《高三英语总复习专题47.推理判断题——据文推理慎甄选（教师版）---2023届高三英语总复习 （通用版）.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《高三英语总复习专题47.推理判断题——据文推理慎甄选（教师版）---2023届高三英语总复习 （通用版）.docx（19页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、 推理判断题据文推理慎甄选目标导航推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。解答该类型题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时，要据文推理、合情推理，不可脱离原文主观臆断。推理判断能力的考查主要体现在以下几个方面：(1)根据所提供的事实和证据得出结论。(2)对语段的深层含义进行推理判断。(3)对语段的言外之意进行推理判断。(4)对文段的背景进行推理判断。一、题型特点要知晓(一)推理判断题题干常用词一般来说，推理判断题题干中主要包括下面的词语：know about, learn from
2、, infer, imply, suggest, conclude, purpose, attitude, probably, most likely等。(二)推理判断题正确选项特征推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点，正确选项一般具有以下特征：1“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。2选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如only, never, all, absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇，如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can,
3、could, possibly, probably等。(三)推理判断题干扰选项特征1曲解文意：即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别。推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项，看似表达文章的意思，其实是借题发挥，是对原文意思的曲解。2张冠李戴：即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是其他人的观点；题干问的是其他人的观点，选项中却出现了作者的观点。3偷梁换柱：干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变。4无中生有：这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的
4、观点，但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次，这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干。5鱼目混珠：鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中，即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义。6扩缩范围：为了准确、严密地表达文章内容，命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定，有时通过加上almost, all, nearly, more than, normally, usually等词语对文意加以限制。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变，从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法。二、 方法技巧要用好A.根据所提供的事实和证据得出结论1判
5、定信息源的要素题干特征这类题型的常见提问方式是：By mentioning ., the author indicates that _.The story/example in the second paragraph is meant to _.What can we learn from the . study?What is most likely to .?What can we infer about .?The first two paragraphs suggest that _.Which of the following statements does the passag
6、e support?What does the author think of .?How would the author feel about .?What is special about .?2信息源在不同文体中的查找比对方法这类题型类似于细节理解题，需要考生根据题干的关键词定位到文中相关的事实或者作者提供的证据，理解其含义并得出结论。这类题型的提问方式并不固定，在不同的文体中会有不同的体现，但是通常题干中会提到相关的事例、情节等，解题时应根据题干的提示确定答题方向。议论文关注所举事例的段落的主题句，因为作者举例是为了证明观点，所以寻找主题句就是解题关键。说明文关注文中关于说明对象的关
7、键信息，有时候信息不一定在某一段出现，可能出现在不同的段落，需要细心查找，再进行组合，综合考虑得出结论。科技说明文通常是考查对文中某个调查、实验、例子或数据的理解，根据题干中的信息定位到文中相关信息，读懂调查或实验的目的和结果非常关键。记叙文大多会涉及事情的结局、某种情况的原因等，解题的关键是读懂故事情节，理清事情发展态势，关注细节。做这类题目时，容易用自己的理解和观点替代文章的真正含义和作者的观点，或者由文中其他事实和证据得出结论，并非由题干相关的证据所得，因此，解题时一定要认真分析题干信息，着眼文章，准确定位。例1We may think were a culture that gets
8、rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (装置) well after they go out of style. Thats bad news for the environment and our wallets as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do t
9、he same things.32What does the author think of new devices?AThey are environmentfriendly.BThey are no better than the old.CThey cost more to use at home.DThey go out of style quickly.解题示范题干信息What does the author think of：作者态度new devices：新设备文体特点科技说明文：一项研究新旧设备耗能的报告。原文查找Thats bad news for the environme
10、nt and our wallets as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.信息整合做同样的事情旧设备耗能高(consume much more energy)旧设备不利于环境保护(bad news for the environment)旧设备更浪费钱财(our wallets)信息推断上面旧设备的缺点是在和新设备相比较(than the newer ones)得出的结论，故新设备可以克服以上缺点。选项分析A新设备是环保的(They are
11、environmentfriendly)；属于正确信息推断。B新设备并不比旧设备好(They are no better than the old)；属于“无中生有”型错误。C新设备在家中使用的费用更高(They cost more to use at home)；属于“无中生有”型错误。D新设备很快就过时了(They go out of style quickly)；属于“曲解文意”型错误。得出结论由以上信息分析可知，A项正确。2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国甲卷）B篇节选The next step, according to the researchers, is to try
