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1、阅读理解之应用文类【命题趋势】1. 考点趋势：今后对语篇领悟能力的检测仍是高考的重点和基本点，同时还需关注对主旨大意题和文章结构题的考查。2. 理解层次趋势：表层意义理解题减少，深层含义理解题增多。考查难度有所增加，由简单寻找信息向多层次细节推理的趋势比较明显。3. 信息量和词汇量：阅读理解材料信息浓缩，词汇总量减少，但对词汇量的考查在加大，非考纲词汇有所增加（主要为词根加上前、后缀或有词义转化的词）。旨在引导学生掌握词汇的合成、派生和转化，让考生能通过上下文或构词法来理解词汇的含义。考试说明中根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义这一新要求预示对能力要求有所提高。4. 句子的难度：长句增多，句子难度
2、加大。复合句、省略句、倒装句和插入语等语言现象普遍。5. 体裁和题材：继续体现体裁和题材多样化，并彰显英语国家语言与文化特点，强化文化意识的渗透。题材涉猎广泛，体现语言是文化的载体这一理念。【应试指导】应用文是最贴近日常生活的文体，它包括通知、广告、便条、申请书、个人简介、商品说明与介绍、新闻报道等，形式多样，题材各异，如图示、表格等。英语考试说明对读的能力要求之一是：要求考生读懂一般性话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中的简短文章并能识别不同文体的特征。研读近年全国各地的高考试题可以看出，应用文是高考阅读理解命题的重要体裁之一。现简要介绍应用文的特点、类型和解题技巧。一
3、、应用文阅读试题的文体特点应用文不同于其他文体的文章，其目的是为了向读者传输信息，措辞简洁明了，直截了当。一般说来，应用文英语阅读试题具有以下特点：1. 选材特点信息量大，文句精炼，形式灵活，用最少的篇幅表达最大量的信息。2. 内容特点生活化，实用化，多样化，如产品宣传、服务介绍、通知、海报、启示、招生招聘等。3. 形式特点标题醒目，重点突出，条理清晰，常用粗体字或各类项目符号使文章的结构更鲜明。4. 语言特点人名、地名、专有名词多；生词多；缩略词、祈使句、省略句多；结构不完整。5. 命题特点主要考查考生提取信息和处理信息的能力，既注重特定细节的筛选、类比、综合，又注重推理判断题的考查，题目设
4、置相对较容易。二、应用文语篇主要类型应用文的类型主要有：同主题广告，混合型广告，规则、通知、咨询问答、注意事项等，指南，书评、问卷调查、告示、参观须知、申请书、个人简介等。三、应用文解题技巧点拨高考应用文阅读理解设题以细节理解题为主，因此，阅读这类文章时，应该在整体把握文章结构的前提下，主要注意细节信息。细节题的题干都是相应原文的变形（如同义改写、词性转换等），因此要找到答案一定要找到题干在原文中的出处，再把原文和选项相比较。做题时，根据所提问题用寻读、跳读的方法可达到事半功倍的效果。同时，在阅读时也要特别注意文中以粗体、大写、下划线等方式加以提示的文字，因为这很有可能是文章的核心或某一部分内
5、容的概括。具体答题策略如下：1. 先题后文先读试题，了解试题考点；明确目的，快速捕捉，获取信息。2. 题干定向根据题干关键词到文中定位答案范围，按照题目顺序依次而下：问题与材料相同对号入座；问题与原文相同同义替换、归纳事实等。3. 生词模糊遇到生词；如与答题无关，直接跳过；涉及答题，则根据语境、构词法等猜词。4. 信息补全对于影响理解的省略句，可根据语境，将其补全。总之，应用文类型的阅读文章一般说来比较易理解，文章类型以广告形式居多，设问根据文章的段落秩序，多以细节事实理解为主，答案的寻找可以根据问题中的关键字顺藤摸瓜，辅以适当的推理判断。了解了应用文的措辞和内容特点，我们在实践中总结出解答应
6、用文试题的关键是：抓信息。提示：应用文阅读题做完后，不可轻易改答案，要相信第一感觉。因为第一次解题时思路最清晰，假如没十分把握，以不改为好，防止弄巧成拙。全国高考英语考试说明确指出，要求考生读懂一般性话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中的简短文章，这说明了应用文文体在高考英语中的重要性。这个特点在历年高考试题中有明显的印证，不管是全国高考卷，还是省区高考卷中基本每年都涉及应用文文体的考查，这充分体现了为用而学，学以致用的新课程理念。因此，考生很有必要认真研读阅读理解中应用文的特征和命题特点，并掌握一定的解题方法。本文拟结合近年高考英语全国卷阅读理解中所涉及的应用文文体，帮
7、助考生提高阅读理解的解题能力。应用文是在日常工作和生活中使用的文体，通常以实用性为目的、以真实性为基础、以时效性为根本、以规范性为准则。该文体一般可分为两大类：一类是说明性应用文，包括广告、启事、海报、守则、公告、指南、个人简历、备忘录、摘要等；另一类是叙述性应用文，如书信、日记、便条、报告、请帖等。目的都是向读者传输信息。高考试题主要涉及宣传广告、公告类应用文，偶尔也会有书信类文章出现。从近三年高考全国卷阅读理解中应用文的话题分布情况可知，前一类是应用文命题的首选题材，其中包括广告、海报和指南等。在高考英语阅读理解中应用文体的考查主要有如下几个特点：1. 就文体特点而言，应用文主要是为了向读
8、者传递信息，措辞简洁明了，一般来说，和所述问题无关的文字不会出现。例如很多文章没有标题，甚至通篇没有一个完整的句子，而是用词、数字、缩写、短语等来替代。2. 就选材特点来说，信息量大，文句精练，形式灵活，用最小的篇幅表述最大量的信息。其中书信，招聘和商品销售等广告，交通运输时刻表，日记等的比例较大。其内容特点表现为：生活化，实用化，多样化。3. 就形式特点而言，标题醒目，重点突出，条理清晰，常用粗体字或各类项目符号使文章结构更鲜明。4. 就语言特点来说，文章充斥大量冗长而生僻的专有名词，如人名、地名、机构名、组织名、书籍名、作品名等等，而且没有汉语注释。缩略词、祈使句、省略句多。5. 在行文方
