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1、专题限时集训(八)主旨大意之概括全文主题和段落大意AMost people have never heard of the name Edson Arantes do Nascimento，but they have heard of Pel.Without question，Pel is the greatest soccer player ever.Edson Arantes do Nascimento and Pel are two names for the same man.Pel was born in a small village in Brazil.Soccer is the
2、 most popular sport in Brazil，and like most other children of his age，Pel grew up playing soccer.Too poor to afford a soccer ball，Pel and his playmates often made one by tying together a bunch of rags.Their playing field was usually a sidewalk.Old tin cans (锡罐)marked where the goalposts should be.Pe
3、l and the other boys from his neighborhood often dreamed of one day becoming professional soccer players.At the age of eleven，Pel was discovered by Waldemar de Brito，a former professional player.De Brito was then coach of the Bauru Soccer Club.He signed Pel to play for the junior Bauru team.In 1956，
4、when Pel was fifteen，de Brito took him to the city of Santos，Brazil，to try out for the Santos professional team.Pel immediately distinguished himself as one of the best players.In 1957，Pel was selected (挑选)to play on Brazil s national team.He scored the only goal for Brazil in the first game and ano
5、ther goal in the second game.Then in 1958，Pel helped Brazil win its first World Cup.Between 1958 and 1970，Pel played in four World Cups.He is the only person to have played on three winning World Cup teams.Pel played his last game with the Brazilian national team in 1971，but he continued to play for
6、 the Santos team for three more years before calling it quits.Throughout his career，Pel had an amazing ability to move people.Everybody wanted to see him play.In 1969，a war in Nigeria was stopped for two days because the Santos team had been invited to play there and people on both sides were so eag
7、er to see Pel play.Pels name has become synonymous(同义的)with excellence in soccer.His 20-year career has yielded some of the most memorable moments in soccer history.People today still refer to him as the great Pel，the King of Soccer.1How were the soccer playing conditions for Pel when he was young?A
8、Rather terrible.BFairly original.CWell-developed.DPretty standard.2In Paragraphs 4 to 6，the author mainly focuses on Pels .AinfluenceBachievementsCinternational recordsDpersonal development3Why was the war in Nigeria in 1969 stopped for two days?ANigerians had grown tired of fighting.BNigerians did
9、not want to injure Pel.CPeople wanted to see Pel play soccer.DPel refused to play unless the war stopped.4What do we know about Pel？AHe grew up in a soccer family.BHe behaves selflessly and generously.CHe is a talented and outstanding footballer.DHe received professional training at age 15.BA study
10、examining the children of people evacuated (撤离)during the Second World War showed the daughters of female evacuees were up to four times more likely to suffer from serious mental health conditions compared to those whose parents stayed at home.In the largest enquiry ever of its kind，researchers exam
11、ined the health records of 3,000 children of Finnish people evacuated to Sweden during the 19411945 conflict with Soviet Russia.The evacuees，many of whom were at a pre-school age，were placed with foster families in Sweden and were forced to learn Swedish，later returning to Finland.The study found th
12、at the female children of these girls had an increased risk of being hospitalised for conditions such as depression.However，this was not the case with children of boys evacuated during the war.The study could not determine why.One possibility is that the stresses of the evacuees experience affected
13、their psychological development in ways that influenced their parenting style.Another possibility is that the evacuees experience resulted in epigenetic changes changes in the way genes are expressed.For example，the researchers mentioned an earlier finding that Holocaust survivors have higher levels
14、 of methyl groups bound to the FKBP5 gene and have passed this change on to their children.This higher level of methyl groups appears to change the production of cortisol，a hormone (荷尔蒙)that controls the stress response.“The Finnish evacuation was intended to protect children from the harm associate
15、d with the countrys wars with the Soviet Union，” said study co-author Dr.Torsten Santavirta，from Uppsala University.“Our observation of the long-term psychiatric (精神病的)risk that reached into the next generation is concerning and stresses the need to weigh benefits as well as potential risks when des
16、igning policies for child protection.”5 What can we infer about the new study?AIt involved the most test subjects.BIts finding is relatively reliable.CIts finding is contrary to an earlier one.DIt was conducted right after World War .6Which method does the author use to develop Paragraph 3?ABy intro
17、ducing a conclusion.BBy conducting an experiment.CBy making assumptions.DBy supporting opinions.7How does Dr.Santavirta find the Finnish evacuation?AIt didnt fully fulfill its original purpose.BIt resulted in wars with the Soviet Union.CIt was first suggested by the Soviet Union.DIt was a good examp
18、le of child protection.8What is the main idea of the passage?AChildrens mental health is greatly influenced by wars.BWomens mental illness can be passed to the future generation.CGirls are more likely to suffer from mental problems than boys.DMothers childhood mental condition may affect their daugh
19、ters.CJust days before the cyberattack known as WannaCry struck computers in at least 150 countries in May,2017，the telecommunications company NTT issued a report on digital (数字信息系统的)threats.One of its conclusions is: “In todays environment，everyone has an important role to play in cybersecurity (网络
20、安全)”The advice was timely.The attack that spread from China to Spain was slowed down by a British man who lives with his parents and who is self-taught in cybersecurity.His quick work in buying a web domain name (域名)connected to the digital worm ended up being a temporary kill switch.This gave time
21、for companies，governments，and others to protect their systems.His $10 purchase saved billions.More to the point，his action shows that the users of digital tools connected to the Internet must always be prepared for attacks，even if only to inform experts.The attacks like WannaCry，which often come thr
22、ough e-mail，are responsible for as much as 73 percent of malware (恶意软件)The NTT report says cybersecurity requires much more than a technological fix.New security software cannot keep up with growing threats.The key solution is for people to be prepared and to work together.“To successfully work thei
23、r way around these challenges，” the report states，“organizations are going to be required to rely on their users more than ever.” This includes such steps as keeping software up to date with security patches，using complex passwords，and watching for potential cyberattacks in e-mail and texts.A simila
24、r recommendation was offered last December by the US Commission on Enhancing National Cybersecurity.To assist digital users，the commission called for a private body to develop something like a “nutritional label (标签)” for technology products.Such a fair，third-party assessment would help consumers be
25、tter use cyber tools and curb wide-ranging harmful activity in cyberspace.The NTT report makes one other and necessary point about the role of cyber experts in assisting computer users: “Our end goal is not to create fear，uncertainty，and doubt or to overcomplicate the current state of the threat lan
26、dscape，but to make cybersecurity interesting and inclusive for anyone facing the challenges of security attacks.”9What stopped the spread of WannaCry?ANTT s report on cybersecurity.BA companys discovery of a kill switch.CA British security researchers $10 purchase.DGovernments measures to improve cy
27、bersecurity.10What is most important in preventing threats according to NTTs report?APeoples joint efforts.BInternet users skills.CNew security software.DReduced use of e-mails.11What is the focus of Paragraph 5?ACyber experts suggestions.BThe importance of cybersecurity.CThe challenges Internet companies face.DWays for digital users to resist cyberattacks.12What does the underlined word “curb” in Paragraph 6 mean?ALimit.BUndertake.CControl.DImprove.