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1、Lesson One The English Language知识点名称内容语言的定义A language is a system of communication used by the people of a particular country or a region for talking or writing purposes.语言是一种沟通系统。被特定国家或地区的居民用于交谈或书写。语言障碍We often have the difficulty of communicating with people who speak a different language. This fo
2、rms the language barrier.我们经常难以和讲不同语言的人交流 。 这就形成了语言障碍。洋泾浜A pidgin is a language that is a mixture of two other languages. 洋泾浜是另外两种语言混合的一种语言。英语的发展The history of English is conventionally divided into three periods usually called Old English, Middle English and Modern English.英语的发展历史分为三个时期， 通常被称为古英语或盎
3、格鲁-撒克逊英语、 中世纪英语和现代英语。世界六大工作语言Together with French, Spanish, Russian, Arabic and Chinese. English is used as one of the six working languages in the United Nations and its subordinate organizations such as UNESCO, which stands for the united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization.英
4、语和法语 、 西班牙语 、 俄语 、 阿拉伯语和汉语一起， 作为六种工作语言 之一， 被用于联合国及其下属组织， 如代表联合国教育 、 科学及文化组织 的教科文组织。Lesson Two The English-Speaking Countries知识点名称内容英语的发源地The first English-speaking country is Britain where the English language was originated.英国是第一个讲英语的国家,也是英语的发源地。英国的组成Britain is made up of four parts. They are Engla
5、nd, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.英国由四个部分组成。 它们是英格兰 、 苏格兰 、 威尔士和北爱尔兰。英国人口的组成The British population consists of the English people, the Scottish people, the Welsh people and the Irish people.英国人口， 包括英国人 、 苏格兰人、 威尔士人和爱尔兰人。美洲大陆的组成The American Continent, including North America， Central America a
6、nd South America, is called the New Continent or the New World.美洲大陆， 包括北美、 中美洲和南美洲， 被称为新大陆或新世界。大西洋Between Britain and America there is the Atlantic Ocean, which can be simply called the Atlantic.在英国和美国之间的是大西洋， 可以简写为 Atlantic。拉丁美洲的组成Latin America refers to the countries of South America, Central Amer
7、ica and Mexico.拉丁美洲是指南美洲 、 中美洲和墨西哥， 因为这些国家的官方语言是由拉 丁语发展而来的西班牙语或葡萄牙语。英国的殖民者In the 17th century, the colonists from Britain came to settle in North America and colonized it.17 世纪， 来自英国的殖民者来到北美定居并定居下来。美国黑人In the 18th century, the colonists traded slaves from Africa. The American Blacks are called Afric
8、an Americans or Afro-Americans.在 18 世纪， 殖民者从非洲买卖奴隶。 美国黑人被称为非裔美国人。欧盟The European Union also E. U. : an organization of European countrieswhich have joint policies on matters such as trade, agriculture and finance. 欧盟， 又称 E.U.， 是在贸易 、 农业和金融等问题上有联合政策的欧洲国家 组织。Lesson Three The English Names知识点名称内容英文名字Whe
9、n some English first names are put together, they may have special meanings.“Tom, Dick and Harry ”refers to“ordinary people.当一些英文名字组合在一起时， 它们可能有特殊的含义 。“汤姆 、迪克和哈 利 ”指的是“ 普通人 ”。正式的称呼The official or formal way of addressing a person is using his or her surname with a proper form of address before it. M
10、r, which is an abbreviation of Mister, refers to all men.官方的或正式的称呼人的方式是， 在他姓前面加上适当的称呼形式。Mr 是 放在一个男士的名字之前的头衔。未婚妇女的称呼Miss is a form of addressing all unmarried women, young or old, or addressing married women for professional reason.小姐是一种称呼所有未婚妇女， 无论年轻或老年， 或出于职业原因称呼已 婚妇女的形式。已婚女人的称呼Mrs is used to call
11、such a married woman, who has given up her maiden name that is her original surname before her marriage and adopted her husband s surname.Mrs 常用来称呼一个已婚的女人， 她放弃了婚前的姓氏， 改跟随丈夫的姓。女性的自称Due to the influence of Women s Lib in the last few decades, many women, married or unmarried, prefer to use Ms as a for