9、式方面，应用文的每种文体都有固定的格式。叙述性应用文采用一般记叙文的写作方法，无特别之处；说明性应用文的行文呈排列式，即以小标题为单位逐一下行排列。6. 就命题特点来说，高考英语应用文的设问一般是按照文章段落的顺序依次设置，主要考查考生提取信息和处理信息的能力，既考查对特定细节的选取、排除、类比、综合，又注重推理判断题的考查，题目设置相对容易。具体讲来主要有四大类：（1）细节理解题，即要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。这一题型常见的命题方式有事实认定题、图形辨认题、数字运算题等。（2）推理判断题。这类题主要考查考生根据文章的字面意思，通过分析语篇的逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲
10、作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。（3）主旨大意题。该类题主要考查考生对所读材料中心思想的概括。其考查形式有很多，如概括标题、主题、中心思想等。（4）词义猜测题，即要求考生根据一定的上下文猜测生词的词义。广告类阅读题的五大特点1. 材料特点：大家知道，刊登广告是要钱的，为了节省费用，人们在拟写广告时往往都希望用最少的篇幅表现最大量的信息，这就决定了广告类材料通常具有以下特点：信息量大，用词简练，形式灵活。 2. 内容特点：综观近几年的高考英语阅读理解题，其中广告类阅读题内容主要涉及的是与人们生活息息相关的信息，如产品宣传、服务介绍、招生招聘等。 3. 形
11、式特点：做广告的主要目的就是要让受众了解并记住广告的内容，并为广告上所刊登的内容（产品或服务等）买单。为了达到这一目的，人们在设计广告时往往会做到：标题醒目，重点突出，条理清楚。 4. 用词特点：广告类阅读材料的用词有三多特点：一是人名、地名、专有名词多；二是生词多；三是缩略词、省略句多。 5. 命题特点：广告类阅读是近几年高考英语阅读理解最常考的题材，在阅读理解的选材中占有很大的比重。命题者的目的是要考查考生提取信息和处理信息的能力，所以命题的题型多是以获取信息为主的细节理解题。 应用文主要设题类型及特点1. 细节理解题 针对应用文体裁的阅读训练多出现细节理解题。应用文不同于一般的文章，应用
12、文的措辞简洁明了、直截了当，在阅读时须重点注意细节信息，最好采取跳读这种阅读方法。如：活动的具体时间和地点是什么？音乐会的具体举办时间是什么？所倡议的活动是针对哪些人展开的？这些细节问题都是同学们在阅读时需要特别注意的地方。常见的细节理解题的题干表达方式有“When is the sports meeting going to be held？” “Tyson will invite all of the following except _ to his birthday party.”例如： The incorrect description of London Eye is that _
13、. A. it is one of the worlds tallest observation wheels B. you can see up to 40 kilometers away in all directions from each capsule C. it has 32 capsules and carries around 1，000 visitors every day D. you can enjoy a full 360-degree panorama when you are at the top of the wheel 这是一个细节理解题，由表格一中第二句 “I
14、t has 32 capsules （密闭舱） and carries about 10， 000 visitors every day.”可知，是10，000不是1，000答案应该选C。 2. 主旨大意题 应用文强调实用性，无论是信件、广告、通知，还是倡议书、海报等，在阅读时都应该快速掌握其主旨大意。如：海报介绍的那部电影？通知的是哪个活动？邀请哪些人参加什么活动？这些都是主旨大意题考查的内容。常见的主旨大意题的题干表达方式有“The poster introduces us to _.” “The e-mail mainly tells us about _.” 例如： The adver
15、tisement mainly make people _. A. give help to those in need B. not throw away used clothes C. know about the organization D. learn the use of donated clothes 这是一个主旨大意题，由表格一中的“Dont throw away used clothes. Use them to help change the lives of others.”可知答案应该选A。 3. 观点态度题 作者往往通过海报、广告等形式的应用文表明自己对于某事的态度，
16、也可以通过通知、倡议书、邀请函等形式暗示自己对某次活动的看法和态度。常见的观点态度题的题干表达方式有“What is the authors attitude towards.” “What does the author think of the.？”例如： In Allisons opinion， other kids of her age may _ their parents. A. have problems with B. get on well with C. like to talk to D. like to listen to 这是一个观点态度题，从信中的第一段中“kids
17、 say they dont get on well with theirs”可知答案应该选A。 4. 推理判断题 与记叙文和说明文有所不同，应用文阅读中出现的推理判断题常考查文章的出处或者来源，常见的题干表达方式有“You can find the ad _.” “Where would you probably read the notice？”例如： We can infer （推断） from the advertisements that _. A. none of the organization accept childrens clothes B. people can don
