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1、专题十七词义猜测高考英语高考英语高考英语高考英语 (天津市天津市天津市天津市专用专用专用专用)A A组组自主命题自主命题天津卷题组天津卷题组Passage1(2017天津夏,C)词数:330Thismonth,Germany stransportminister,AlexanderDobrindt,proposedthefirstsetofrulesforautonomousvehicles(自主驾驶车辆).Theywoulddefinethedriver sroleinsuchcarsandgovernhowsuchcarsperformincrasheswherelivesmightbel
2、ost.Theproposalattemptstodealwithwhatsomecallthe“deathvalley”ofautonomousvehicles:thegreyareabetweensemi-autonomousandfullydriverlesscarsthatcoulddelaythedriverlessfuture.Dobrindtwantsthreethings:thatacaralwayschoosesproperty(财产)damageoverpersonalinjury;thatitneverdistinguishesbetweenhumansbasedonag
3、eorrace;andthatifahumanremoveshisorherhandsfromthedrivingwheeltocheckemail,saythecar smakerisresponsibleifthereisacrash.“Thechangetotheroadtrafficlawwillpermitfullyautomaticdriving,”saysDobrindt.Itwill五年高考putfullydriverlesscarsonanequallegalfootingtohumandrivers,hesays.Whoisresponsiblefortheoperatio
4、nofsuchvehiclesisnotclearamongcarmakers,consumersandlawyers.“Theliability(法律责任)issueisthebiggestoneofthemall,”saysNatashaMeratattheUniversityofLeeds,UK.AnassumptionbehindUKinsurancefordriverlesscars,introducedearlierthisyear,insiststhatahuman“bewatchfulandmonitoringtheroad”ateverymoment.Butthatisnot
5、whatmanypeoplehaveinmindwhenthinkingofdriverlesscars.“Whenyousaydriverlesscars,peopleexpectdriverlesscars,”Meratsays.“Youknownodriver.”Becauseoftheconfusion,Meratthinkssomecarmakerswillwaituntilvehiclescanbefullyauto-matedwithouthumanoperation.Driverlesscarsmayendupbeingaformofpublictransportrathert
6、hanvehiclesyouown,saysRyanCaloatStanfordUniversity,California.ThatishappeningintheUKandSingapore,wheregovernment-provideddriverlessvehiclesarebeinglaunched.ThatwouldgodownpoorlyintheUS,however.“Theideathatthegovernmentwouldtakeoverdriverlesscarsandtreatthemasapublicgoodwouldgetabsolutelynowherehere,
7、”saysCalo.1.Whatdoesthephrase“deathvalley”inParagraph2referto?A.Aplacewherecarsoftenbreakdown.B.Acasewherepassingalawisimpossible.C.Anareawherenodrivingispermitted.D.Asituationwheredrivers roleisnotclear.2.TheproposalputforwardbyDobrindtaimsto.A.stoppeoplefrombreakingtrafficrulesB.helppromotefullyau
8、tomaticdrivingC.protectdriversofallagesandracesD.preventseriouspropertydamage3.Whatdoconsumersthinkoftheoperationofdriverlesscars?A.Itshouldgettheattentionofinsurancecompanies.B.Itshouldbethemainconcernoflawmakers.C.Itshouldnotcausedeadlytrafficaccidents.D.Itshouldinvolvenohumanresponsibility.4.Driv
9、erlessvehiclesinpublictransportseenobrightfuturein.A.SingaporeB.theUKC.theUSD.Germany5.Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.AutonomousDriving:WhoseLiability?B.FullyAutomaticCars:ANewBreakthroughC.AutonomousVehicles:DriverRemoved!D.DriverlessCars:RootofRoadAccidents答案答案语篇解读本文是一篇说明文,题材为社科类。本文介绍了德国交通
10、部部长AlexanderDo-brindt提出的一系列有关自主驾驶车辆的法规。1.D词义猜测题。根据第一段第二句和第二段的内容可知,“Theywoulddefinethedriver srole”的目的是处理“deathvalley”,故可推知“deathvalley”是一种司机的角色不明确的状况,故选D。2.B推理判断题。根据第二段可知,由Dobrindt提出的这项建议旨在帮助促进全自动驾驶。故选B。3.D推理判断题。根据第七段中的“Youknownodriver.”和第八段中的“untilvehiclescanbefullyautomatedwithouthumanoperation”可知
11、,消费者担心的是人的责任问题,故选D。4.C细节理解题。由最后一段中的“ThatwouldgodownpoorlyintheUS”可知选C。5.A主旨大意题。本文主要探讨无人驾驶技术在推广过程中遇到的困难,即难以界定法律责任的主体,故选A。长难句长难句原句:Theywoulddefinethedriver sroleinsuchcarsandgovernhowsuchcarsperformincrasheswherelivesmightbelost.分析:本句为复合句,本句中howsuchcarsperformincrasheswherelivesmightbelost为宾语从句;宾语从句中包
12、含了一个定语从句wherelivesmightbelost修饰crashes。译文:它们将界定在这样的汽车中司机的角色,并规定这样的汽车在可能危及生命的事故中如何表现。重点词汇重点词汇proposev.建议governv.规定distinguishv.区别;辨认出consumern.消费者insurancen.保险;保险业confusionn.混乱;困惑词汇积累词汇积累autonomousadj.自主的assumptionn.设想;假定launchv.发起Passage2(2016天津,C)词数:378WhenJohnwasgrowingup,otherkidsfeltsorryforhim.
