They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步了。Do you know the way (in which/that) he worked out the problem?三、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别 相同点：都属于定语从句不同点： 形式上：有无逗号。限制性定从无逗号。非限制性定从，有逗号。 意义上：限制性定从对先行词起修饰限制作用；非限制性定从起补充说明作用。He has found the
7、book (that) he was looking for. Yesterday I met Li Ping, who seemed to be very busy.He told me a story yesterday，which I think is very interesting.(which 指 a s tory)Tom has made great progress, which makes me very happy. (which 指逗号前面整句话意思)四、几组关系词的特殊用法1. 限制性定语从句中，用关系代词 that 不能用 which 的情况：当先行词是指物的不定代词
8、 all, little, few, much, everything, anything, nothing, none, someDo you have anything that you want to say for yourself?你有什么要为自己要说的吗？当先行词前面有 the only, the very(恰恰，正好),any, every, some, no, all, f ew, little, much, the right, the last, just 等修饰时。This is the very bus that Im waiting for.当先行词是形容词最高级或先
9、行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。This is the most interesting film that Ive ever seen. 这是我曾经看过的最有趣的电影。当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时。This train is the last that will go to Suzhou. 这是去苏州的最后一趟火车。当先行词既有人又有物时。Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?你知道他们正在谈论的人和事吗？当主句的主语是疑问句 who 或 which 时，Which is the bike th
10、at you lost? 哪辆是你丢的自行车？Who is the boy that won the gold medal? 赢得金牌的那个男孩是谁？有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用 which,另外一个宜用 that.They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中也作表语时。Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. 上海不再是过去的那座城市了。主句是 th
11、ere be 句型且关系词在从句中作主语用，用 that 不用 which 引导。There is a seat in the corner that is still available.2. 当先行词指事或人时，定语从句中关系代词用 which 不用 that 的情况：在非限制性定语从句中，只用 which,不用 thatHe broke my cup, which made me angry. 他打破了我的杯子，这使我很生气。当动词短语中的介词提前时，只用 which, 不用 that.This is a house in which Lu Xun once lived.这是鲁迅曾住过的
12、房子。注意：在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。This is the pen(which/that) Im looking for. 这是我正在寻找的那只钢笔。3. 只用 who 而不用 that 引导定语从句的情况先行词是指人的不定代词，如 one, ones, anyone, no one, those, all, nobody, anybody, none 等时，用 who 不用 that.People all like those who have good manners. 人们都喜欢那些有礼貌的人。在 there be 结构中，先行
13、词指人时，多用 whoThere are some people who want to have holidays in Hainan. 有一些想去海南度假的人。在非限制定语从句中，指人且作主语时，用 who 不用 that Professor Wang, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night. 4.由 as 引导的定语从句 such+名词+as像一样的，像之类的 the same+名词+as 和同样的其中 as 可作为关系代词在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。We have found such materials as are u
14、sed in their factory. 我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。(as 作主语)These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.这些房子以人们预料的那样的低价出售。(as 作宾语)He is not the same man as he was. 他和过去不同了。(as 作表语)注意 suchas引导的定语从句与 suchthat引导的状语从句的区别： He is such a clever boy as everyone likes.(定语从句) 他是一个人人都喜爱的聪明孩子。 He is such
15、 a clever boy that everyone likes him. (状语从句) 他是一个如此聪明的孩子，以至于人人都喜爱他。第一个句子中 as 引导的是定语从句，因为从句中缺成分；而第二个句子中 that引导的是状语从句，从句中不缺任何成分。5.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句(若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用 whom, 不可用 who, that；关系代词指物时只可用 which，不可用 that。关系代词是所有格时用 whose。方法：根据定语从句中动词的固定搭配来确认“介词+关系代词”中的介词； 根据先行词来确认“介词+关系代词”中的关系代词The school
16、(which / that) he once studied in is very famous.The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine for which you asked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。Well go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / th
17、at) we have often talked about. Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.我们将去听那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家演唱。注意：含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for.(正)这是我正在找的手表。This is the watch for which I am looking .(误)The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正) 那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. (误)