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1、目录Lesson One The English Language1Lesson Two The English-Speaking Countries2Lesson Three The English Names3Lesson Four Society and Family3Lesson Five The Monarchical System4Lesson Seven The Electoral System4Lesson Eight The Governmental System5Lesson Nine The Legal System5Lesson Ten The Economic Sys
2、tem6Lesson Fourteen The Educational System7Lesson Fifteen Mass Media8Lesson Seventeen Religion8Lesson One The English Language节知识点名称主观题名词解释题母语When we say mother tongue we refer it to the language that we learned from our parents when we were children. Mother tongue is in contrast to foreign language
3、. It can also be called native tongue or native language.当我们说母语时， 我们指的是我们小时候从父母那里学来的语 言。母语与外语形成对比。 它也可以被称为母语或母语。官方语言Official language refers to the language that is used in the formal situations such as government law courts, newspapers, TV programmes, broadcasting etc.官方语言是指在政府法庭、 报纸、 电视节目 、 广播等正式场
4、合 使用的语言。作为第二语言的英语教学The course of Teaching English as a Second Language is simply called TESL.作为第二语言的英语教学课程简称为 TESL。联合国教科 文组织UNESCO, which stands for the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.联合国教科文组织， 代表联合国教育 、 科学及文化的组织。翻译题英语的应用The English language is widely used in commer
5、cial and tourist centres, banks, stock exchanges, airports, and hotels in most countries and at international meetings, gatherings and conferences.英语广泛应用于大多数国家的商业和旅游中心 、 银行、 证券交 易所 、 机场和酒店， 以及国际会议、 和集会。英国的殖民 扩张The expansion of English to other countries began in earnest in the 17th century, with the
6、 successful colonization of the eastern seaboard of North America, later spread by colonization both directly from Britain and from the United States.英国向其他国家的扩张始于 17 世纪，随着北美东海岸的成功殖 民，英国的领土随后通过殖民从英国和美国双方开始向外扩张。沟通方式There are two ways of communication, that is, verbal means and non-verbal means. The ve
7、rbal means of communication includes oral form and written form.沟通有两种方式， 即言语性交流手段和非言语性交流手段。 言 语性交流手段包括 口 头形式和书面形式。简答题英式英语和美式英语的区别In what ways does British English differ from American English?1)British English is the English language used in Britain. It consists of many regional kinds of English. Fo
8、r example,people in London, Newcastle, Glasgow and Manchester speak English in different ways.2)American English is the English language used in the United1States. It consists of many regional kinds of English. For example, people in New England, New York City and the South of the United States spea
9、k English in different ways.英式英语是在英国使用的英语 。 它由许多区域的英语组成 。 例 如， 伦敦、 纽卡斯尔、 格拉斯哥和曼彻斯特的人说英语的方式 是不同的。美式英语是在美国使用的英语 。 它由许多区域的英语组成 。 例 如， 新英格兰 、 纽约和美国南部的人说英语的方式是不同的。Lesson Two The English-Speaking Countries节知识点名称主观题名词解释题凯尔特人Celts are people from Scotland, Wales, Ireland and some other areas.凯尔特人来自苏格兰、 威尔士、
10、 爱尔兰和其他一些地区。新大陆The American Continent, including North America, Central America, and South America, is called the New Continent or the New World.美洲大陆， 包括北美、 中美洲和南美洲， 被称为新大陆或新世界。美国北方佬A Yankee also refers to a citizen from the United States, and especially a person born or living in the northern or no
11、rtheastern states of the United States.美国北方佬也指美国公民， 特别是在美国北部或东北部出生或 生活的人。美洲土著The original inhabitants of America were called Native Americans, or American Indians.最初的美洲居民被称为美洲土著， 或美洲印第安人。西方化Westernization refers to bringing to other countries the customs, habits, ideas, behaviours, attitudes and bus
