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1、TED题：A simple trick to improve positive thinking作者:Alison Ledgerwood怎样出负情绪Hi everyone.Gosh,I wish I could dance,but I cant,and you really dont want me to.So instead I thought I would talk a little today about how people think.Im fascinated by this question.Im a social psychologist,which basically me
2、ans Im a professional people watcher.家好！唉，我希望我会跳舞，可惜我不会。你们也不会想看我跳舞。所以今天我将分享点我对类如何思考的认识。我对此常感兴趣。作为名社会理学家，我是个专业的群观察者。So,this is what I do;I try to figure out how humans think and how we might be able to think better.Heres something I noticed a few years ago about how I seem to think;heres a typical we
3、ek in my life,which usually seems to revolve entirely around publishing papers.我的作就是去研究类如何思考，以及如何更好地思考。年前我发现了些关于我如何思考的事情。这是我活中典型的周，切围绕着发表论展开。So here I am,at maximum of my artistic abilities as a stick figure,going along at baseline,and a paper gets accepted.I get this rush,this blip of happiness,and
4、 then Im back to baseline by about lunch time.A few days later,a paper might get rejected,and that feels pretty awful.And I wait for that blip to end,but somehow I just cant stop thinking about it.我在这，以我最的美术能画出来的柴，在基准线上前。当篇章通过审稿时，我迅速到达了兴奋的顶峰。接近午餐时，我回到了基准线状态。天后，篇章也许被拒绝了，我很难受，并等待这阵糟糕情绪的结束。但是不知怎么地，我就是停
5、不下来地想着这件事。psychologistn.理学家typicaladj.典型的baselinen.基线Heres the craziest part:even if another paper gets accepted the next day,well,thats nice,but somehow I cant get that pesky rejection out of my head.So,what is going on here?Why does a failure seem to stick in our minds so much longer than a succes
6、s?Together with my colleague Amber Boydstun in the Political Science Department,I started thinking about this question,this question of,do our minds get stuck in the negatives?We all know intuitively that there are different ways of thinking about things.更疯狂的是，即使第天另外篇章通过审核，我本可以兴起来，之前章收到的烦的拒绝也始终在我脑海中
7、徘徊。发了什么呢？为什么感觉失败成功 在我们脑海停留的时间长得多？我与我在政治系的同事Amber Boydstun，起开始了对此问题的研究。为什么我们的脑被困在负情绪？我们都本能地知道，们对于事情有很多不同的思考式。The same glass,the saying goes can be seen as half-full or half-empty.Theres a lot of research in the social sciences showing that depending on how you describe the glass to people,as half-ful
8、l or half-empty,it changes how they feel about it.So if you describe the glass as half-full,this is called the gain frame,because youre focusing on whats gained,then people like it.But if you describe the same glass as half-empty,a loss frame,then people dont like it.But we wondered what happens whe
9、n you try to switch from thinking about it one way to thinking about it another way.盛有半杯的杯就可以被看成半满和半空的。社会科学上有量研究表，当你向们描述这个杯的时候，半满和半空的表达 会改变们对其的感受。如果你说这个杯是半满的，你是在获益框架下思考，因为你关注的是得到的那部分。们便会喜欢这个杯。相反，如果你认为这个杯是半空的，你则是在损失框架下思考，们也就不会喜欢这个杯。如果你试着去改变思维式，又会发什么呢？rejectionn.拒绝intuitivelyadv.直觉地describev.描述Can peo
10、ple shift back and forth,or do they get stuck in one way of thinking about it?Does one of these labels,in other words,tend to stick more in the mind?Well,to investigate this question,we conducted a simple experiment.We told participants in our experiment about a new surgical procedure,and we randoml
11、y assigned them to one of two conditions.们是否能反复改变思考的度？还是会被困于种固定的思考模式？换句话说，是否会有种模式更容易被长期使？为了解答以上问题，我们开展了个简单的实验。我们告知实验参与者，此实验有关于个新术。然后我们将他们随机分成两组。For participants in the first condition,the first group,we described the surgical procedure in terms of gains;we said it had a 70%success rate.For participa
12、nts in the second group,we described the procedure in terms of losses;we said it had a 30%failure rate.So its the exact same procedure,were just focusing peoples attention on the part of the glass thats full,or the part of the glass thats empty.Perhaps unsurprisingly,people like the procedure when i
13、ts described as having a 70%success rate,and they dont like it when its described as having a 30%failure rate.But then we added a twist:we told participants in the first group,You know,you could think of this as a 30%failure rate.And now they dont like it anymore;theyve changed their minds.对于第组参与者，我
14、们强调术的正效果。即其有70%的成功率。对于第组参与者，我们强调术的负影响。即其有30%的失败率。术步骤完全相同。我们使这些参与者的注意放于杯有的那半，或者空着的那半上。也许并不奇怪，当们得知术成功率为70%时，他们会肯定这个术。如果他们关注于30%的失败率，则不会接受这个术。但是我们随后 告知第组实验者，“你们也可以认为术有三成可能失败。”他们改变了想法，不再倾向于这个术。labeln.标签surgicaladj.外科术的randomlyadv.随机的unsurprisinglyadv.不出所料地1We told participants in the second group,You kn
