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1、Chapter 12:Auditing stocks and tangible fixed assetsRecapuC ostuA uthorisationuV aluationuE xistenceuB eneficialuO wnershipuP resentation Learning objectivesuIdentify the audit objectives applicable to stocksuExplain the nature of stock recordsuDescribe procedures to be followed at a physical stockt
2、akeuDiscuss considerations relevant to determining the audit strategy for stocksuDescribe procedures to be followed when observing physical stocktakeuExplain the audit procedures for verifying stock pricing uIdentify the audit objectives applicable to tangible fixed assetsuDiscuss considerations rel
3、evant to determining the audit strategy for tangible fixed assetsuDesign a substantive audit programme for tangible fixed assetsLearning objectives continued StockuManufacturing Transactions 3 stages:-Raw materials awaiting processing-Work in progress-Finished goods awaiting saleSTOCK-AUDIT OBJECTIV
4、ESSTOCK RECORDSuGoods in/out/transituPerpetual stock recordsusually maintained by manufacturing entities;other entities may rely on physical countrange from quantity only records through to fully integrated quantity and cost recordsuFunctionsrecording goods into stockrecording goods from stockrecord
5、ing transfers parison of book to physicalDifferencesphysical to stock recordsuTheftuDamageuObsolescenceuFail to record inuFail to record outuThird partyuTransfer/QuarantineSTOCK-AUDIT STRATEGYuMateriality and inherent risksHigh volume of transactionsContentious accounting issues including determinat
6、ion of cost and valueDiverse nature poses problems in determining quantities and reliance on expertsStorage at multiple sites poses risk of theft,damage and of accounting for goods in transitVulnerable to fall in valueAudit StrategyuControl risklow where reliable fully integrated perpetual stock rec
7、ords are keptmedium where reliable but non-integrated perpetual records are kepthigh where no or unreliable perpetual records are keptuAudit strategydepends on nature and reliability of stock recordsfor manufacturing entities,the availability of reliable cost records is essential in determining cost
8、StockcountThe auditor is not to count and value stock,but to ensure that stock is taken and valued properly by clients staff.Includes reviewing stocktaking instructions put into place by management,observation of the stockcount,and carry out a sample of random physical stock counts.Stockcount ISA501
9、“When inventory is material to the financial statements,the auditor should obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding its existence and condition by attendance at physical inventory counting unless impracticable.This allows the auditor to“observe pliance with the operation of managements
10、 procedures and to“provide evidence as to the reliability of managements procedures.STOCKTAKEuStock count proceduresassigning responsibilitypreparationidentificationcountingcheckingrecordingclearingcut-offu parison with recordsrecount material differencesinvestigate causemaintain cumulative record o
11、f differencesadjust recordsReview Stocktaking Arrangements supervision uwhich staff are involved umakeup and training of teams ucontrol over stock sheets-sequentially numbered uteams sign sheets to acknowledge performance.OBSERVATION OF STOCKTAKEuEvaluate entity plansuObserve counttest pliance with
12、plansmake test countsidentify damaged etc.itemsaccount for use of count sheets etc.record cut-offAttendance at Stocktakeobserve procedures are instructions carried out dual function of auditor is there adequate supervision is stock divided into areas is stock marked when counted to avoid omission or
13、 double-counting is damaged or old stock highlighted on stock sheets are all stock sheets accounted for.Stock CountuFollow-up counttest clerical accuracy of final stock listtrace test counts to listtest final list to and from count records pare counts with physical stock if anytest cut-offverify mov
14、ement between date of count and period endSTOCK PRICINGuWith suppliers invoices for purchased stockuWith costing records for manufactured stockpropriety of cost systemcontrol effectiveness of cost recordsuAssess need for write-down to net realisable valueStock PricinguCost of raw materials per invoi
15、ceuDirect labour costsuFor WIP-material,labour and overheaduFor FG-material,labour and overhead,but need to evaluate lower of cost and NRVReview Stock Valuation Methodis cost accurately identified on stock records or invoiceshow are overheads evaluated for inclusion in Cost figuresis valuation metho
16、d consistently applied e.g.FIFO treatment and valuation of damaged or old stock perform some sample calculationsObserve sales after balance sheet date to confirm valuation.Substantive Procedures for stockuDesigning procedures for stockInitial procedures-Trace opening balances-Review activityAnalytic
17、al procedures-Industry experienceSubstantive Procedures for stockuTests of details of transactionsTesting entries in stock recordsTesting cut-off of purchase,manufacturing and sales transactionsSubstantive Procedures for stockuTests of Details of BalancesObserve physical stock countTest clerical acc
18、uracy of stock listingsTest stock pricing-Materials,labour,overheads-Cost vs net realisable value-Use of expertsStock ProvisionuPolicy/procedureu pleteness,accuracy,validity,existenceuDisclosureuRisk re manipulation to adjust profitsLONG TERM PROJECTSuExamples-motorways,bridgesuRecognition of revenu
19、euRecognition of profit notional profit v realised profituRules-stage of pletion,future costs,recognition of lossTangible Fixed AssetsuLand and buildinguPlant and machineryuFixtures and fittingsuMotor vehiclesIntangible Fixed AssetsGoodwillBrandsTrademarksFIXED ASSETS-AUDIT OBJECTIVESTransaction cla
20、ssExistence or occurrenceurecorded additions and disposals occurred pletenessuall additions and disposals are recordedRights and obligationsuadditions and disposals effectively transfer rightsAccount balanceurecorded fixed assets represents productive assets in useuall applicable assets used in oper
21、ations are includeduthe entity owns or has rights to applicable recorded assetsTransaction classValuationuadditions and disposals are correctly recordedDisclosureurecorded details of additions and disposals support their classification and presentationAccount balanceufixed assets are correctly state
22、d at cost or valuation less depreciationudisclosures are adequate as to cost or valuation,depreciation methods and other requirementsProperty,Plant&EquipmentuDeveloping the audit planMaterialityInherent riskAudit strategyPlant registerFIXED ASSETS-AUDIT STRATEGYuMateriality and inherent riskoften th
23、e largest category of assetsnot normally vulnerable to theftvaluation and measurement problems-self constructed assets-assets held under finance leasesFIXED ASSETS-AUDIT STRATEGYuControl risk and audit strategytransactions often few,large and subject to special authorisation-predominantly substantiv
24、e approach often used in such cases-lower assessed level of control risk approach used for expenditures processed as routine purchases-plant register may be used to assist substantive procedures but rarely assessed for controlSubstantive Procedures for Property,Plant&EquipmentuInitial proceduresOpen
25、ing balancesuAnalytical procedures parisons uTests of details of transactionsAdditions/DisposalsRepairs and maintenanceSubstantive Procedures for Property,Plant&EquipmentuTests of details of balancesExamining title documents&contractsReviewing provisions for depreciationConsidering the possibility o
26、f impairmentInquiring into the valuationuDisclosureContentious IssuesuRevaluationuChange in depreciationuMaintain so do not depreciateuAmortisation of intangiblesuValuation of brand and trademarksSummaryuStock and tangible fixed assets are the major assets in many financial statementsuPrimary IRs ar
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