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1、Unit 1 Reading and thinkingLanguage pointsJOHN SNOW DEFEATS“KING CHOLERA“约输约输斯诺战胜斯诺战胜“霍乱王霍乱王”P1Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world,until a British doctor,John Snow,showed how it could be overcome.This illness causes severe diarrhoea,dehydration,and even death.In the early
2、 19th century,when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe,millions of people died from the disease.As a young doctor,John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera.used to be 过去常常是过去常常是be severe on/with 对对严厉严厉be severe with oneself 严于律己严于律己an outbreak of an outbreak of .的
3、爆发的爆发 outbreak n.爆发爆发 break out v.爆爆发发frustrate v.frustration n.frustrated adj.frustrating adj.in frustration 懊恼地，沮丧地In time,he rose to become a famous doctor,and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth.However,he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all.lose ones desire
4、 to do sth.放弃做某事的愿望放弃做某事的愿望in time 及时，最终，迟早，经过一段时间之后及时，最终，迟早，经过一段时间之后rise(rose/risen熟词生义熟词生义)变得更加成功变得更加成功(或重要、强大等或重要、强大等)attend to 照顾，护理照顾，护理once and for all 最终地，彻底地最终地，彻底地Now its time to solve the problem once and for all.P2 In general,doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain
5、 how cholera spread.One theory was that bad air caused the disease.The other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.in general 通常，大体上，总的来说通常，大体上，总的来说infected adj.受感染的，受污染的受感染的，受污染的 infectious adj.传染性的，感染的传染性的，感染的infect sb.with把把传染给某人传染给某人be infected with感染了感染了contrad
6、ict v.反驳反驳,相矛盾相矛盾contradiction n.不一致不一致,矛盾矛盾in contradiction to 与与.相反相反Snow subscribed to the second theory.It was correct,but he still needed proof.Consequently,when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854,Snow began to investigate.He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak
7、 was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.He was determined to find out why.subscribe to 同意,赞同(后常跟view,belief,theory)订阅，定期捐助subscriber n.订阅人；定期捐款者P3 Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived.There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Br
8、oad Street(especially house numbers 16,37,38and 40).However,some households(such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street)had had no deaths.These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.They had been given free beer,and so had not drunk the water from the pump.Snow suspected tha
9、t the water pump was to blame.suspect sb of(doing)sth 怀疑某人怀疑某人(做了做了)某事某事suspicion n.怀疑怀疑 suspicious adj.感觉可疑的感觉可疑的blame vt.把把归咎于；责怪；指责归咎于；责怪；指责blame sb for(doing)sth.因因(做做)某事责备某人某事责备某人blame sth on.把某事归咎于把某事归咎于be to blame(for sth)(对某事对某事)负有责任负有责任n.责备；指责责备；指责take/bear the blame for.对对承担责任承担责任put/lay/p
10、lace the blame for sth.on.把某事归咎于把某事归咎于What is more,in another part of London,a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street.It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.As a result of this evidence,J
11、ohn Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs.Accordingly,he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used.Through this intervention,the disease was stopped in its tracks.intervention n.介入，出面，干涉介入，出面，干涉intervene v.介入，出面，插嘴介入，出面，插嘴P4The truth was that the w
12、ater from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste.Moreover,Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London.Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste.The people who drank this water were much m
13、ore likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water.a link between A and B A与与B之间的联系之间的联系/纽带纽带link A to/with B将将A与与B联系联系/连接起来连接起来be linked to/with sth与某物有联系与某物有联系/有关有关P5Through Snows tireless efforts,water companies began to sell clean water and the threat of cholera around the world
14、 saw a substantial decrease.However,cholera is still a problem.Each year,millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it.Fortunately,we now know how to prevent cholera,thanks to the work of John Snow.Moreover,in his use of maps and statistics,Snow transformed the way scientists
15、study diseases.For this reason,Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology.a derease in(n.)在在方面减少方面减少on the decrease(n.)在减少在减少decrease to(v.)减少到减少到decrease by(n.)减少了减少了transform sb/sth(from)into将某人将某人/物物(从从)变成变成在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。1.How _ it was that I was typing an urgent report when
16、the computer broke down.I sat still on my chair,_,wondering what to do.My brother saw me tapping the table in _ and suggested using his computer to finish the report.(frustrate)2.The fellow has been suspected _ email fraud(诈骗).Nowadays cybercrime is developing at an amazing rate.3.It has been clear
17、that this disease is highly _,which can make people _ through the air,but the _ cannot be found within several days.(infect)4.We got into trouble because none of us knew how _(handle)the machine.5.Its my mothers fault that my room is in a mess.Nonsense!Your mother is not _(blame)for your laziness.fr
18、ustratingfrustratedfrustrationofinfectiousinfectedinfectionto handleto blame6.The boss blamed the delay of the plan _ the secretary.7.Your behaviour is in direct _(contradict)to the principles you claim to stick to.8.When he was ready to leave he found his bicycles front tyre flat.He had to look for
19、 a place along the street to have his bicycle _(repair).9.When he talked to me,he used to have his arms _(cross).10.The expert says that nowadays there are too many diseases which are linked_ poor diet and lack of exercise.11.The fog was very heavy and _(consequent)all the flights were cancelled.12.
20、Since the company started the program,the pressure of the workers has been _ the decrease,and the number of workers who asked for sick leave last year has decreased _30%.oncontradictionrepairedcrossedto/withconsequentlyonby13.There was a slight decrease _ his weight after a weeks dieting.14.What was it that made her transform from an ordinary woman _a successful lady?15.(浙江高考阅读理解改编)The loss of big trees was greatest in areas _ trees had suffered the greatest water shortage.inintowhere