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1、大 学 计 算 机 计算思维视角Heilongjiang Institute of TechnologyComputer system章 名：目 录Contents3.1 The working principle of a computer3.2 The composition of a computer system3.3 Microcomputer system3.4 The operating system12343.5 Common computer applications5Computers are amazing devices,However,how this great d
2、esign came into being and how it operated and developed in accordance with the principles are all important knowledge that we should know and learn.In this chapter,we will learn the principles of the operation of computer systems.3.1 The working principle of a computer Von Neumann systemVon Neumann
3、systemIn 1946,Hungarian-American mathematician Von Neumann developed a basic vision of what a computer should be made of and how it should work.It formed the basic method of transforming a set of mathematical processes into a computer instruction language.According to Von Neumann architecture,a comp
4、uter must have the following functions:Sending the required programs and data to the computer.Having long-term memory of program,data,intermediate results and final results.Performing a variety of arithmetic,logical operations and data transfer and other data processing.Controlling the program direc
5、tion,and according to the instructions to control the coordination of all parts of the machine.Output the processing results to the user as required.Von Neumann systemVon Neumann systemTo do this,a computer must have five basic components：An input device for input data and programsMemory storage for
6、 programs and dataAn arithmetic unit that performs data processingA controller that controls the execution of a programAn output device that outputs processing results Von Neumann systemVon Neumann systemArithmetic unitMemoryControllerProgram+dataprocessing results flow of dataflow of controlCPU3.2
7、3.2 The composition of a computer systemComputer hardware systemA collection of all the physical components of a computer.Usually these components are composed of circuits(electronic components),mechanical and other physical components,which can be seen and touched,so they are known as hardware,whic
8、h is the basis of all work.Computer software systemIt Refers to the a system which is composed of system software,supporting software and application software.It is an important part of the computer system.3.2 3.2 The composition of a computer system3.3 Microcomputer System3.3 Microcomputer SystemMi
9、crocomputer Is a computer with a microprocessor as its CPU.In general,a microcomputer is the size that makes it easy to fit on most desktops.Another common feature of these computers is that they take up very little physical space.Most of the devices used in a microcomputer are tightly mounted in a
10、separate case,but some devices may be connected outside the case for short distances,such as monitors,keyboards,mice,and so on.Desktop computers,laptops,tablets,a are all the examples of microcomputers.3.3.2 3.3.2 Composition of a microcomputer systemComposition of a microcomputer system In appearan
11、ce,the microcomputer consists of the main case and external equipment.The mainframe mainly includes CPU,internal storage,motherboard,hard disk drive,cd-ROM drive,various expansion cards,cables,power supply,etcPeripheral devices include mouse,keyboard,etc.The main case of the microcomputer,as shown b
12、elow3.3.3 Basic configuration of a microcomputermotherboard internal storagepower supplyCPU3.3.3 Basic configuration of a microcomputer hard disk graphics cardaudio card 3.3.3 Basic configuration of a microcomputernetwork cardCD-ROM drive3.3.3 Basic configuration of a microcomputerdisplay(monitor)3.
