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1、高考英语形容词和副词知识讲解一、形容词和副词基本用法（一）形容词基本用法1.作定语，修饰名词、代词。如：I have an interesting book.我有一本有趣的书。2.作表语。通常与系动词be , get , grow , become , feel , appear, prove , seem, look, keep, smell, taste, sound , turn, remain 等连用。如：The weather is getting cooler and cooler.天气越来越凉爽。3.作宾补。如：The news made every one happy.这则消息
2、令每个人都很高兴。The wall was painted green.墙被刷成了绿色。4.作状语，用来说明主语的特征、状态。表示伴随、原因、结果等。如：Tired and hot, we had to stop to have a break.又累又热，我们不得不停下来休息。He fell down dead.他倒下死了。（二）副词基本用法1.作状语。通常修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。如He runs fast.他跑得很快。The book is very interesting.这本书很有趣。The bus came quite early.公共汽车到得很早。She left shor
3、tly after the meeting.会议刚结束她就走了。（修饰介词短语）Frankly, I dont agree with you.说实话，我不同意你的意见。（修饰句子）2.作表语。如：Class is over.下课了。 Time is up.时间到。3.作定语。如：Do you know the girl upstairs? 你认识楼上的女孩吗？Soon you will be acquainted with the people around. 不久你就会熟悉这附近的人。Are you content with the life here? 你对这儿的生活满意吗？4.作介词宾语
4、。如：Its a long way from here to your school.这儿离你们学校很远。（三）形容词和副词作状语区别比较：句1：Helpless, we watched our home destroyed before our eyes.句2：Hopefully, we can get this done before dark.句1中的形容词helpless修饰主语，并和主语we构成逻辑上的主谓关系，即： We are helpless整个句子可以变为： We are helpless when we watched our home destroyed before o
5、ur eyes.句2中的副词hopefully修饰整个句子，作状语整个句子可以变为： Its hopeful that we can get this done before dark.区别：凡是对整个句子作评述性说明时，要用副词(短语)作状语；凡是对主语的性质或状态加以说明时，则要选用形容词(短语)作状语1.形容词作状语，说明主语的状态特征。作原因状语（通常位于句首）Poor，he couldnt afford a TV set.Thirsty and eager to get a little rest,he went into a tea-house and seated himself
6、 at a table by the window.由于口渴，又渴望休息片刻，他走进茶馆，在靠窗的一张小桌旁坐下。Easy to be with,she is warmly welcomed.因为平易近人，所以她受热烈欢迎。作伴随状语时（可以位于句首，也可以位于句末）The thief hid himself in the corner,afraid of being caught.小偷躲在角落里，担心被抓住。Over joyed,they rushed to the front.他们非常高兴，疾步跑到前面。作方式状语时（可以位于句首，也可以位于句末）Nervous, she tore ope
7、n the letter.她紧张地撕开信封。Helpless，we watched the house being destroyed before our eyes我们无助地看着房子在眼前被摧毁。作结果状语（通常位于句末）He returned from war,safe and sound.他安然无恙从战争中归来。He reached home at last,tired and hungry.他终于到家啦，又累又饿。作让步状语。常由or连接的两个以上并列的形容词构成（常位于句首，也可位于句中）Every nation,big or small,should be equal.每个国家无论
8、大小，都应一律平等。Right or wrong,Ill stand on your side.无论是对是错，我都将站在你的一边。2.副词作状语，用来修饰整个句子。表示说话人的观点的副词。如：clearly, certainly, surely, fortunately, hopefully, naturally, obviously, possibly, strangely, surprisingly, undoubtedly等。这类副词常可与其形容词形式相互转换。如：Obviously, hes against our plan. ( = Its obvious that hes ) 很明
9、显，他反对我们的计划。Fortunately, I was in time for the interview. ( = Its fortunate that I was )幸运的是，我及时赶上了面试。Hopefully tomorrow will turn out fine. ( = Its hopeful that tomorrow will ) 明天天气有望转好。Undoubtedly, I love you very much. ( = Its undoubted that I ) 毫无疑问，我非常爱你.表示说话人说话的角度的副词。如：briefly, exactly, frankly
10、, generally, honestly, roughly, seriously等。这类副词一般可译为地说。如：Exactly, you got ninety-nine point five marks. 准确地说,你得了99.5分。Honestly, I dont like this book at all. 说老实话，我根本不喜欢这本书。表示说话人看问题的角度的副词。如：economically, historically, physically, scientifically等。这类副词一般表示从角度来说/看。Scientifically, the experiment was ver
11、y important. 从科学的角度来说，这个实验很重要。Economically, inland cities are less advanced than those near the sea. 从经济的角度来看，内地城市不如沿海城市发达。（四）形容词变副词的一般规则口诀：一般直接加，“元e”去e加，“辅y”改i加，“le”结尾e改y。1.一般情况下直接加“ly”。如：quickquickly; sadsadly; recentrecently; excitedexcitedly; carelesscarelessly; quietquietly; differentdifferentl