12、m of addressing themselves. 由于近几十年来妇女解放运动的影响， 许多已婚或未婚妇女更喜欢用 Ms 作为称呼自己的一种形式。美国常见的姓氏In the United States, the five most common last names are Smith, Johnson, Williams, Jones and Brown.在美国， 最常见的五个姓氏是史密斯 、 约翰逊 、 威廉姆斯、 琼斯和布朗。Lesson Four Society and Family知识点名称内容计划生育Family planning is the practice of usin
13、g contraception to control the number of children people have.计划生育是利用避孕措施来控制人们拥有的儿童数量的一种做法。未成年人A minor is a person who is still legally a child. In Britain and the United States, people are minors until they reach the age of eighteen.未成年人是指在法律上仍然是孩子的人 。在英国和美国，人们在 18 岁之前 都是未成年人。离婚Divorce is the legal
14、 ending of a marriage between husband and wife, so that they are free to marry again.离婚是丈夫和妻子之间婚姻的合法终结， 这样他们就可以自由地再婚。妇女解放Women s Liberation, which was also simply called Women s Lib, was the ideal that women should have the same social and economic rights and privileges was men.妇女解放运动， 也被简单地称为“ 妇女解放
15、 ”， 是妇女享有与男子相同的 社会经济权利和特权的理想。Lesson Five The Monarchical System知识点名称内容英国的政体The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy.英国是君主立宪制国家。君主制的类别There are mainly two kinds of monarchy in the world. They are kingdom and empire.世界上主要有两种君主制。 他们是王国和帝国。王冠A crown is a circle made of gold and decorated with pre
16、cious jewels, worn by a king and queen, or an emperor and empress on their heads in an official ceremony.王冠是一个由黄金制成的圆形， 上面有珍贵的珠宝， 由国王和王后， 或皇 帝和皇后在官方仪式上戴在头上。君主和臣民The monarch can also be called the crown while any member except the monarch is called the subject.君主也可以称为王权， 而除君主以外的任何成员都可以称为臣民。共和国A repub
17、lic is a country with a system of government in which the elected representatives of the people hold the supreme power with a non-hereditary head that is an elected President.共和国是一种国家政体， 在其政府体系下， 民选的人民代表拥有最高权力， 非世袭首脑是民选总统。国王/女王的权力The king or the queen is a constitutional ruler, whose power is restri
18、cted or limited by the constitution.国王或女王是宪法统治者， 其权力受宪法限制。Lesson Six The Parliamentary System知识点名称内容西方国家的三大机 构In the Western countries, the legislature goes to the parliament or the congress; the executive goes to the government, and the judiciary goes to the Supreme Court.在西方国家， 立法机构是议会或国会， 行政机构是政府
19、， 司法机构是最高 法院。英国的议会The Parliament is the law-making body of Britain and its supreme authority. 议会是英国的立法机构和最高权力机构。美国的国会In the United States, the Congress is made up of the Senate as its Upper House and the House of Representatives as its Lower House.在美国， 国会由作为上议院的参议院和作为下议院的众议院组成。The American counterpa
20、rt of the British Parliament is the Congress. 在美国与英国议会对应的是国会。英国的议院The British Upper House is called the House of Lords, while the British Lower House is called the House of Commons.英国上议院也被称为 the House of Lords， 而下议院被称为 the House of Commons。Lesson Seven The Electoral System知识点名称内容英国的下议院In Britain, th
21、e House of Commons is a representative assembly elected by voters or electors through a general election and by-elections.在英国， 下议院是由选民或选民通过普选和补选选出的代表大会。英国的主要政党Now the two main political parties in Britain are the Labour Party and the Conservative Party.现在英国的两个主要政党是工 党和保守党。首相The Prime Minister is res
22、ponsible for making the Cabinet.首相负责组建内阁。内阁The Cabinet is a group of the most senior and powerful ministers in the government, who meet regularly to discuss and decide policies.内阁是一个由政府中最资深和最有权势的部长组成的团体， 他们定期开会 讨论和决定政策。美国总统选举的条件Theoretically, any “ natural born ”citizen over age 35 and with 14 years
23、 residency is eligible.理论上讲， 任何 35 岁 、 居住 14 年以上的“ 自然出生 ”公民都是有资格参 与总统选举的。美国总统选举的时间In the United States, actual campaigning for the election traditionally begins on Labour Day.在美国， 竞选活动通常从劳动节开始。美国的主要政党In the U. S. presidential election has been limited to two major parties: the Democratic Party and t