13、3.3 Basic configuration of a microcomputerkeyboard3.3.3 Basic configuration of a microcomputermouse3.3.3 Basic configuration of a microcomputerprinter3D printers and their products3.3.3 Basic configuration of a microcomputerscannerportable storage device3.3.3 Basic configuration of a microcomputersm
14、art phonetablet PC(tablet personal computer)3.3.3 Basic configuration of a microcomputer3.3.4 Mobile intelligent terminal productsIntelligent vehicle terminal3.3.4 Mobile intelligent terminal products Operating System,(OS)refers to the collection of programs that control and manage the hardware and
15、software resources of the entire computer system,and reasonably organize and schedule the work of the computer and the allocation of resources,so as to provide users and other software with convenient interfaces and environments.3.4 Operating System Operating system is a platform for managing comput
16、er hardware and software resources.In the history of personal computer,there have been many different operating systems.3.4 Operating SystemAfter years of competition,the most commonly used ones are as follows:Windows,Unix,Linux,Mac,mobile operating systemsThe following pages describe the developmen
17、t process and functional characteristics of these operating systems.3.4 Operating SystemWindowsWindowsWindows series is one of the most widely used systems at present.It is a software product developed by Microsoft.The system can be used on both laptops and desktops.Windows is the first generation o
18、f windowing multi-tasking system released by Microsoft in November 1985,which makes PC enter the so-called GUI:Graphic User Interface era.WindowsWindowsWindows 1.0Windows 1.0Windows 3.0Windows 3.0Windows 9Windows 95 5Windows 9Windows 98 8Windows XPWindows XP is the most classic version of the Window
19、s family.Windows 7 Windows 7 操作系统操作系统Windows7 is another desktop operating system with the highest share after XPWindows 8Windows 8Windows 10 Windows 10 操作系统操作系统Windows 10 is the last stand-alone version of Windows released by MicrosoftUNIX operating system,is a powerful multi-user,multi-task operat
20、ing system,support a variety of processor architectureUNIXUnixUnix操作系统操作系统 Unix is a professional server operating system.Server operating systems generally do not have a dedicated graphical interface.Born in 1991,Linux is a free and freely distributed UNIX-like operating system that runs major Unix
21、 utilities,applications,and network protocols.Linux 操作系统Mac OS操作系统Mac OS is a graphical operating system based on the Unix kernel that runs on Apples Macintosh computers3.4.3 Operating system on smart mobile devicesSmart mobile devices have independent operating systems and can be like computers.Use
22、rs can install applications provided by third-party service providers by themselves.3.4.3 智能移动设备上的操作系统IOS,which is developed by Apple,works on a variety of mobile smart devicesAndroid OS,which is designed by Googles r&d teamThe biggest advantage of the Android platform is its openness,which allows a
23、ny mobile terminal manufacturer,user and application developer to launch applications with their own features3.4.3 智能移动设备上的操作系统Computer software is divided into two categories:system software and application software.Application software is the part of software provided to meet the application needs
24、 of users in different fields and different problems.It can broaden the application field of computer system and enlarge the function of hardware.3.5 Common computer applicationsSystem tool softwareFile compression management software,can create and uncompress RAR,ZIP and other formats of compressed
25、 filesIt can easily identify the authenticity of computer hardware,test computer configuration,scan and repair system vulnerabilities,optimize and clean the systemWinRAR鲁大师360软件管家This software set software download,update,uninstall,optimize in one tool.Comprehensive detection of computer software pr
26、oblems and one-click repair。Office softwareOffice softwareOffice software refers to the software that can be used for word processing,table making,slide making,graphic image processing,simple database processing and other aspects of work.Microsoft Office 365WPS Office 2019 Internet software Internet
27、 software360Secure BrowserA dual-core browser based on Internet Explorer and Chrome.Can automatically intercept Trojan,fraud,online banking counterfeiting and other malicious web sites.QQSupport online chat,video call,point to point breakpoint continue file,Shared file,network hard disk,custom panel
28、,mailbox and other functions.百度网盘A cloud storage service launched by Baidu.Users will be able to upload their own files to the network disk and can view and share across terminals anytime and anywhere.Multimedia softwareMultimedia softwareAdobe PhotoshopThe worlds top image design and production too
29、ls software.It involves image synthesis,color correction,filter and other image processing functions.Video player softwareYouku,iQIYI,Tencent video.Integrated video recommendation,search,play,download,transcoding,upload,album management and other powerful functions.Audio player softwareQQ music,cool
30、 dog music,cool my music.Support online music and local music playback,both have music recommendation function.目 录Contents3.1 The working principle of a computer3.2 The composition of a computer system3.3 Microcomputer system3.4 The operating system12343.5 Common computer applications5summarize本章小结The working principle of a computerThe composition of a computer systemThe operating systemCommon computer applications Microcomputer system