12、iness methods that are typical of Europe and the United States.西方化是指把欧美典型的风俗习惯 、 思想观念、 行为态度和商 业方法带到其他国家，欧盟European Union is an organization of European countries that have joint policies on matters such as trade, agriculture andfinance.欧盟是一个欧洲国家组织， 在贸易 、 农业和金融等问题上有联 合政策。简答题说英语的国 家English-speaking co
13、untries include Britain, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa andseveral Caribbean countries.英语国家包括英国 、 美国、 加拿大 、 澳大利亚 、 新西兰 、 爱尔 兰、 南非和几个加勒比国家。拉丁美洲Why are the countries of South America, Central America and Mexico called Latin America?2Latin America refers to the
14、 countries of South America, Central America and Mexico, because Spanish or Portuguese that was developed from Latin is the official language in these countries. 拉丁美洲是指南美洲、 中美洲和墨西哥的国家， 因为这些国家 的官方语言是从拉丁语发展而来的西班牙语或葡萄牙语。Lesson Three The English Names节知识点名称主观题名词解释题昵称A pet name is a special name that peo
15、ple use to address a close friend or a family member.昵称是人们用来称呼亲密朋友或家庭成员的特殊名称。Lesson Four Society and Family节知识点名称主观题名词解释题代沟Between older and younger people, there exist differences in ideas, feelings, attitudes, behaviours and interests. Such a difference-between two generations is called generation
16、 gap.老年人和年轻人在思想、情感、态度、行为和兴趣上存在差异。 这种两代人之间的差异被称为代沟。翻译题社会变化The Britain and the United States, great changes took place in the 20th century. Among the main social changes during the second half of the 20th century, were a lower birth rate and longer life expectancy.在英国和美国，20 世纪的时候发生了巨大的改变。在二十世纪 后半叶发生的社
17、会变化中， 最主要的是人口更低的出生率和更 长的预期寿命。多元文化和多种族的社会Such English-speaking countries as Britain, America, Canada and Australia are all multi-racial and multi-cultural societies. In these countries, people of many different nationalities and cultures live together.像是英国， 美国， 加拿大和澳大利亚这样的国家都是多元文化 和多种族的社会 。 在这些国家中， 不
18、同国籍和拥有不同文化背 景的人生活在一起。大熔炉America used to be considered as a melting pot of races since its beginning, where people of different nations and races gradually got mixed together.美国从建国之初就被认为是许多种族的大熔炉， 在这里， 来自 不同国家， 不同种族的人逐渐的融合在一起。妇女解放运 动Women s Liberation was the ideal that women should have the same soc
19、ial and economic rights and privileges as men.妇女解放运动是一种女性应该和男性一样享有社会、 经济的权 力和特权的理想。Lesson Five The Monarchical System节知识点名称主观题名词解释题联邦A federal country or a union of states, which consists of a group of states controlled by a central government.联邦是由中央政府控制的一组州组成的联邦国家或州联盟。翻译题君主立宪制 国家The United Kingdom
20、is a constitutional monarchy, with a king or a queen as its nominal Head of State. The king or the queen is a constitutional ruler, whose power is restricted or limited by the constitution.英国是君主立宪制国家， 国王或女王是名义上的国家元首。 国 王或女王是宪法规定的统治者，但是他的权力受到宪法的约束。简答题统而不治The Queen reigns, but does not rule.In Britain
21、, the monarch is either the king or the queen. As his or her absolute power has been reduced, he or she has no real power in hand. The Queen reigns, but does not rule. But today, the Queen is still a symbol of national unity.在英国，君主不是国王就是女王。由于他/她的绝对权力被削弱， 他/她手中没有真正的权力。女王统而不治。但在今天，女王仍 然是国家团结的象征。Lesson
22、 Seven The Electoral System节知识点名称主观题名词解释题选举权Suffrage refers to the right to vote in political elections. 选举权是指在政治选举中投票的权利。影子内阁The largest minority party with the next largest number of seats, becomes the official Opposition. The leader of the Opposition also has a cabinet but since it is not in powe