13、Hisparentsalwayshadhimweedingthegarden,carryingoutthegarbageanddeliveringnewspapers.ButwhenJohnreachedadulthood,hewasbetteroffthanhischildhoodplaymates.Hehadmorejobsatisfaction,abettermarriageandwashealthier.Mostofall,hewashappier.Farhappier.Thesearethefindingsofa40-yearstudythatfollowedthelivesof45
14、6teenageboysfromBoston.Thestudyshowedthatthosewhohadworkedasboysenjoyedhappierandmoreproductivelivesthanthosewhohadnot.“Boyswhoworkedinthehomeorcommunitygainedcompetence(能力)andcametofeeltheywereworthwhilemembersofsociety,”saidGeorgeVaillant,thepsycholo-gist(心理学家)whomadethediscovery.“Andbecausetheyfe
15、ltgoodaboutthemselves,othersfeltgoodaboutthem.”Vaillant sstudyfollowedthesemalesingreatdetail.Interviewswererepeatedatages25,31and47.UnderVaillant,theresearcherscomparedthemen smental-healthscoreswiththeirboyhood-activityscores.Pointswereawardedforpart-timejobs,housework,effortinschool,andabilitytod
16、ealwithproblems.Thelinkbetweenwhatthemenhaddoneasboysandhowtheyturnedoutasadultswassurprising-lysharp.Thosewhohaddonethemostboyhoodactivitiesweretwiceaslikelytohavewarmrela-tionswithawidevarietyofpeople,fivetimesaslikelytobewellpaidand16timeslesslikelytohavebeenunemployed.Theresearchersalsofoundthat
17、IQandfamilysocialandeconomicclassmadenorealdifferenceinhowtheboysturnedout.Workingatanyageisimportant.Childhoodactivitieshelpachilddevelopresponsibility,inde-pendence,confidenceandcompetencetheunderpinnings(基础)ofemotionalhealth.Theyalsohelphimunderstandthatpeoplemustcooperateandworktowardcommongoals
18、.Themostcompe-tentadultsarethosewhoknowhowtodothis.Yetworkisn teverything.AsTolstoyoncesaid,“Onecanlivemagnificentlyinthisworldifoneknowshowtoworkandhowtolove,toworkforthepersononelovesandtoloveone swork.”1.WhatdoweknowaboutJohn?A.Heenjoyedhiscareerandmarriage.B.Hehadfewchildhoodplaymates.C.Hereceiv
19、edlittlelovefromhisfamily.D.Hewasenviedbyothersinhischildhood.2.Vaillant swordsinParagraph2serveas.A.adescriptionofpersonalvaluesandsocialvaluesB.ananalysisofhowworkwasrelatedtocompetenceC.anexampleforparents expectationsoftheirchildrenD.anexplanationwhysomeboysgrewintohappymen3.Vaillant steamobtain
20、edtheirfindingsby.A.recordingtheboys effortinschoolB.evaluatingthemen smentalhealthC.comparingdifferentsetsofscoresD.measuringthemen sproblem-solvingability4.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“sharp”probablymeaninParagraph4?A.Quicktoreact.B.Havingathinedge.C.Clearanddefinite.D.Suddenandrapid.5.Whatcanbeinfer
