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1、AttributiveClauseAttributiveClause定语从句定语从句What is a attributive clause?什么是定语从句什么是定语从句？起到起到修饰修饰作用的分作用的分句句(子子)其本质是划定一个范围、其本质是划定一个范围、限定限定一个区间一个区间在在英英语语中中：定定语语用用形形容容词词、短短语语或从句修饰名词来体现，比如或从句修饰名词来体现，比如afamous writerabook to be published I will tell you everythingthat I have heard.在汉语中：在汉语中：定语是定语是“的的”前面的成分，
2、前面的成分，美味的美味的食物、食物、伟大的伟大的国家国家定从的形成过程定从的形成过程合并同类项合并同类项他就是那个他就是那个努力学习的努力学习的男孩。男孩。句句1：他是那个男孩。：他是那个男孩。句句2：努力学习的男孩。：努力学习的男孩。两句合并：两句合并：He is the boy.The boy studies hard.问题问题1-本句中重复出现本句中重复出现the boy显得语句啰嗦且低效，显得语句啰嗦且低效，不符合语言效率原则。不符合语言效率原则。问题问题2 两句一连两句一连嘛，缺乏连词。所以第二个嘛，缺乏连词。所以第二个the boy要用代词要用代词who代替。代替。合并同类项：合并
3、同类项：He is the boywhostudies hard.He is the boy,the boy studies hard.定语从句的分类定语从句的分类He will wear no clothes which will make him different from others.他不穿他不穿 衣服。衣服。He will wear no clothes,which will make him different from others.他不穿衣服，他不穿衣服，使他显得与众不同的使他显得与众不同的这会使他显得与众不同的。这会使他显得与众不同的。限制限制/定性定语从句定性定语从句非限
4、制非限制/定性定语从句定性定语从句定从分类有奥妙，限与非限看逗号。定从分类有奥妙，限与非限看逗号。定语从句的组成部分定语从句的组成部分He will wear no clothes which will make him different from others.I will tell you everythingthat I have heard.He is the boywhostudies hard.We live in an age when no one can entirely keep away from the competition.先行词先行词关系词关系词定语从句定语从句
5、+定语从句定语从句 在句中充当在句中充当 ，修饰，修饰 词或词或 词，词，被修饰的词叫做被修饰的词叫做 。关系词作用：关系词作用：关系代词关系代词关系副词关系副词who,whom,whose,that,which,aswhen,where,why定语从句定语从句限定性限定性 非限定性非限定性 who,whom,whose，which,aswhen,where关系代词关系代词关系副词关系副词定语定语名名代代先行词先行词(n./pron.)(n./pron.)定语从句的基本概念定语从句的基本概念连接，代替，作从句成分连接，代替，作从句成分1.定从简介定从简介定从分类有奥妙定从分类有奥妙,限与非限限
6、与非限看逗号看逗号;定从前有定从前有先行词先行词，必是，必是名词或代词名词或代词；定从先行很紧密，定从先行很紧密，代副两词代副两词拉关系拉关系；定语从句定语从句-关系代词关系代词1.who的用法的用法这就是帮助我的那位人。这就是帮助我的那位人。句句 1:这就是那位人。这就是那位人。句句2:那位人帮助我的。那位人帮助我的。两句合并两句合并:合并同类项合并同类项:This is the man.The man helped me.This is the man,the man helped me.This is the man who helped me.who来指人作主语来指人作主语定语从句定语
7、从句-关系代词关系代词2.whom的用法的用法你正在找的医生在房间内。你正在找的医生在房间内。句句 1:医生在房间内。医生在房间内。句句2:你正在找的医生你正在找的医生。两句合并两句合并:合并同类项合并同类项:You are looking for the doctor.The doctor is in the room.The doctor is in the room,you are looking for him.The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room.whom指人作宾语指人作宾语定语从句定语从句-关系代词关系代词3.whos
8、e的用法的用法老师要跟那个没交家庭作业的学生谈话。老师要跟那个没交家庭作业的学生谈话。句句 1:老师要和学生谈话。老师要和学生谈话。句句2:那个学生没交家庭作业。那个学生没交家庭作业。两句合并两句合并:合并同类项合并同类项:The teacher wants to talk to the student.The student s homework hasnt been handed in.The teacher wants to talk tothe student，the students homework hasnt been handed in.The teacher wants to
9、 talk to the studentswhose homework hasnt been handed in.whose指人指人 ，定从之中作定语，定从之中作定语定语从句定语从句-关系代词关系代词3.whose的用法的用法经济蓬勃发展的城市吸引了许多求职者。经济蓬勃发展的城市吸引了许多求职者。句句 1:城市吸引了许多求职者。城市吸引了许多求职者。句句2:城市经济蓬勃发展。城市经济蓬勃发展。两句合并两句合并:合并同类项合并同类项:The city attracts many job seekers.The citys economy is booming.The city attracts
10、many job seekers,the citys economy is booming.The city whose economy is boomingattracts many job seekers.whose指人指人又指物又指物，定从之中作定语，定从之中作定语定语从句定语从句-关系代词关系代词4.which的用法的用法句句 1:句句2:两句合并两句合并:合并同类项合并同类项:which指物作主宾指物作主宾在从句中作主语或谓语动在从句中作主语或谓语动词和介词的宾语。词和介词的宾语。This is the book which you want.The building which s
11、tands near the river is our school.The room in which there is a machine is a workshop.定语从句定语从句-关系代词关系代词4.which的用法的用法有一台机器的房间是一个车间。有一台机器的房间是一个车间。句句 1:房间是一个车间。房间是一个车间。句句2:有一台机器的房间。有一台机器的房间。房间有一台机器。房间有一台机器。两句合并两句合并:合并同类项合并同类项:which指物作主宾指物作主宾The room is a workshop.There is a machine in the room.The room