23、r it is called the“Shadow Cabinet ”.拥有下一个最大席位的少数党成为官方的反对党。 反对派领导 人也有一个内阁， 但由于没有执政， 它被称为“影子内阁 ”。翻译题义务教育In Britain and the United States, parents are required by compulsory school attendance law to see that their children receive full-time education, at school or elsewhere between the age of five and
24、sixteen in Britain and between the age of six and eighteen in the United States.在英国和美国， 根据义务教育法， 在英国父母必须确保他们的 孩子在 5 岁到 16 岁之间、在美国父母必须确保他们的孩子在 6 岁到 18 岁之间接受全日制教育。简答题民主党与共和党的支持者From whom do the Democratic Party and the Republican Party get most of their support in the United States?The Democratic Part
25、y is generally supported by workers, farmers and liberals. The Republican Party gets most of its support from businessmen, professionals and the more conservative voters.4民主党通常得到工人、 农民和自由派人士的支持。 共和党的大 部分支持来自商人 、 专业人士和更保守的选民。Lesson Eight The Governmental System节知识点名称主观题名词解释题国务卿The Secretary of State
26、or the State Secretary is the head of the State Department, that is U. S. government department offoreign affairs.国务卿是国务院的首脑， 即美国政府的外交事务部门的主要负 责人。平民政府Civilian government is prevalent in most countries, where those in power are people who are not serving in the armed forces or in the police force.平民政
27、府在大多数国家都很普遍， 在这些国家， 掌权的是那些 没有在武装部队或警察部队服役的人。翻译题美国政府的 三个部门The Constitution defines three distinct branches of the national government of the United States. They are the legislative branch-the Congress, the executive branch with the President as its chief, and the judicial branch -the courts.宪法定义了美国政府
28、的三个部门。立法部门是国会， 行政部门 由总统作为首脑， 司法部门是法院。简答题英国内阁的 任务The task of British Cabinet：The task of the British Cabinet as a whole is to decide what policy to submit to the Parliament, to carry it out at once when it is agreed by the Parliament, and to see that the government departments function efficiently. I
29、t is also the Cabinets job to watch over the state of national economy.总的来说， 英国内阁的任务是决定向议会提交什么样的政策， 一旦议会通过就立即执行， 并确保政府部门高效运作。 监督国 民经济状况也是内阁的职责。Lesson Nine The Legal System节知识点名称主观题名词解释题司法Justice is the legal system of a country for the purpose ofmaking sure that people obey the laws and that punishm
30、ent is given to those people who violate the laws.司法是一个国家的法律制度， 其目的是确保人们遵守法律， 并 对违反法律的人进行惩罚。欺诈Fraud is the crime of gaining money or other benefits by deceit or trickery.欺诈是通过欺骗或诡计获得金钱或其他利益的犯罪。伪造Forgery is the crime of copying or making money, documents, or paintings, so that they look genuine in or
31、der to deceivepeople.5伪造是为了欺骗人们而复制或制造金钱 、 文件或绘画， 使它们 看起来是真品的犯罪行为。翻译题英国宪法The British Constitution is formed partly by statute, partly by common law, and partly by conventional law.英国宪法由部分的成文法， 部分的普通法和部分的习俗构成。简答题英国宪法How is the British Constitution different from that of most other countries?The Britis
32、h Constitution, unlike that of most other countries,is not set out in any single document. The British Constitution is formed partly by statute, partly by common law, and partly by conventional law. The British Constitution can be altered by Act of Parliament, or by general agreement, and is thus ad
33、aptable to changing political conditions.与大多数其他国家的宪法不同， 英国宪法不是由一份单独的文 件规定的。 英国宪法部分是通过法令形成的， 部分是由普通法 形成的， 部分是由传统的法律形成的。 英国宪法可以通过议会 法案或一般协议加以修改，因此可以适应不断变化的政治条件。Lesson Ten The Economic System节知识点名称主观题名词解释题房地产业务Real-estate business is the business of selling immovable property, such as houses, buildings
34、 and land.房地产业务是出售房屋 、建筑物和土地等不动产的业务。公共关系Public relations refer to the work of forming in the minds of the general public a favourable opinion of an organization.公共关系是指在公众心 目中形成对一个组织产生好感的工作。翻译题百货商场和 超市A department store is a large shop which is divided into a lot of different sections and which sells