18、ate used clothes throughout the USA C. some organization need money to help some people D. some donated clothes will be given to cancer patients 这是一个推理判断题，由表格二中第二句“Sales （销售额） of your used clothes will support”，由表格三中第二句“Sales from used clothes will benefit （有助于）”，由表格四中第二句“Sale from donated clothes w
19、ill help the Boys and Girls Club in Venice， CA.”可知答案应该选C。 【检测训练】1Life and Health Insurance Risk Manager WantedOur company has partnered with an international insurer and is looking for a full-time risk manager with responsibility for the UK Life and Health Insurance business. The role is in a small
20、risk team and is suited to a high-performing individual.Responsibilities*Support the chief risk officer;*Oversee the reporting of health and life risks;*Deliver advice and cooperate with some stakeholders（利益相关者）; *Assess relevant risks of technical pricing and reinsurance;*Continuously contribute to
21、 the capital requirements, internal model review and data model processes.Key requirementsThe individual will be a qualified life or health manager who has experience in risk management or consulting. You must work in the UK-these rules have changed recently, so when applying, please state your qual
22、ification to work in the UK. （E.g. British passport, Irish passport, ILR, settled-status, etc.）Salary70,000-90,000 per year and performance-based salary.Contact informationThe deadline for applications is 14th May, 2021.If you are interested, please apply here or contact the associate consultant Abi
23、 Logeswaran at HFG Insurance Recruitment（招聘）. Sign in to apply instantly.Wed love to send you information about Jobs and Services from CareersinR by email. We do not share your information with third parties for marketing purposes. By applying for a job listed on CareersinR you agree to our terms an
24、d conditions and privacy policy. You should never be required to provide bank account details. If you are, please email us.1. What do we know about the job?A. It hunts for a chief risk officer.B. It is a part-time job.C. It is related to insurance business.D. It involves a high-risk team.2. Which of
25、 the following is a must for applicants?A. A professional certificate.B. The ability to change working rules.C. An Irish passport.D. Relevant experience.3. What do we have to do when applying for the job?A. Hand in our applications before May.B. Accept the companys privacy policy.C. Offer our bank a