12、 is a workshop,there is a machine in the room.The room in which there is a machine is a workshop.定语从句定语从句-关系代词关系代词5.that的用法的用法我认识你喜欢的那个男孩。我认识你喜欢的那个男孩。I know the boywhom you like.I know the boywho you like.I know the boy you like.I know the boythat you like.that可以代替可以代替which、who的，体现语言的简化原则的，体现语言的简化原则
13、The room in which there is a machine is a workshop.that指人又指物，指人又指物，逗介之后不考虑。逗介之后不考虑。（省略）（省略）as指代主句作主宾，句首只能用指代主句作主宾，句首只能用asas翻译为正如翻译为正如,常跟认知猜想词常跟认知猜想词.As we all know,he studies very hard.（as代表整个句子，作宾代表整个句子，作宾语）语）As is known to all,he is the best student in our class.（as代表代表整个句子，作主语）整个句子，作主语）As is ofte
14、n the case,he was late again.The young generation likes to lie flat,as is reported in the newspaper.as is said above,as is already mentioned above,as is shown in the figure(图表图表)6.as 的用法的用法as用作关系代词和关系副词引导限定性定语从句，并在从句中作主用作关系代词和关系副词引导限定性定语从句，并在从句中作主语、表语或状语，构成语、表语或状语，构成the sameas,suchas等结构。例如：等结构。例如：I
15、like the same book as you do.(as作宾语）作宾语）I shall do it in the same way as you did.（as作状语）作状语）I want to have such a dictionary as he has.(as作宾语）作宾语）2.关系代词关系代词关系代词有关系代词有6个个who来指人作主语；来指人作主语；whom指人作宾语；指人作宾语；whose指人又指物，定从之中作定语指人又指物，定从之中作定语;that指人又指物，逗介之后不考虑；指人又指物，逗介之后不考虑；which指物作主宾，指物作主宾，非限用在逗号后，代替主句或先行。非
16、限用在逗号后，代替主句或先行。as指代主句作主宾，句首只能用指代主句作主宾，句首只能用as,as翻译为正如翻译为正如,常跟认知猜想词常跟认知猜想词.1.All that we have to do is to practise every day.I have read all the books(that)you gave me.2.This is the best film(that)Ive ever seen.3.The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.4.He is the only person that/(wh
17、o)I want to talk to.只能用只能用that不能用不能用which的情况的情况先行词是不定代词先行词是不定代词all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything等。等。或被或被all,any,every,each,few,little,no,some等修饰。等修饰。先行词是先行词是/被序数词所修饰。被序数词所修饰。先行词被形容词最高级所修饰。先行词被形容词最高级所修饰。先行词被先行词被the only,the very,the same,the last修饰时修饰时5.They talked of things and persons
18、that they remembered.6.Who is the man that is talking to John?7.Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.只能用只能用that不能用不能用which 的情况的情况先行词既有人又有物时先行词既有人又有物时当句中已有当句中已有who时，为避免重复。时，为避免重复。如有两个定语从句，其中一个关系词已用，如有两个定语从句，其中一个关系词已用，则另一个用则另一个用that。that VS.whichthat用法真有趣，用法真
19、有趣，逗介之后不考虑逗介之后不考虑；只用只用that要牢记要牢记:先行若是先行若是不定代不定代;先行词前先行词前序数词序数词;先行词前先行词前最高级最高级;just,the only/very/same/last,其后也要用其后也要用that。有一台机器的房间是一个车间。有一台机器的房间是一个车间。句句 1:房间是一个车间。房间是一个车间。句句2:有一台机器的房间。有一台机器的房间。房间有一台机器。房间有一台机器。两句合并两句合并:合并同类项合并同类项:介词介词+whichThe room is a workshop.There is a machine in the room.The roo
20、m is a workshop,there is a machine in the room.The room in which there is a machine is a workshop.You did a lot for me,for which I was grateful.他有一个每周末都和他下棋的朋友。他有一个每周末都和他下棋的朋友。句句 1:他有一个朋友。他有一个朋友。句句2:每周末都和他下棋的朋友每周末都和他下棋的朋友每周末都和他朋友下棋每周末都和他朋友下棋两句合并两句合并:合并同类项合并同类项:介词介词+whomHe has a friend.He plays chess
21、 with the friend every weekend.He has a friend,he plays chess with the friend every weekend.He has a friend with whom he plays chess every weekend.The old man has two sons,both of whom are lawyers.空气很重要，没有它我们不能活下去。空气很重要，没有它我们不能活下去。句句1:句句2:合并同类项合并同类项:prep-上下文语境上下文语境Air is important.We cant live witho
