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1、v高考英语二轮复习:动词的时态和语态课件1v一、一般过去时与现在完成时的区别v一般过去时与现在完成时的区别体现在以下几点:v1时间状语不同。一般过去时,常与具体的表示过去的时间状语连用(表示过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态);而现在完成时常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语(表示从过去开始持续到现在的动作或状态)。请比较:vWe visited Beijing last summer.(last summer为具体的过去时间,因此用一般过去时)2vWith the help of high technology,more and more new substances have been dis
2、covered in the past years.(in the past years为模糊的时间,常与现在完成时连用)v2一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态,与现在没有联系;而现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。vI have read the novel.v我看过这部小说。(强调“看过这部小说”,对现在的影响:我了解这部小说的内容)vI read the novel last week.v我上星期看了这部小说。(只说明上星期看过这部小说,不涉及现在的情况)3v3一般过去时、现在完成时/现在完成进行时都可以与一段时间连用。其区别是:一般过去时与一段时间连用表示动作
3、没有持续到现在;而现在完成时/现在完成进行时与一段时间连用表示动作持续到了现在。vHe has lived here since 1985.v1985年以来他一直住在这里。(他现在还住在这里)vHe lived here for 6 years when he was young.v他小时候在这里住了6年。(他现在不住在这里了)4v链接v现在完成时还可以和表示从过去某时刻延续到现在(包括现在在内)的时间状语连用。如:this year,these days,this morning等。vIt has been cold this winter.v今年冬天一直很冷。(说话时仍是冬天)vI hav
4、e written two letters this morning.v今天上午我写了两封信。(说话时仍是上午)5v警示v表示短暂意义的动词,如:open,go,come,die,leave,arrive,begin,return,stop等,不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。如要表达“他参军已经4年了”这一意思,不能说“He has joined the army for four years.”,而要把其中的动词换成延续性动词或用其他表达法。如上句可用下列方式表达:vHe has been in the army for four years.vHe joined the army four
5、years ago.vIt is four years since he joined the army.6v点拨v解题时:v抓住时间状语是关键:判断是否有具体的表示过去的时间状语。v要结合语境来判断,是否强调动作对现在造成的影响。v结合语境来判断,动作是否持续到现在。7v典例(北京卷,27)That must have been a long trip.vYeah,it _ us a whole week to get there.vA.takes B.has takenv C.took D.was takingv解析:C。本题考查动词的时态。句意:那一定是一段长的行程。是,那花费了我们整整
6、一个周的时间才到达那里。上句的must have done是对过去发生的事情的推测,故此处用一般过去时态,与上句时态一致;take意为“花费”,是非延续性动词,不能用于进行时态。8v链接vhave/has been to表示到过某个地方,而have/has gone to表示已经去了某处。vHe has been to Beijing.v他到过北京。(现在他已不在北京)vHe has gone to Beijing.v他去北京了。(现在他不在此地)9v二、一般过去时与过去进行时的区别v1一般过去时往往表示某一动作已经完成,而过去进行时却表示动作在持续或未完成。vHe wrote a lette
7、r last night.(信已经写完)vHe was writing a letter last night.(信可能未写完)10v2过去进行时可以表示事情发生的背景。即:过去某时A动作正在进行;B动作在A动作进行的过程中发生了;A动作就是B动作发生的背景。vI was walking along the river when I heard a cry for help.(walking along the river为背景,heard a cry for help为在这一背景下所发生的事件)11v典例(浙江卷,15)The manager was worried about the pr
8、ess conference his assistant _ in his place but,luckily,everything was going on smoothly.vAgave BgivesvCwas giving Dhad givenv解析:C。考查动词时态。句意:经理担心助手代替他正在进行的新闻发布会,但是,幸运的是,一切在顺利进行中。由后文过去进行时everything was going on smoothly可知新闻发布会还在进行中,所以C项正确。12v3一般过去时和过去进行时都可表达过去将来概念,其区别是:v(1)在时间和条件状语从句中用一般过去时表示过去将来。v(2
9、)go,come,leave,start,arrive等动词可用过去进行时表示过去将来的含义。vShe said she would come if she was free.v她说如果她闲了就会来。vI didnt know you were coming.v我不知道你会来。13v链接v现在/过去进行时可以和always,constantly,forever等连用,表示说话人的主观感情,如赞扬、不满、厌烦、愤怒、抱怨等情感。vHe was constantly leaving his things about.v他一直乱丢东西。(表责怪)vHe is always working hard.