26、ccount details.D. Give our information to third parties.【答案】1. C 2. D 3. B【解析】这是一则招聘广告。一家保险公司招聘人寿及健康保险风险经理。1. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Our company has partnered with an international insurer and is looking for a full-time risk manager with responsibility for the UK Life and Health Insurance business. ”（我们公司与一家国
27、际保险公司合作，正在寻找一位负责英国人寿和健康保险业务的全职风险经理。）可知，本则广告中招聘的岗位与保险行业有关，故选C。2. 细节理解题。在“Key requirements”部分中的内容“The individual will be a qualified life or health manager who has experience in risk management or consulting.”（个人将是有风险管理或咨询经验的合格的生活或健康经理。）可知，应聘者必须有相关的工作经验，故选D。3. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“By applying for a job liste
28、d on CareersinR you agree to our terms and conditions and privacy policy. ”（通过申请CareersinR上列出的工作，您同意我们的条款和条件以及隐私政策。）可知，申请者需要通过申请CareersinR上列出的工作，并同意该公司的条款和条件以及隐私政策。故选B。2ROBOTICS ACADEMYAges 12 14 Grades 7 9The academy-level robotics program takes it to the next level for the next generation of engin
29、eers, designers and gearheads with real-world applications of science, technology, engineering and math. Hands-on sessions in robot chassis design and building algorithms, remote-control design and operation, and aerial drone operations make for an exciting adventure. Trainees focus on teamwork as t
30、hey learn what its like to engineer and design robots on land, in the air and underwater with state-of-the-art materials. The week culminates （达到高潮） with trainees competing to complete tasks on a Challenge Table using robots they spent the week building, programming and testing.ActivitiesProgram rob
31、ots to interact （互动） with the world using a variety of sensors and motorsLearn with hands-on sessions in remote-control design and operation and aerial operationsMaster managing wireless signals in order to control and pilot robots on the Challenge TableChoose from lessons as you like, such as build
32、ing robotic attachments, programming with sensors and data functions, or using Human Interface DevicesUse the binary number system and basic logic functions to understand how machines “think”Design, build and pilot underwater robots using the SeaPerch ROV systemTrain in cutting-edge, custom-designed
33、 Unmanned Aerial Systems training simulation VAMPIRE Pro and fly quadcoptersFast FactsFor orientation times, visit .Arrival window: Sunday 1:30 p.m. 3:30 p.m. （CT）Graduation: Friday 9 a.m. 10 a.m.Price: $999. （Includes a $50 registration fee that cannot be returned and tuition fees that can be fully
34、 refunded （退款） at request before the session starts.）10% off each additional session.Camp programs are available during summer months and select weeks throughout the remainder of the year. Search for details and schedule.4. What will the participants pay special attention to during their learning?A.