24、he Republican Party.在美国总统选举的主要政党已被限制在两个党： 民主党和共和党。美国党派的象征Each party has a familiar symbol: for the Democrats it is a donkey, and for the Republicans an elephant.每个党派都有一个象征： 对民主党来说， 是一 头驴， 而对共和党来说， 是 一 头大象。Lesson Eight The Governmental System知识点名称内容唐宁街10 Downing Street is the official home of the Bri
25、tish Prime Minister and 11 Downing Street is the official home of the Chancellor of the Exchequer.唐宁街 10 号是英国首相的官邸， 唐宁街 11 号是财政大臣的官邸。美国宪法The U.S. Constitution is the basic law that protects the inhabitants of this nation from arbitrary by the Federal Government or any individual state.美国宪法是保护这个国家的居民
26、不受联邦政府或任何个别国家任意支配的 基本法律。联邦政府In the United States, the Federal Government is the central government. 在美国， 联邦政府是中央政府。As a single national authority, the Federal Government does such things as dealing with foreign nations, establishing a uniform monetary system, and regulating commerce between the stat
27、es.作为一个单一 的国家权力机构， 联邦政府做的事情包括与外国打交道， 建 立统一 的货币体系， 以及规范各州之间的贸易。白宫The White House is the official home of the American President in Washington D. C.白宫是美国总统在华盛顿特区的正式住所。五角大楼The Pentagon is the building in Washington, which is the headquarters of the U. S. Department of Defense.五角大楼位于华盛顿， 是美国国防部的总部。Lesso
28、n Nine The Legal System知识点名称内容美国宪法The U. S. Constitution is the basic law from which the United States Government derives all its power.美国宪法是美国政府获得一切权力的基本法。法律的主要分支The two main branches of the law in most countries are the criminal law and the civil law.在大多数国家， 法律的两个主要分支是刑法和民法。刑法The criminal law deal
29、s with such crimes as treason, espionage, conspiracy, murder, arson, poisoning, violence against the person, sexual offenses, robbery, theft, burglary, kidnapping, fraud, forgery, corruption, bribery, libel, perjury, and criminal damage.刑法涉及叛国罪 、 间谍罪 、 阴谋罪 、 谋杀罪 、 纵火罪 、 中毒罪 、 对人的暴 力罪 、 性犯罪 、 抢劫罪 、 盗
30、窃罪 、 盗窃罪 、 绑架罪 、 欺诈罪 、 伪造罪 、 腐 败罪 、 贿赂罪 、 诽谤罪 、 伪证罪和刑事损害罪。民法The civil law is the part of a country s set of laws, which is concerned with the private affairs of citizens, rather than crime.民法是一个国家的一套法律的一部分， 它涉及公民的私事， 而不是犯罪。Lesson Ten The Economic System知识点名称内容经济体系There are three contrasting types of
31、 economic systems. The three basic ways may be described as the traditional system, the administered system and the market system.三种不同的经济体系包括： 传统制度 、 管理制度和市场制度。市场体系In a market system, individual economic units are free to interact with each other in the marketplace.在市场体系中， 个体经济单位可以在市场中自由地相互作用。批发Whol
32、esale is the activity of buying and selling goods in large quantities and therefore at cheaper prices.批发是指以较低的价格大量买卖商品的活动。餐饮业Catering trade is the business of providing food and drink for a large number of people at a public or private party or in other social events.餐饮业是在公共或私人聚会或其他社会活动中为大量人提供食品和饮料的
33、 行业。酒店贸易Hotel trade is the business of managing a hotel, which provides rooms for people to stay in for a short time and also provides meals for them, in return for payment.酒店贸易是管理一 家酒店的业务， 它收取一 定的费用， 然后为人们提供短 期入住的房间， 并为他们提供餐饮。洗衣店Laundry is a firm or-business which washes and irons clothes, sheets a
34、nd towels for people.洗衣店是一种为人们清洗和熨烫衣服 、 床单和毛巾的公司。DIYDIY which is an abbreviation of“ do-it-yourself, is the activity of making or repairing things yourself.DIY 是“do-it-yourself ”的缩写， 是自己制作或修理东西的活动。银行业务Banking is the business or activity of a bank or a banker.银行业务是银行或银行家的业务或活动。公共卫生Public health is th
35、e service providing medical care for the public. 公共卫生是为公众提供医疗保健的服务。Lesson Fourteen The Educational System知识点名称内容小学The first academic institution that a child attends is called a primary school in Britain and an elementary school, a grade school or a grammar school inthe United States.儿童就读的第一所学术机构在英国