10、v他总是学习很用功。(表赞赏)vTheyre forever quarrelling about something.v他们老是为某件事争吵。(不满)14v警示v下列动词不能用于进行时态。v感官动词:see,look,hear,smell,taste,feel等。v情感类动词:hate,love,fear,like,want,wish,prefer,refuse,forgive等。v表示存在概念的动词:be,exist,remain等。v拥有、从属类动词:have,own,possess,contain,belong to,consist of等。v认识类动词:understand,know,
11、believe,forget,remember等。15v三、现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别v这两种时态的主要差别是:现在完成时表示动作已完成或表示一个发生在过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果;而现在完成进行时表示一个动作开始于过去,并持续到现在,强调现在还在进行。v请比较:16vHes written a novel.v他写了一部小说。(已完成)vHes been writing a novel.v他在写一部小说。(可能尚未完成)v请再比较下一组句子:vMy hands are very dirty.Ive been painting the house.v我的手很脏,我一直在给房间刷漆。(句
12、中的现在完成进行时表示paint这一动作一直在持续,动作还没有结束)17vI have painted the house yellow.The house was white,but now its yellow.(句中的现在完成时表示paint这一动作已经结束,而且此动作产生的结果是now its yellow房间的颜色由白变黄)18v点拨v现在完成进行时更强调动作的延续性。v句中常常含有表示动作延续的时间状语all day,too long等。v通过句中一些信息表示动作持续到现在并仍在继续。19v四、将来时态的几种表达法的区别v1will,be going to表将来的区别v如果事先考虑
13、过要做某事,用be going to;临时决定要做某事,用will。请比较:v(1)You left the light on.vOh,so I did.I will go and turn it off.v根据上下文的语境来看,“我去把灯关掉”这一行为是说话人听了对方的话后临时想到的,而不是事先考虑要做的,因此用will。20v(2)Tom is in hospital.vYes,I know.I am going to see him this afternoon.v根据答语“I know”可知,说话人事先就知道汤姆生病了,准备去看他,而不是说话时才决定要去看他,因此用be going t
14、o。v2在时间和条件状语从句中,用一般现在时表将来。vThe volleyball match will be put off if it rains.v如果下雨,排球比赛将延迟。vWhen I grow up,Ill be a nurse and look after patients.v我长大后要当一名护士,照顾病人。21v3有些动词,如come,go,leave,start,arrive等,其现在进行时可表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或状态,常与表示将来的时间状语连用。vIm leaving for Shanghai on Friday.v星期五我要去上海。vWhen are you g
15、oing back to your hometown?v你什么时候回家乡?22v4在“祈使句and/or陈述句”结构中,其中and/or后的句子的谓语常用“will动词原形”。vWork hard and you will make progress.vBe careful,or you will make mistakes.v链接v按规定、时间表将要发生的动作用一般现在时。vTomorrow is Friday.My plane starts at 6 oclock in the morning.vWhen does the exhibition begin?vAccording to th
16、e timetable,the train for Beijing leaves at 8 oclock.23v警示v在“祈使句and/or陈述句”结构中,在祈使句前不可出现if等连接词。下面这句话是错误的:vIf you work hard and you will make progress.v可以改正为:vIf you work hard you will make progress./Work hard and you will make progress.24v辨析vI dont know when_he_will come back.But when he comes back,I
17、ll let you know.v句中的两个when引导的从句类型是不一样的,因此所用的时态也就不同:第一个when引导的是宾语从句,而不是时间状语从句,因此要根据语境来选择时态;第二个when引导的是时间状语从句,用一般现在时表示将来。25v五、一般过去时与过去完成时的用法区别v1一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态,而过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作之前发生的动作或存在的状态,即“过去的过去”。请比较:vThe moment the thieves saw the police,they ran away.v这些贼一看见警察来了,立刻就逃跑了。v(“看见”与“逃跑”同时发生,因此“
18、逃跑”用一般过去时)26vWhen the police arrived,the thieves had run away.v当警察赶到时,这些贼已经逃跑了。v(“赶到”发生在过去,“逃跑”发生在警察赶到之前,即“过去的过去”,因此“逃跑”要用过去完成时)27v点拨v过去完成时是一种相对时态,只有和过去某一时间或动作相比较时才能用此时态。它表示的是一个相对于过去某一时间或动作更早的动作,即“过去的过去”,解题的关键是结合语境找出作为参照点的“过去”时间或动作,并分析它们之间的先后关系。28v典例(江西卷,30)We arrived at work in the morning and foun
19、d that somebody _ into the office during the night.vAbroke Bhad brokenvChas broken Dwas breakingv解析:B。本题考查动词的时态。句意:我们早上赶来工作,发现有人曾经在晚上闯进过办公室。find后跟宾语从句,从句的动作应该发生在被发现之前,发现用了一般过去时态,故从句用过去完成时态。29v链接v下列情况下用过去完成时:vthink,want,hope,mean(打算),plan,intend,expect等词的过去完成时表示过去没有实现的想法、希望、打算、意图。vI had intended to c
20、all on you yesterday,but I had an unexpected visitor.v昨天我本来打算要去看你的,但我家来了个意想不到的来访者。(结果没能去看你)vI had hoped to help,but I was too busy.(实际上没能帮忙)30vI had thought that you would come.(事实是你没来)v过去完成时还可以用在hardly.when.,no sooner.than.这些固定结构中,表示“刚就”,前面的分句用过完成时(当hardly/no sooner位于句首时,其后的句子要用倒装语序)。vShe had hardl
