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1、Tense 时态一般进行完成完成进行现在 do/does am/is/are doing have/has done have/has been doing过去 did was/were doing had done had been doing将来 will do will be doing will have done will have been doing过去将来 would dowould be doingwould have donewould have been doing完成现在完成时将来完成时过去完成时Past Perfect Tense过去完成时1 定义2肯定、否定，疑问3
2、被动过去完成时1、表示在过去某一时刻以前已经完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。By the end of last year,we had sold 20,000 cars.2.注意：在含有时间状语从句的复合句中，若两个动作紧接着发生，则不需用过去完成时，尤其是在含有before和after的复合句中，常用一般过去时代替过去完成时。After he(had)left the room,the boss came in.过去完成时 had done3.在含有定语从句的句子中，如果叙述过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。I returned the book that I had borrowed
3、.4.在“told”,“said”,“knew”,“heard”,“thought”等动词后的宾语从句中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句动作之前，往往用过去完成时。He said that he had known her well.过去完成时 had done过去完成时用于hardlywhen,no soonerthan等固定句型中（位于句首要倒装）。The game had hardly begun when it started raining.Hardly had the game begun when it started raining.补充：倒装补充：一般过去VS过去进行VS过去完成
4、一般过去时表示一个完成的动作，更加强调结果。而过去进行时，表示过去某一阶段正在进行的动作，更加强调过程。I was reding a novel last night.(可能没看完）I read a novel last night.（已经看完了）I had read a novel before I watched TV(强调过去的过去）1 定义2肯定、否定，疑问3被动过去完成时肯定句（肯定句（had done)had done)By the end of last year,we had sold 20,000 cars.After he had left the room,the bos
5、s came in.过去完成时否定句（否定句（had not done)had not done)By the end of last year,we had not sold 20,000 cars.After he hadnt left the room,the boss came in.过去完成时疑问句（疑问句（had had 提前提前)Had we sold 20,000 cars by the end of last year?Yes,we had.Had he left the room before the boss came in?No,he hadnt.过去完成时1 定义2肯
6、定、否定，疑问3 被动过去完成时结构：had+been done 过去完成时（被动）结构：had been+doneWe had sold 20,000 cars by the end of last year.20,000 cars had been sold by the end of last year.过去完成时（被动）过去完成时（真题）【2023届陕西省咸阳市高考模拟检测（二）】届陕西省咸阳市高考模拟检测（二）】I learned that only a year before,an new degree called Modern Languages and their Liter
7、atures,which included Chinese among three other languages,_(establish)at the University of Granada.考查动词时态和语态考查动词时态和语态句意：我了解到句意：我了解到，在一年前，格拉纳达大学设立了一个新的学位，名为在一年前，格拉纳达大学设立了一个新的学位，名为“现代语言及其文学现代语言及其文学”，其中包括汉语和其他三种语言。其中包括汉语和其他三种语言。分析句子可知，分析句子可知，establish(设立设立)是宾语从句是宾语从句的的谓语动词，与主语谓语动词，与主语(a)new degree之间是被动关系，之间是被动关系，结合句中结合句中“I learned that only a year before,.”可知，动作发生在可知，动作发生在“过去的过去过去的过去”，应使用过去完成时态。，应使用过去完成时态。综上，谓语动词应用过去完成时的被动语态。故填综上，谓语动词应用过去完成时的被动语态。故填had been established。