21、redfromthelastparagraph?A.Competentadultsknowmoreaboutlovethanwork.B.Emotionalhealthisessentialtoawonderfuladultlife.C.Lovebringsmorejoytopeoplethanworkdoes.D.Independenceisthekeytoone ssuccess.答案答案语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。题材为社会生活类。一项跟踪调查表明那些在青少年时期就从事过各种劳动和做过各种工作的人,成年后在生活的各个方面婚姻、家庭、事业、身心健康都会比那些没有做过这些工作的人更幸福、更成功
22、。1.A细节理解题。根据第一段倒数第三句话“他的工作满意度更高、婚姻更幸福、身体更健康”可知他享受自己的事业和家庭,答案为A项。2.D推理判断题。那些在社区或者在家中工作过的男孩会获得能力,也会逐渐感觉到自己是社会中有价值的一员。由此可以推断出这里实际上是解释了为什么有的男孩会成长为更幸福的成年人。所以答案为D项。3.C细节理解题。根据第三段可知:研究人员对比了年龄在25、31和47岁的人在心理健康方面的得分和童年活动方面的得分。所以答案为C项。4.C词义猜测题。画线单词后面用具体的数据对比了少年时期做过工作的人与那些没有做过工作的人在成年后的情况。由这些数据可知这种联系还是非常清晰的,所以答
23、案为C项。5.B推理判断题。根据该段可知,责任、独立、自信和能力都是情感健康的基础,那些最有能力的成年人懂得如何去做到这一点。由此推断出答案为B项。词汇提示词汇提示1.deliverv.传送,递送2.welloff富裕的,境况良好的3.productiveadj.有收获的;富有成效的;高效的4.cooperatev.合作,配合长难句长难句Thelinkbetweenwhatthemenhaddoneasboysandhowtheyturnedoutasadultswassurprisinglysharp.这些人在少年时期做过的事和成年后他们会成为什么样的人之间的关联是非常清晰的。本句为复合句。
24、主干为:Thelinkwassharp.难点在于并列成分不是单词而是句子:即betweenAandB结构中的A是whatthemenhaddoneasboys,而B是howtheyturnedoutasadults。B B组统一命题、省组统一命题、省(区、市区、市)卷题组卷题组Unit1Passage1(2018课标全国,C)词数:294Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopu
25、latedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightlyknit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarm
26、ers,andtheirlan-guagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagess
27、uchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyun-even.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200la
28、nguages;theAmericasabout1,000;Africa2,400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(
29、消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers),Chia-panecoinMexico(150),LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion-mark):noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.1.Whatcanweinferaboutlanguagesinhunter-gatherertimes?A.Th
30、eydevelopedveryfast.B.Theywerelargeinnumber.C.Theyhadsimilarpatterns.D.Theywerecloselyconnected.2.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“dominant”underlinedinparagraph2?A.Complex.B.Advanced.C.Powerful.D.Modern.3.Howmanylanguagesarespokenbylessthan6,000peopleatpresent?A.About6,800.B.About3,400.C.About2,400.