35、 Competition.B. Working together.C. Concentration.D. Saving materials.5. Which of the following is an optional lesson?A. Remote-control design.B. Managing wireless signals.C. Building robotic attachments.D. Understanding how machines “think”.6. How much money can you get back if you cancel your firs
36、t session before it starts?A. $999.B. $50.C. $899.1.D. $949.【答案】4. B 5. C 6. D【解析】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了一个适合12到14岁孩子参加的机器人课程的相关细节。4. 细节理解题。通过文章第一段“Trainees focus on teamwork （学员注重团队合作）”可知，学员在学习过程中会特别注意共同工作。故选B项。5. 细节理解题。通过文章“Activities”部分中的“Choose from lessons as you like, such as building robotic attachm
37、ents, programming with sensors and data functions, or using Human Interface Devices （从课程中选择您喜欢的，如构建机器人附件，用传感器和数据功能编程，或使用人机界面设备）”可知，构建机器人附件是选修课。故选C项。6. 细节理解题。通过文章“Fast Facts”部分中的“Price: $999. （999美元）”以及“Includes a $50 registration fee that cannot be returned and tuition fees that can be fully refunde
38、d at request before the session starts. （包括50美元不可退还的注册费和可在课程开始前要求全额退还的学费）”可推知，如果你在第一节课开始前取消，可以拿回949美元。故选D项。3Summer Pre-College Program 2021Register Now!Earn up to 12 college credits online with FDUs Summer Pre-College Program!Fairleigh Dickinson Universitys Summer Pre-College Program offers motivate
39、d students in grades 9 to 12 the opportunity to get a jump-start on earning college credits through new, engaging, interactive courses. Students will develop in-demand skills and earn cutting-edge techniques in a virtual academic setting.Program highlightsOur courses have been designed to keep stude
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43、iscovery: The Exciting Future of PharmacologySession 2-August 1 to August 11, 2021Classes: 9 AM to 12: 30 PMWall Street Careers: An Introduction to Financial Markets and TradingAstrophysics: Exploring the Stars and the GalaxiesAround the World in Eight Days: Introduction to Global Tourism Management
44、Classes: 1: 30 PM to 5 PMAdvanced Coding and DevelopmentCognitive Psychology: Understanding the Mind, the Brain and Your BehaviorDigital Art: Create Your Own Online CanvasProgram Cost: $770 per course （You can get a 20% discount if you book now!）Contact InformationSummer Pre-College Programprecolleg
45、e fdu. edu1000 River Road, H-DH1-02 Teaneck, NJ 076667. Who are the courses intended for?A. High school students.B. College graduates.C. College freshmen.D. Primary school pupils.8. What can you infer about the Summer Pre-College Program?A. It offers hands-on learning chances.B. A student can earn 1
46、5 college credits.C. All the courses are given online.D. Students must stay on the campus.9. How much will you pay if you book two courses now?A. $308.B. $770.C. $1232.D. $1540【答案】7. A 8. C 9. C【解析】本文是应用文，是一则暑假线上学习课程的促销广告。7. 细节理解题。根据第一自然段“Fairleigh Dickinson Universitys Summer Pre-College Program of
47、fers motivated students in grades 9 to 12 the opportunity to get a jump-start on earning college credits through new, engaging, interactive courses.（费尔雷迪金森大学的暑期大学预科项目为9-12年级的积极学生提供了一个机会，通过新的、吸引人的、互动的课程来获得大学学分）”可知，这个课程主要是针对9至12年级,准备上大学的高中生。故选A项。8. 推理判断题。根据第一自然段“Students will develop in-demand skills and learn cutting-edge techniques in a virtual academic setting.（学生将在虚拟的学术环境中发展所需的技能和学习前沿技术 ）”和第二自然段“Our courses have been designed to keep students engaged in a remote leaning format.（我们的课程是为了让学生参与远程学习而设计的）”可推知，所有课程都是线上教学课程。故选C 项。9. 细节理解题，根据Program C