12、y2. 以-e结尾的形容词变副词：（1）以辅音字母加e结尾的形容词直接加-ly。如：immediateimmediately; politepolitely; widewidely; wisewisely; nicenicely;safesafely;latelately;accurateaccurately;extremeextremely;closeclosely;unfortunateunfortunately（2）以元音字母加e结尾的形容词，要去掉e再加-ly。如：truetruly; dueduly（3）以辅音字母(t,b,p)加le结尾时，去e加y。如：simplesimply;
13、considerableconsiderably; terribleterribly; possiblepossibly; probableprobably; incredibleincredibly; gentlegently; comfortablecomfortably; sensiblesensibly（4）元音字母加le时加 ly。如：sole-solely但是wholewholly例外。3. 以“y”结尾的，且读音为 / i /， 先将“y”改成“i”，再加“ly”。如：happyhappily; heavyheavily; angryangrily; busybusily; ea
14、syeasily; noisynoisily; healthyhealthily但是如果读音为 / ai /， 直接加ly。如：drydryly; shyshyly ; gaygayly/gaily4.以ic 结尾的词，加ally。如：economiceconomically; basicbasically; scientificscientifically; automaticautomatically;energeticenergetically但是public-publicly 例外。5. 以-ll结尾时，只须加 y，如：dulldully; shrillshrilly;fullfull
15、y注：以一个-l结尾的还加ly：careful-carefully;beautiful-beatifully,;real-really;helpful-helpfully;careful-carefully;hopeful-hopefully6.有些以ly结尾的词是形容词而非副词：（1）“名词+ly”构成的形容词：brotherly兄弟般情谊的；motherly母亲般的；friendly友好的；lovely可爱的；manly男子汉气概的；childly孩子般天真的；orderly井井有条的；homely家常的，日常的；costly昂贵的；timely及时的。例如：It will be too
16、costly to repair the car.修理这辆车要花费很多钱。What a lovely cat!多么可爱的一只猫啊！She received motherly care from her teacher.她从老师那里得到了母亲般的照料。（2）“形容词+ly”构成的形容词：likely可能的；lively活泼的，生动的；deadly致命的，死一般的；lonely寂寞的，荒凉的，偏僻的；poorly不健康的。例如：Its likely to rain tomorrow.明天可能会下雨。She feels lonely with no children around her.孩子不在身
17、边，她感到很寂寞。（3）“表时间的名词+ly”可构成形容词，也可构成副词。其中有的可兼作名词，表示报刊。daily每天的/地，日报；hourly每小时的/地；weekly每周的/地，周报；monthly每月的/地，月刊；quarterly每季度的/地，季刊；yearly每年的/地；nightly每晚的/地。例如：China Daily is more than a newspaper.中国日报不仅仅是一份报纸。English Weekly publishes on 15 monthly.英语周报每月15日出版。（五）常见形容词、副词1.以al结尾的形容词和副词的变化nationnational
18、nationallynaturenaturalnaturallycultureculturalculturallyprofessionprofessionalprofessionallyinternationinternationalinternationallypersonpersonalpersonallypracticepracticalpracticallyoccasionoccasionaloccasionally偶尔地，有时地2.以ful结尾的形容词和副词的变化carecarefulcarefully 细心地grategratefulgratefully感激地thankthankf
19、ulthankfullyforgetforgetfulforgetfully 健忘地3.以able结尾的形容词和副词的变化relyreliablereliably 可依靠地admireadmirablereliably 羡慕地reasonreasonableadmirably 合情合理地acceptacceptableacceptably 可接受地adviseadvisableadvisably 建议地comfortcomfortablecomfortably 舒适地forgetforgettableforgettablyunforgettably难忘地changechangeablechan
20、geablyunchangeable不可改变地believebelievablebelievablyunchangeable难以置信地favorfavorablefavorablyunfavorably不利地bearbearablebearablyunbearably不能忍受地4.以some结尾的形容词troubletroublesome令人麻烦的 tiretiresome讨厌的fearfearsome有点吓人的二、形容词、副词的级（一）原级比较构成：A + V. + as +原级+ as B，表示“A和B一样”。其否定结构为：A +V. +not +as/so+原级+as +B, 表示“A不
21、如B”。如：She is as tall as I/me.她和我一样高。He runs as fast as Tom.他和汤姆跑得一样快。This book isnt as interesting as that one. 这本书不如那本有趣。He cant run so/as fast as I.他跑不到我那么快。【拓展】（1）“as much/many . as . (much后接不可数名词, many后接可数名词复数形式)”She has as many friends as Mary (does). 她和玛丽一样有许多朋友。He has as much money as John (d
22、oes). 他和约翰一样有很多钱。（2）as + 形容词 + a/an + 单数名词 + asHe is as hard-working a boy as anyone else in his class.他跟班上其他的任何一个同学一样，是个勤奋的学生I have as good a voice as you. 我的声音和你一样好。I dont want as expensive a car as this. I dont want a car as expensive as this. 我不要这么贵的汽车。（3）“倍数 + as +形容词/副词原级 + as”This room is thr