15、ow,you could think of this as a 70%success rate,but unlike the first group,they stuck with their initial opinion;they seemed to be stuck in the initial loss frame that they saw at the beginning of the study.We conducted another experiment.我们也告诉第组实验者，“你们也可以认为术有七成可能成功。”与第组不同的是，他们保持了原有意见，他们似乎从始终都在 开始的损
16、失框架下思考。我们还做了另外个实验。This time we told participants about the current governor of an important state who is running for re-election against his opponent.We again had two groups of participants,and we described the current governors track record to them in one of two ways.We said that when the current g
17、overnor took office,statewide budget cuts were expected to affect of about 10,000 jobs,and then half of the participants read that under the current governors leadership 40%of these jobs had been saved.这次我们告诉实验参与者 个重要州的时任州长 正在参与改选。同样还是两组实验者，我们以两种不同的式来阐述这位州长的业绩。我们告诉实验者在时任州长刚上任时，州际预算缩减被估计会约影响万个作岗位。组实验
18、者了解到 在这位州长的带领下，40%的职位被保留了下来。They like the current governor;they think he is doing a great job.The rest of the participants read that under the current governors leadership,60%of these jobs had been lost,and they dont like the current governor;they think hes doing a terrible job.But then,once more,we
19、 added a twist.因此，他们认为时任州长业绩不错，从欣赏他的表现。另组实验者则了解到 在这位州长的领导下，职位减少了60%。他们由此认为州长业绩很差不持他。再次地，我们改变了表达式。initialadj.最初的For participants in the first group,we reframed the information in terms of losses,and now they didnt like the current governor anymore.For participants in the second group,we reframed the
20、information in terms of gains,but just like in the first study,this didnt seem to matter.People in this group still didnt like the current governor.So notice what this means.Once the loss frame gets in there,it sticks.People cant go back to thinking about jobs saved once they thought about jobs lost
21、.So in both of these scenarios actually the current governor gets ousted in favor of his opponent.对于第组来说，在我们更换了表达式以强调负影响后，他们不再认可时任州长。在对第组实验者时，我们的表达突出了正的效果。但与第个实验相同，他们并没有改变对州长的态度。第组实验者们始终不欣赏时任州长。所以以上两个实验告诉我们：损失框架会直延续，们旦想到职位减少，就法反过来考虑保留下来的作岗位。所以在这两个实验组的情景下，时任州长都会被他的改选对打败。At this point we were getting
22、curious:why does this happen?Could it be that its actually mentally harder for people to convert from losses to gains than it is for them to go from gains to losses?So we conducted the third study to test how easily people could covert from one frame to another.This time we told participants,Imagine
23、 theres been an outbreak of an unusual disease and six hundred lives are at stake.We asked participants in one group,If a hundred lives are saved,how many will be lost?And we asked participants in the other group,If a hundred lives are lost,how many will be saved?相信家听到这会有些好奇。为什么会发这种现象呢？是不是对于类来说，思想上从
24、损失到获益的转换 从获益到损失的转换更难呢？于是我们又进了第三项研究，旨在探索们转换思考框架的难易程度。这次我们告诉实验者”想象现在种罕见的疾病开始规模爆发 600个命可能会受到影响。”第组实验者被问到：”如果100得到救助，有多少将因疾病失去命？“第组则被问到：”如果100因病离世，有多少将获救？reframedv.给（照）换框scenariosn.情节；脚本outbreakn.爆发 So everyone just has to calculate 600 minus 100,and come up with the answer of 500 but whereas people in
25、one group have to convert from gains to losses in order to do that,people in the second group have to convert from losses to gains.We timed how long it took them to solve this simple math problem,and what we found was that when people had to convert from gains to losses,they could solve the problem
26、quite quickly;it took them about 7 seconds on average.But when they had to convert from losses to gains,well now it took them far longer,almost 11 seconds.“他们只需简单计算 600 减去 100 等于 500。但是第组实验者需要将思维模式从获益转换到损失，在计算的同时，第组实验者则要将思维模式从损失转换到获益。我们对两组们计算这个简单的数学问题进了计时。并发现 从获益转换到损失模式的们 计算速度更快，平均需要7秒钟。从损失转换到获益模式的们
27、 则需要更长的11秒钟来完成计算。So this suggests that once we think about something as a loss,that way of thinking about it tends to stick in our heads and to resist our attempts to change it.What I take away from this research and from related research is that our view of the world has a fundamental tendency to t