21、y gone to bed when the bell rang.v她刚睡下铃就响了。vNo sooner had I got home when the rain poured down.v我刚到家大雨就倾盆而下了。31v六、主动语态与被动语态v在英语学习中,语态的难点不再是被动语态的构成形式,而是在具体的语境中如何判断是该使用主动语态还是被动语态。同时还要了解不能使用被动语态的场合,因为有时候用主动形式来表示被动意义:v1系动词feel,look,smell,taste,sound等后跟形容词、名词等时。vThe dish tastes delicious.v这菜味道好极了。32vThe
22、lake smells terrible.v这个湖发出难闻的气味。v2当cut,read,sell,wear,write,wash,cook,lock,shut,dry等表示主语的某种性质且动词带状语修饰语时。vThis pen writes well.v这支钢笔很好使。vThe kind of cloth washes easily.v这种布很好洗。33v3want,need,require,deserve表示“需要”时,其后用动名词的主动形式表达被动意义。在这种情况下,句子的主语在逻辑上是v.ing的宾语。vYour hair needs cutting.v你的头发需要剪了。vHis sh
23、oes want mending.v他的鞋子需要修补。34v4be worth doing中用主动表达被动含义。vThe song is worth listening to.v5be to let,be to blame用主动表被动含义。vThe house is to let.v此房子要出租。35v6在“be形容词to do”中,不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语,用主动表被动含义。vThis kind of water isnt fit to drink.vThe question is difficult to answer.v不能用被动语态的情况:v1当句子的宾语是反身代词、相互代词、动词
24、的同源宾语时。vHe can dress himself.v2当句子的宾语是行为者(主语)身体上某一部分时。vThe old man broke his(the old mans)legs.36v3宾语是不定式或动词的ing形式时,不可用于被动语态。vJack hoped to meet Jane.vMr.Smith enjoyed listening to music.37v链接v短语动词的被动语态v短语动词由“动词介词/副词”构成,短语动词是一个不可分割的整体,变为被动语态时不可去掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。vWe cant laugh at him.He cant be laughed
25、at by us.vHave you sent for a doctor?你派人去请医生了吗?vHas a doctor been sent for?派人去请医生了吗?vTime must be made full use of.一定要充分利用时间。38v注意:主动结构的谓语动词为“及物动词名词介词”构成及物的短语动词时,通常把它看成一个整体。但也可将这类短语动词本身的名词用作主语,构成被动语态,尤其是在名词前有定语修饰时。vThe nurse is taking good care of the sick man.vThe sick man is being taken good care
26、of by the nurse.vGood care is being taken of the sick man by the nurse.39v辨析v被动语态与系表结构的区别:被动语态中的过去分词是谓语动词,表示动作;系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词,表示状态。vWhen I woke up the next morning,I found the whole yard was covered with snow.(系表结构)vThe expressway was covered by the heavy snow and had to be closed.(被动语态)40v链接vget型
27、被动语态v由“get及物动词的过去分词”构成的被动语态,叫get型被动语态。vThe patient got treated once a week.v那位病人一周治疗一次。vPlease hurry up and get dressed.v请赶快,穿好衣裳。vHe got hurt while playing football.v他在踢足球时受伤了。41v辨析vHe was blamed for his carelessness.vWhat a terrible mistake you have made!You are to blame.v只有当表示“应该受到责备”时,才能用主动形式表示被
28、动;如果表示“受到责备”,则仍用被动式。42v【2012重庆卷】27.Food supplies in the flood-stricken area _.We must act immediately before theres left.vA.have run out B.are running out C.have been run out D.are being run outv27.【考点】动词的时态v【答案】Bv【解析】分析题干语境可知,食品供应即将耗尽。run out为不及物动词短语,不能使用被动形式,由此可排除C和D两个选项。B选项为现在进行时态,可以表示将来,符合题意。因此,
29、正确答案为B选项。v【难度】一般43v【2012重庆卷】22.-kevin,you look worried.Anything wrong?v -Well,I_ a test and Im waiting for the result.v A.will take B.took C.had taken D.takev22.【考点】动词的时态v【答案】Bv【解析】根据答语的后半句可知,现在Kevin正在等待测试的成绩,参加测试为一个过去的动作,应该使用一般过去时态。因此,正确答案为B选项。v【难度】一般44v【2012四川卷】9.Did you catch what I said?vSorry.I
30、 _ a text message just now.vhad answering B.have answered v C.would answer D.was answeringv9.【答案与解析】D 本题考查动词时态。句意为:“你听懂我所说的了吗?”“对不起。我刚刚在回短信。”根据句意及时间状语just now可知,回短信的动作正好是发生在问话人说话的那一时间点,即表示过去某一时间点正在发生的动作,故选过去进行时态D。45v【2012江西卷】26-Look!Somebody the sofa.v -Well,it wasnt me.I didnt do it.vAis cleaning Bwas cleaningvChas cleanedDhad cleanedv答案:C考点:考察时态v解析:句意为”看,有人已经打扫了沙发.是的,不是我,我没有做.过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响用现在完成时.46