23、ee times as large as that one.（二）形容词、副词的比较级1.形容词、副词比较级和最高级的变化规则（1）单音节以及少数双音节形容词或副词大致按以下规律变化：一般在形容词或副词后面直接加er 变为比较级，加est 变为最高级。如：oldolderoldest highhigherhighest以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母的，则双写最后一个辅音字母，再加-er变为比较级，加 est 变为最高级。如：bigbiggerbiggest thinthinnerthinnest以“辅音字母+y”结尾的单词，则将改y为i 再加-er变为比较级，加 est 变为最高级。
24、如：busybusierbusiest heavyheavierheaviest以字母e 结尾的单词，直接加 r变为比较级，加 st变为最高级。如：largelargerlargest freefreerfreest（2）多音节以及某些双音节形容词或副词变为比较级或最高级时，则通常在其前加more变为比较级，加 most变为最高级。如：importantmore importantmost importantdifficultmore difficultmost difficultusefulmore usefulmost useful（3）少数单音节单词，特别是分词形容词，须在前面加more
25、变为比较级，(the) most变为最高级。如：fondmore fondmost fondpleasedmore pleasedmost pleased（4）形容词、副词比较级和最高级的不规则变化good /wellbetter, best bad/badly/ill worse, worstmany/muchmore, most littleless, leastfar farther, farthest / further, furthest oldolder, oldest/ elder, eldest2.形容词、副词的比较级结构结构为：A + V. +形容词或副词比较级 +than
26、+ B. 表示“A比B更”This room is bigger than that one.这间房子比那间大。He did it better than I.他比我做得好。*比较级常见句型：（1）“less + 原级 + than”表示一方不及另一方。如：This room is less beautiful than that one.（2）“the + 比较级（主语 + 谓语），the + 比较级（主语 + 谓语）”意为“越，越”。前者相当于一个条件句，因此，要用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如：The harder you work, the better result youll get
27、.你学习越努力，成绩就越好。The more you eat，the fatter you will be.你吃得越多就会越胖。The better I knew him, the more I liked him. 我越了解他就越喜欢他。（3）“比较级 + and + 比较级”意为“越来越”。如：The weather is getting colder and colder.The girl becomes more and more beautiful.（4）“the+比较级(+of the two)”表示“两者中，哪一个比较”。在比较级前加定冠词the。如：Of the two shi
28、rts, Id like to choose the cheaper one. 我选定这两件中较便宜的那件衬衫。She was the more promising worker of the two.她是两人之中更有培养前途的工人。（5）“Which/Who is the +比较级 + n., A or B? ”（比较：“Which is +比较级, A or B?”）表示“A 和B中哪一个比较”Which is the heavier bag, this one or that one?这两个包哪个重？Which is heavier, this bag or that one? 这两个包
29、哪个重？（6）某些以-ior结尾的形容词进行比较时，用to而非than引出比较对象。这些词有superior（较好的；优于）, junior（资历较浅的；年少的）, senior（资格较老的；年长的）等。Bob is junior to Bill.鲍勃比比尔年龄小。He is superior to Tom in chemistry.他的化学比汤姆好。（7）倍数表达法A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of B.The new building is four times the size(the height)of
30、 the old one.这座新楼比那座旧楼大三倍（高三倍）。A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B.Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲比欧洲大三倍。A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B.Your school is three times bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。注：用times表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍用twice或double.*使用比较级
31、注意事项：（）比较对象要一致误：His handwriting is more beautiful than Li Ming.正：His handwriting is more beautiful than Li Mings.误：The population of Shanghai is larger than Beijing.正：The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.（2）避免自我比较，适当运用other 或else(与不定代词连用)。具体句型为：比较级than + any other + 单数名词（any of
32、the other + 复数名词或anyone else）误：John studies harder than any student in his class.正：John studies harder than any other student in his class.（3）“not + 比较级” 表示前者不如后者；“no +比较级” 表示对两者的否定，意为“和一样不”。如：Tom is no taller than Mike.汤姆和迈克都不高。Tom is not taller than Mike.汤姆不比迈克高。His English is not better than mine
33、. 他的英语不如我的英语好。His English is no better than mine. 他的英语同我的英语一样不好。(即一样差)You are not more careful than he is. 你不如他仔细。You are no more careful than he is. 你和他一样不仔细。(即一样粗心)*比较级表达最高级意义的句型：（1）“比较级+than +all the others/any of the others/any other+单数名词/anyone(anybody, anything)else +比较范围”。意为“比其他（的人或物）”。相比较的两事