36、称为小学， 在美国称为小学、 或文法学 校。上学年龄要求School-age children in Britain go to school when they are five， while children in the United States go to school at the age of six.英国适龄儿童五岁就可以上学， 而美国适龄儿童六岁上学。中国的中学The Chinese counterpart of a British secondary school or an American high school is a middle school, which ca
37、n be divided into a junior middle school and a senior middle school.中国的中学相当于英国的中学或美国的高中， 它可以分为初中和高中。英国和美国的公立学校A state school in the United Kingdom or a public school in the United States is tax-supported and controlled by local officials, in which education is free.英国的公立学校和美国的公立学校都是由当地官员提供税收支持和控制 的，
38、 教育是免费的。日校A day school is a school whose pupils attend only during the day, returning home at night and at weekends.日校是指学生只在白天上学， 晚上和周末回家的学校。寄宿学校A boarding school is usually a private one, where pupils live as well as study during term time. And many boarding schools are single-sex schools. 寄宿学校通常是一
39、所私立学校， 学生在学期期间既生活又学习 。很多寄宿 学校都是单性别学校。英国的公立学校In England, a public school is actually a private fee paying secondary school where children usually live as well as study.在英国， 公立学校实际上是一所私立付费中学， 孩子们通常在那里生活和 学习。女子学院Cheltenham Ladies College, founded in 1853, was the first girls public school.Cheltenham 女子
40、学院创建于 1853 年， 是第一所女子公立学校。核心 学科In a school, children have to study such core subjects as English, mathematics, and science.在学校里， 孩子们必须学习如英语、 数学和科学等核心 学科。高等教育Education in a university or college is called tertiary education or higher education.大学或学院的教育被称为高等教育。常青藤联盟In the United States, a group of eigh
41、t old private northeastern universities is commonly known as the Ivy League ”.在美国， 最著名的是东北部八所老牌私立大学， 俗称“ 常青藤联盟 ”开放大学The Open University is a university in Britain that runs degree courses on the radio and television for students who do not have the proper qualifications and want to study part-time o
42、r mainly at home.开放大学是英国的一所大学， 在电台和电视方面开设学位课程， 面向那些没有合适的资格、 想要兼职或主要在家学习的学生。Lesson Fifteen Mass Media知识点名称内容大众传媒Mass media are carriers of information, which traditionally include television, radio and newspapers.大众传媒是信息的载体， 传统上包括电视 、 广播和报纸。英国广播公司In Britain, there are two main radio and television br
43、oadcasting companies.They are the BBC and ITC.在英国， 有两家主要的广播和电视广播公司， 他们是英国广播公司和独立 电视委员会。The British Broadcasting Corporation does not allow advertising on its radio or television channels.英国广播公司不允许在其广播或电视频道上打广告。美国的电视台In the United States, there is no government-owned television network. Public televi
44、sion stations and commercial television stations coexist.在美国， 没有政府所有的电视网 。 公共电视台和商业电视台共存。In the U.S., public television stations offer a wide variety of high-quality entertainment and information without the annoying interruptions ofcommercials.公共电视台提供各种高质量的娱乐和信息， 而不受广告干扰。报纸A newspaper is a Publicat
45、ion consist of a number of large sheets of folded paper, on which news, articles, advertisements, and other information is printed.报纸是一种由许多大的折叠纸组成的出版物， 上面印刷新闻 、 文章 、 广告 和其他信息。互联网The Internet is among the most far-reaching of recent developments in electronic communications.互联网是电子通信领域最具影响力的最新发展之一。Les
46、son Seventeen Religion知识点名称内容神话学The study or science of these myths is mythology.研究神话中的科学是神话学。神学The study or science of the nature of God and of the foundations and formations of religious beliefs is theology.神学研究或科学研究上帝的本质 、 宗教信仰的基础和构成的是神学。有神论Theism is the belief in the existence of a god or gods.有神论是对一个或多个神存在的信仰。无神论Atheism is