35、 many different kinds ofgoods. A supermarket is a large shop which sells all kinds of food and household goods.百货商场是大型商铺， 里面被划分出不同的商品区， 售卖多种 多样的商品 。 而超市是售卖多种多样的食物和日常用品的大型 商铺。公用事业Public utility is a useful service for the public, including water supply, natural gas supply, electricity or power supply
36、, and busservice. It is an important service which is provided for everyone and paid for by everyone.公用事业是为公众提供有用的服务， 包括供水 、 天然气供应 、 电力或电力供应以及公共汽车服务。 这是一项重要的服务， 它 是为每个人提供的， 所以由每个人支付。劳动密集型 产业The labor-intensive industry is characterized with large inputs of labor and capital instead of knowledge.劳动密集
37、型产业的特征是大量投入人力和资金而不是知识。简答题劳动密集型The differences between labor-intensive industry and the。产业和知识 密集型产业knowledge-intensive industry：The labour-intensive industry is characterized with large inputs of labour and capital instead of knowledge. The knowledge intensive industry is also called the technique-in
38、tensive industry, the high-technique industry, or the high-tech industry. It takes modern science and technology as the main factor of production to give impetus to economic development. Unlike the labour-intensive industry, it no longer uses large inputs of labour and capital but requires advanced
39、and sophisticated scientific knowledge, technology and method. Its employers possess higher levels of education and skills, compared with those in the labour intensive industry.劳动密集型产业的特点是投入大量的劳动力和资本， 而不是知 识 。知识密集型产业又称技术密集型产业、 高新技术产业或高 新技术产业 。 它以现代科学技术为主要生产要素， 来推动经济 发展。 与劳动密集型产业不同， 它不再需要大量的劳动力和资 本投入
40、， 而是需要先进而复杂的科学知识、 技术和方法 。 与劳 动密集型行业相比， 知识密集型产业的雇主拥有更高的教育水 平和技能。Lesson Fourteen The Educational System节知识点名称主观题名词解释题教育Education is the teaching or training of people, especially inschools, and colleges to improve their knowledge and develop their skills.教育是对人的教学或培训， 特别是在学校和大学里， 能够提高 他们的知识并且发展他们的技能。常春
41、藤联盟The famous ones are a group of eight old private northeastern universities commonly known as the Ivy League.其中最著名的是东北八所老牌私立大学， 俗称“ 常春藤联盟 ”。开放大学The Open University is a university in Britain that runs degree courses on the radio and television for students who do nothave the proper qualifications
42、and want to study part-time or mainly at home.开放大学是英国的一种大学， 它通过广播和电视为没有适当资 格、 想要兼职或主要在家学习的学生开设学位课程。职业教育Vocational education is connected with the skills people need to do a particular job. Vocational training is aimed at preparing a person for a job.职业教育与人们从事特定工作所需的技能相联系。 职业培训的 目的是使一个人为工作做好准备。翻译题英国的
43、高等 教育In Britain, a small percentage of students go on to higher education. Many of them go to university and study for a bachelor s degree, while others study for a certificate or7diploma at a college of further education.在英国， 只有一 小部分人会继续接受高等教育。 在他们中的大 多数， 是去大学然后考取学士学位， 而其他的人为了获得资格 证书或毕业证书会选择去学院接受高等
44、教育。知识经济In the era of knowledge economy, everybody should form the concept of lifelong education. People should study and renew their knowledge so long as they live.在知识经济的年代， 每个人都应该树立终生学习的理念 。人们 应该活到老学到老。简答题美国公立学校和英国公立学校的区别A public school in the United States is tax supported and controlled by local officials, in which education is free. In England, a public school is actually a private fee paying secondary school where children usually live as well as study. 美国的公立学校是由地方官员提供税收支持并控制的， 教育是 免费的 。 在英国， 公立学校实际上是一种私立