34、物属同一范畴。如：Tom draws better than all the others in his class.汤姆画画比班上其余的人都好。She listened more carefully than any other student in her class.她听课比班上任何其他的人都认真。（2）“比较级+than +all the + 复数名词/any of the + 复数名词/any +单数名词/anyone(anybody, anything) +比较范围”。意为“比所有（的人或物）”。相比较的两事物不是同一范畴。如：Wang Fang in our class sing
35、s better than all the students in your class.我们班的王兵唱歌比你班任何人都好。Mary finished the work earlier than any of her brothers.玛丽完成工作比她所有的兄弟都早。（3）“否定式谓语+比较级+”。该结构形式上是否定的，但意思上是肯定的。表达最高级含义。意为“再没有（）比更”、“非常”。如：-Are you satisfied with what he has done .你对他所做的满意吗？-Not at all. He couldnt do it any worse.一点儿也不满意。他做得
36、太糟了。（4）“No+名词/No one/Nobody/Nothing+谓语+so(as)+原形副词+as”。意为“没有（什么人或物）比更”。如：Nothing in my life shook me so deeply as this first visit to china.我一生中印象最深的是首次出访中国。No one writes as carefully as Mary.没有比玛丽写字更认真的了。（5）“No+名词/No one/Nobody/Nothing+谓语+比较级+ ”。意为“没有（什么人或物）比更”。如：No one speaks English better than Z
37、hang Hong.没有人讲英语要比张红更好。Nothing can interest him more.没有什么会使她更感兴趣。*比较级修饰语：（1）比较级前可用a little, a bit, slightly ,some(肯定句及请求或建议的问句中), any(否定句或疑问句中)等修饰，表示“稍微”、“一点”。如：Its a little colder today than it was yesterday. 今天比昨天稍冷一点。（2）比较级前可用much, far, by far, a lot, a good deal, a great deal, rather等修饰，表示“得多”。如
38、：Shes a good deal better today. 她今天好多了。There are far more people than we expected. 人比我们预计的多得多。当by far用于修饰比较级且置于其前时，比较级前要用the。如：He is by far the cleverer than her. 他比她聪明得多。Its quicker by far to go by train. 坐火车去要快得多。（3）比较级前可用even, still修饰，表示“更”。如：It was even colder than yesterday. 今天比昨天还要冷。The next d
39、ay she got up still earlier. 第二天她起床更早些。（4）as.as 结构前可用 almost, exactly, half, just, nearly, quite, .times, twice等修饰，表示程度。如：Lets walk. Its just as quick as taking the bus. 咱们走路去吧，和坐公共汽车去一样快。Waves of red light are about twice as long as those of blue light. 红色光线的波长约为蓝色波长的两倍。注：比较级前不可用very, too, more, so
40、, fairly, quite等修饰。如：误：Tom runs more faster than Mary.正：Tom runs much faster than Mary.*隐含式比较级在使用英语形容词或副词的比较级时，为了表达简洁，往往省略被比较的对象，这种语法现象叫做隐含比较级。（1）情景对话中，双方都知道比较对象时，常用隐含比较级。例如：“How are you feeling now?” “Thanks. Im feeling much better now.”Hold the book closer; I cant see the words clearly.（2）下文所给出的时间
41、、条件等状语中，已经暗示了比较对象， 这时要用隐含比较级。例如：After taking the medicine, the patient felt even worse.The next morning, the wind became even stronger; the snow, much heavier.If you had worked harder, you would have entered a better college.（3）前文有 never时，隐含比较级表示最高级含义。例如：I have never spent a more worrying day!Yao Mi
42、ng plays basketball so well. In fact, I have never seen a better player.（三）形容词、副词最高级1.三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用“the + 最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词（in/of）短语。如：Tom is the tallest of the three.汤姆是三人中最高的。He works (the) hardest in his class.他在班里学习最努力。2. 最高级可被序数词以及much, very, by far, nearly, almost, by no means等
43、词语所修饰。如：This tree is almostnearly the tallest one这棵树几乎是最大的。China has by far the largest population in the world中国是世界人口最多的国家。Tourism has become the second largest industry in the country旅游业已成为该国的第二大产业。This article is much the best这篇文章是最好的注：very可修饰最高级，但位置与much不同。This is the very best.这是最好的。This is much the best. 这是最好的。3. least +原级 “最不”This is the least useful book of the four.这是四本书中最没用的一本。It is said that those who eat the most are the least healthy. 据说吃得最多的人身体最差。8