31、D.About1,200.4.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.Newlanguageswillbecreated.B.People slifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.C.Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.D.Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.答案答案语篇解读本文为说明文。作者从语言发展历史这一角度论述了人类的发展导致了世界上语言数量的减少。1.B推理判断题。本题题干意为:对于采猎者时代的语言,我们可推断出什么?根据第一段第二句(当世界人口仍然由采猎
32、者构成的时候,小的、联系紧密的群体彼此独立地形成了自己的讲话模式。)可知答案为B项(它们的数量很大)。A:它们发展得很快;C:它们有相似的模式;D:它们联系很紧密。2.C词义猜测题。本题题干意为:下面哪一项最好地解释了第二段画线词“dominant”?根据画线词所在句子中的“suchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover”可推知dominant的意思是“占统治地位的,强大的”,故答案为C项(Powerful)。A:复杂的;B:高级的;D:现代的。3.B细节理解题。本题题干意为:目前,有多少种语言的使用人数少于6,000?根据第三
33、段第一句(目前世界上大约有6,800种语言。)和第三段最后一句(这意味着世界的语言中有一半的语言,其使用人数不足6,000。)可知,答案为B项(68001/2=3400)。4.C主旨大意题。本题题干意为:本文的主旨是什么?作者在首段首句介绍了本文的主题,即语言几千年来一直变化不定,但在最近时期,其数量越来越少。然后进一步解释造成这种现象的原因是社会的发展,故答案为C项。难句分析难句分析原句:Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmil-lionpeople,theyspokeperhap
34、s12,000languagesbetweenthem.分析:本句的主句为:Somelanguageexpertsbelieve。后面的that从句为宾语从句,该从句的主干为:theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem;10,000yearsago为时间状语;whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople为非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词10,000yearsago。译文:一些专家认为,在一万年前,当时世界上只有五百万至一千万人口,他们之间可能要说12,000种语言。重点词汇重点词汇settledown定居下来globa
35、lisationn.全球化distributionn.分布relativelyadv.相对地Passage2(2018课标全国,B)词数:258ManyofusloveJulybecauseit sthemonthwhennature sberriesandstonefruitsareinabun-dance.ThesecolourfulandsweetjewelsfromBritishColumbia sfieldsarelittlepowerhousesofnutritionalprotection.Ofthecommonberries,strawberriesarehighestinvi
36、taminC,although,becauseoftheirseeds,raspberriescontainalittlemoreprotein(蛋白质),ironandzinc(notthatfruitshavemuchprotein).Blueberriesareparticularlyhighinantioxidants(抗氧化物质).TheyellowandorangestonefruitssuchaspeachesarehighinthecarotenoidsweturnintovitaminAandwhichareantioxidants.Asforcherries(樱桃),the
37、yaresodelicious.Whocares?However,theyarerichinvitaminC.Whencombinedwithberriesorslicesofotherfruits,frozenbananasmakeanexcellentbaseforthick,coolingfruitshakesandlowfat“icecream”.Forthispurpose,selectripebananasforfreezingastheyaremuchsweeter.Removetheskinandplacetheminplasticbagsorcontainersandfree
38、ze.Ifyoulike,asqueezeoffreshlemonjuiceonthebananaswillpreventthemturningbrown.Frozenbananaswilllastseveralweeks,dependingontheirripenessandthetemperatureofthefreezer.Ifyouhaveajuicer,youcansimplyfeedinfrozenbananasandsomeberriesorslicedfruit.Outcomesa“soft-serve”creamydessert,tobeeatenrightaway.This
39、makesafunactivityforachil-dren sparty;theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatch-ingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow.1.Whatdoestheauthorseemtolikeaboutcherries?A.Theycontainprotein.B.TheyarehighinvitaminA.C.Theyhaveapleasanttaste.D.Theyarerichinantioxidants.2.Whyisfreshlemonjuiceus
40、edinfreezingbananas?A.Tomakethemsmellbetter.B.Tokeeptheircolour.C.Tospeeduptheirripening.D.Toimprovetheirnutrition.3.Whatis“ajuicer”inthelastparagraph?A.Adessert.B.Adrink.C.Acontainer.D.Amachine.4.Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken?A.Abiologytextbook.B.Ahealthmagazine.C.Aresearchpaper.D.Atravelbrochure