22、ut the air/it.Air is important,without which we cant live.3.介词介词+关系代词（关系代词（which/whom）先行是人用先行是人用whom,先行是物用先行是物用which;介词来源很介词来源很easy,语境、先行和从谓语境、先行和从谓。有一台机器的房间是一个车间。有一台机器的房间是一个车间。句句 1:房间是一个车间。房间是一个车间。句句2:有一台机器的房间。有一台机器的房间。房间有一台机器。房间有一台机器。两句合并两句合并:合并同类项合并同类项:where=in 地点介词地点介词+whichThe room is a worksho
23、p.There is a machine in the room.The room is a workshop,there is a machine in the room.The room in which/where there is a machine is a workshop.水上漂流是一项惊险的户外运动，在这里勇气起着重要的作用。水上漂流是一项惊险的户外运动，在这里勇气起着重要的作用。句句 1:句句2:两句合并两句合并:合并同类项合并同类项:where=in地点介词地点介词+whichWater rafting is a breathtaking outdoor sport.In
24、the water rafting(activity),courage plays an important role.Water rafting,in which courage plays an important role,is a breathtaking outdoor sport.=Water rafting,where courage plays an important role,is a breathtaking outdoor sport.现在他们的谈判已经到了关键的现在他们的谈判已经到了关键的一方必须向另一方让步一方必须向另一方让步的阶段。的阶段。句句 1:句句2:两句合
25、并两句合并:合并同类项合并同类项:where=in地点介词地点介词+whichNow their talks have reached a key stage.In the stage,one side must give in to the other.Now their talks have reached a key stage in which one side must give in to the other.=Now their talks have reached a key stage where one side must give in to the other.我永远不
26、会忘记我永远不会忘记我遇见心动女生的我遇见心动女生的那一天。那一天。句句 1:句句2:两句合并两句合并:合并同类项合并同类项:I will never forget the day.I met my sweet girl on the day.I will never forget the day on which I met my sweet girl.=I will never forget the day when I met my sweet girl.when=in/on/at/during时间介词时间介词+which He worked in a car factory for f
27、our years,after which he founded his own company in his hometown.我们生活在一个我们生活在一个无人能完全远离竞争的无人能完全远离竞争的时代。时代。句句 1:句句2:两句合并两句合并:合并同类项合并同类项:We live in an age.In the age no one can entirely keep away from the competition.We live in an age in which no one can entirely keep away from the competition.=We live
28、 in an age when no one can entirely keep away from the competition.when=in/on/at/during时间介词时间介词+whichI thought of the happy days _ I stayed in Beijing.I have never forgotten the day _we spent together.This is the house _ he lived last year.This is the house _he visited last year.Compare the two sent
29、ences wherethat(which)whenwhich我知道他迟到的原因。我知道他迟到的原因。句句 1:句句2:两句合并两句合并:合并同类项合并同类项:I know the reason.For some reason,he came late.I know the reason for which he came late.=I know the reason why he came late.why=for whichYou did a lot for me,for which I was grateful.4.关系副词关系副词when/where/why先行做先行做状状关系关系a
30、dv.=介词介词+关系代；关系代；抽象地点、时间也别忘。抽象地点、时间也别忘。1.I can think of many cases _ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldnt write a good essay.where2.He has got himself into a dangerous situation _he is likely to lose control over the plane.他陷入飞机很可能失去控制的危险境地他陷入飞机很可能失去控制的危险境地.wher
31、e3.I work in a business _ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.where5.分割分割/分裂式定从分裂式定从一般情况定语从句紧跟在先行词之后，但在具体应用中，往一般情况定语从句紧跟在先行词之后，但在具体应用中，往往也出现定语从句与先行词被分隔的现象。即定语从句被其往也出现定语从句与先行词被分隔的现象。即定语从句被其他成份隔开，没有直接位于被修饰的中心词即先行词之后，他成份隔开，没有直接位于被修饰的中心词即先行词之后，这种现象被称为分隔现象，这种从句叫做分隔式定语从句。这种现象被称为分隔现象，这种从句叫做分隔式定语从
32、句。有时是为了行文的需要，为了使句子结构保持平衡；有的是有时是为了行文的需要，为了使句子结构保持平衡；有的是出于修辞上的需要，以避免那种千篇一律的语言模式。解此出于修辞上的需要，以避免那种千篇一律的语言模式。解此类题，要找准先行词，忽略掉插入语，就变得简单了。类题，要找准先行词，忽略掉插入语，就变得简单了。1.(天津天津,10)The days are gone_ physical strength was all you needed to make a living.when2.(陕西陕西)I walked up to the top of the hill with my fiend,_we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.where