28、ilt toward the negative.Its pretty easy to go from good to bad,but far harder to shift from bad to good.We literally have to work harder to see the upside of things.And this matters.So,think about the economy.Heres economic well-being from 2007 to 2010.You can see it tanked,just like we all remember
29、,and then by late 2010 it has recovered by most objective measures.所以，旦我们从损失的度思考，这种思维模式更容易长久存在，也更难被改变。我从此项和其他相关研究中发现 我们对世界的认识 从根本上倾向于负影响。从好到坏很简单，但从坏到好的转变就会难得多。我们需要付出更多的努去看到事物积极的。这很重要 所以，想想当今的经济。这是从2007到2010年的经济情况。如我们记忆中的样，你可以看到经济状况的不景。2010年后期，根据多数客观测量，经济已经开始复苏。fundamentaladj.根本的；必须的tendencyn.趋势objec
30、tiveadj.客观的But heres consumer confidence over the same time period.You can see it tanks right along with the economy,but then it seems to get stuck.Instead of rebounding with the economy itself,consumers seem to be psychologically stuck back there in the recession.So oddly then,it may take more effo
31、rt to change our minds about how the economy is doing then to change the economy itself.但是这是同时期消费者信的情况。你可以发现它随着经济情况起下降。但是它似乎没有好转。消费者们的理始终被低潮所困，并没有随着经济复苏上升。奇怪地，相真正改变经济，我们需要付出更多 才能改变我们对经济的态度。On the more personal level,what this research means to me is that you have to work to see the up-side.Literally
32、,this takes work,this takes effort.And you can practice this;you can train your mind to do this better.Theres research out at UC Davis,showing that just writing for a few minutes each day about things that youre grateful for can dramatically boost your happiness and well-being,and even your health.W
33、e can also rehearse good news and share it with others.We tend to think,right,that misery loves company,that venting will help get rid of our negative emotions,that well feel better if we just talk about how terrible our day was.从个的层上说，这项研究告诉我 们需要努才能看到正的效果 毫不夸张地说，这必须要努，需要尝试。且你可以练习，训练你的思想更积极正的思考 我们加利
34、福利亚学戴维斯分校有项研究表明，每天花分钟时间写写 你想感谢的事情,就能明显地提你的快乐和幸福感受，以及你的健康。我们也可以复述好消息并与其他分享。我们常认为痛苦需要陪伴，发泄可以帮助我们减轻负情绪，说出了我们这天过得多糟糕，感觉就好多了。reboundingv.弹回；回升recessionn.衰退dramaticallyadv.剧烈地，明显地rehearsev.排练；排演And so we talk,and we talk,and we talk about the boss whos driving us crazy,and that friend who never called us
35、back,and that meeting at work where every little thing that could go wrong,did.But we forget to talk about the good stuff.And yet,thats exactly where our minds need the most practice.So,my husband who has this disconcerting habit of listening to what I say other people should do,and then pointing ou
36、t that,technically speaking,Im a person,too,has taken to listening to me for about two minutes on days when I come home all grumpy and complaining about everything,and he listens,and he says,Okay,but what happened today that was good?所以我们不停地谈论那些把我们逼疯了的领导、那些从不回电话的朋友、还有那些恼的 任何细节都可能出错的作会议。但是我们忘记了倾诉那些好事
37、情，可这正是我们的脑需要的。我的丈夫有个烦的习惯 总是听我说其他应该怎么做，然后点明 严格意义上讲，我也是类的员。他花两分钟的时间听我回家后 脾暴躁地抱怨切事情，他倾听着，并提我”很好，那今天有发什么好的事情吗？So I tell him about the student who came up to me after class with this really interesting,insightful question,and I tell him about the friend who emailed me out of the blue this morning just to
38、 say,hello.And somewhere in the telling,I start to smile,and I start to think that maybe my day was pretty decent after all.I think we can also work in our communities to focus on the upside.We can be more aware that bad tends to stick.One mean comment can stick with somebody all day,all week even,a
39、nd bad tends to propagate itself,right?“我告诉他我的学在下课时 来问我了个很有趣、很有意义的问题。然后我告诉他早上个朋友出乎意料地 给我发邮件，只为了问好。在讲述这些事情的时候，我开始微笑，我开始想，我的天终究还是很顺利的。我想我们可以携努，去关注正的切。我们了解了负影响更容易留存。句刻薄的评论可以影响整天，甚整个星期。负情绪更会被传递给别，对吧？disconcertingadj.令不安的grumpyadj.脾坏的insightfuladj.富有洞察的decentadj.得体的Somebody snaps at you and you snap back
40、,and you snap at the next guy,too.But what if the next time somebody snapped at you,you forgave them?What if the next time you had a really grumpy waitress,you left her an extra large tip?Our minds may be built to look for negative information and to hold on to it,but we can also retrain our minds if we put some effort into it and start to see that the glass may be a little more full than we initially thought.当有谩骂你的时候，你会骂回去，甚不放过下个。但是如果下次有再谩骂你，你原谅了他们呢？如果下次你对着位很暴躁的服务员，你给了她更多的费呢？我们的脑的构造也许就是为了寻找负信息 并且牢牢记住。但是如果我们愿意努，就可以重新训练我们的脑，并开始意识到玻璃杯 有我们起初认为更多的。grumpyadj.脾坏的waitressn.服务员initiallyadv.起初地1