41、.答案答案语篇解读本文是一篇说明文,题材为食品营养类。许多人最爱七月,因为在这个月份大量的新鲜水果成熟了。本文介绍了几种对人体有益的水果,还为你推荐了一种孩子们喜欢的自制果汁。1.C细节理解题。题干意为:作者似乎喜欢樱桃的什么?根据第二段最后两句话(至于樱桃,它们那么美味可口,谁在乎呢?然而,它们富含维他命C。)可知作者喜欢樱桃的美味可口,所以答案为C项。A项:它们含有蛋白质;B项:它们富含维他命A;D项:它们富含抗氧化物。这三项均与文章所述不符。2.B推理判断题。题干意为:为什么在冷冻香蕉时要加点新鲜的柠檬汁?根据第三段倒数第二句话(如果你喜欢的话,挤一点新鲜的柠檬汁到香蕉上会防止它们变成褐
42、色。)可推断出这么做是为了保持香蕉本来的颜色,所以答案为B项。A项:为了让它们更好闻;C项:为了加速它们的成熟;D项:为了增加它们的营养。这三项均与原文描述不符。3.D词义猜测题。题干意为:最后一段的“ajuicer”是什么?根据最后一段第一句和第二句话的描述(如果你有一个榨汁机的话,你就把冷冻的香蕉和一些浆果或者切成片的水果放进去。就会出来一种软软的奶油状的甜品,要马上吃掉哦。)可以推断出画线部分是一种能制作果汁样食品的机器,所以答案为D项。4.B推理判断题。题干意为:这篇文章可能选自什么?根据第一段第二句话的描述(这些来自不列颠哥伦比亚省土地上的色彩鲜艳的甜甜的宝贝就是营养保护的小集团。)
43、再结合后文描述的几种富含各种维生素的水果,我们可以推断出本文是来自与健康营养相关的书,即一本健康杂志,所以答案为B项。A项:一本生物课本;C项:一篇研究论文;D项:一本旅游册子。这三项与文章主题不符。难句分析难句分析原句:Whencombinedwithberriesorslicesofotherfruits,frozenbananasmakeanexcellentbaseforthick,coolingfruitshakesandlowfat“icecream”.分析:第一个逗号前是when引导的省略了主语和be动词的时间状语从句,相当于Whentheyarecombinedwith.,第一
44、个逗号后是句子的主干。句子的主语frozenbananas与combine之间是被动关系。译文:当与浆果或者其他的水果片混合在一起时,冷冻的香蕉就会成为一种极好的用来制作浓浓的冷奶昔和低脂肪冰激凌的基本材料。重点词汇重点词汇containvt.包含;含有particularlyadv.特别;尤其(be)combinedwith与结合/混合词汇积累词汇积累abundancen.大量;充裕nutritionaladj.营养的containern.容器Passage3(2018课标全国,D)词数:304Adultsunderstandwhatitfeelsliketobefloodedwithobj
45、ects.Whydoweoftenassumethatmoreismorewhenitcomestokidsandtheirbelongings?ThegoodnewsisthatIcanhelpmyownkidslearnearlierthanIdidhowtolivemorewithless.Ifoundthepre-holidaysagoodtimetoencourageyoungchildrentodonateless-usedthings,anditworked.Becauseofourefforts,ourdaughterGeorgiadiddecidetodonatealarge
46、bagoftoystoalittlegirlwhosemotherwasunabletopayforherholidayduetoillness.Shechosetosellafewlargerobjectsthatwerelessoftenusedwhenwepromisedtoputthemoneyintoherschoolfund(基金)(ourkindergartendaughterisseriousaboutbecomingadoctor).Forweeks,I vebeenthinkingofbigger,deeperquestions:Howdowemakeitahabitfor
47、them?Andhowdowetrainourselvestohelpthemlivewith,need,anduseless?Yesterday,Isatwithmyson,Shepherd,determinedtotestmyowntheoryonthis.Idecidedtoplaywithhimwithonlyonetoyforaslongasitwouldkeephisinterest.Iexpectedthatonetoywouldkeephisattentionforaboutfiveminutes,tenminutes,max.Ichosearedrubberballsimpl
48、e,universallyavailable.Wepassedit,hetriedtoputitinhismouth,hetriedbouncingit,rollingit,sittingonit,throwingit.Itwastotally,completelyenoughforhim.BeforeIknewitanhourhadpassedanditwastimetomoveontolunch.Webothbecameabsorbedinthesimplicityofplayingtogether.HehadmyfullattentionandIhadhis.Mylittleexperi
49、menttofindjoyinasingleobjectworkedforbothofus.1.Whatdothewords“moreismore”inparagraph1probablymean?A.Themore,thebetter.B.Enoughisenough.C.Moremoney,moreworries.D.Earnmoreandspendmore.2.WhatmadeGeorgiaagreetosellsomeofherobjects?A.Savingupforherholiday.B.Raisingmoneyforapoorgirl.C.Addingthemoneytoher
50、fund.D.Givingthemoneytoasickmother.3.WhydidtheauthorplaytheballwithShepherd?A.Totryoutanidea.B.Toshowaparent slove.C.Totrainhisattention.D.Tohelphimstartahobby.4.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TakeItorLeaveItB.ALessonfromKidsC.LiveMorewithLessD.ThePleasureofGiving答案答案语篇解读本文是一篇记叙文。题材为家庭生活类。作为成年人