12、 and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.26. What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos?A. How far they are able to see.B. How they track moving objects.C. Whether they are smarter than
13、 monkeys.D. Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.D【解析】推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues, or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections. (根据研究人员的说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使
14、用触觉来选择它们的形状)”可推知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。故选D。B.对语段的深层含义进行推理判断1据题干特点初步断定推理类型对语段的深层含义推断能力的考查常常结合文中的细节进行设问，提问方式主要有：It can be inferred from the text that _.According to ., we can infer that _.From the text we can learn/conclude that _.What can we learn from the last paragraph?这类题干常含有infer, suggest, imp
15、ly, conclude, learn等关键词，干扰项的设置通常是文中直接用于说明细节的信息，无关紧要或片面推出的结论，与文章内容完全相反的结论，或是不合常理、不合逻辑的结论等。考生在做此类题目时，很容易误选说明直接信息的选项或片面结论项，一般是因为未能做出正确推断或未能把握文章深层含义所致。2深层推断5注意(1)严格按照阅读材料中所提供的信息进行推断，切忌掺杂自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。(2)有些选项中的内容是阅读材料的简单重复，而非推断出来的结论。(3)注意文中的虚拟语气和情态动词，这些往往能流露出作者的弦外之音。(4)有时作者只是客观地叙述事实，并未做评论，考生阅读时如
16、果主观地进行推断就容易出错。如文中提到一样东西贵，并不意味着就买不起。(5)某些细节看似在原文中出现过，但与原文不符，或断章取义，或因果倒置等。例Weve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.32What phenomenon is describ
17、ed in the first paragraph?AAddiction to smartphones.BInappropriate behaviours in public places.CAbsence of communication between strangers.DImpatience with slow service.解题示范细研题干定题型由题干可知本题是对文章局部(第一段)进行深层理解的考查。细读语段明大意地点公共场合：电梯中；在银行排队中；飞机上人物专注地盯着自己的手机；苦苦挣扎于令人不自在的沉默中甄别选项定答案细研干扰项A项为原文中的事实，不是推断出的内容。B项，文中提
18、及的这些行为是否“合适”原文中没有提及，属于“无中生有”型错误。D项在原文中没有提及，属于“无中生有”型错误。断定答案该段提到在公共场合中，周围都是人的情况下，人们只是专注地盯着自己的手机，或者苦苦挣扎于令人不自在的沉默中，从中可以推断出文章首段描述了陌生人之间缺少交流的现象。故选择C项。2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国甲卷D篇节选）Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords (口号), and traditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fi
19、tzgerald, the citys official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. “Sydney is confused about itself,” she said. “We cant seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one.
20、 Its a conflict that we arent getting any better at resolving (解决).”On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack culture in this country,” he told me. “What people
21、 forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. Weve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country. Its a pretty hard combination to beat.”He is right
22、, but I cant help wishing they would keep those old ferries.33. What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds?A. He goes to work by boat.B. He looks forward to a new life.C. He pilots catamarans well.D. He is attached to the old ferries.34. What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney?A. It is losing its
23、traditions.B. It should speed up its progress.C. It should expand its population.D. It is becoming more international.35. Which statement will the author probably agree with?A. A city can be young and old at the same time.B. A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.C. Modernity is usually ac
24、hieved at the cost of elegance.D. Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.34A【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Shirley Fitzgerald, the citys official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. (悉尼的官方
25、历史学家Shirley Fitzgerald告诉我，在20世纪70年代奔向现代化的过程中，悉尼把很多它的过去都抛在了一边，包括许多最漂亮的建筑)”可推知，Shirley Fitzgerald认为悉尼匆忙奔向现代化，正在失去它的传统。故选A项。35A【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. (另一方面，
26、同时既年轻又古老也有它的魅力。当我遇到一位深思熟虑的年轻商人Anthony时，我考虑到了这一点)”以及最后一段“He is right (他说得没错)”可推知，作者赞同Anthony的观点，认为一座城市可以同时既年轻又古老。故选A项。C.对语段的言外之意进行推理判断1“言外之意”题的三种提问方式有时作者使用某些字、词、句，不是要表达字面意思，而是有深层意义，即通常所说的“言外之意”。阅读理解常涉及这一类题型，提问方式有：When the writer talks about ., what he/she really means is _.By “.”， the writer suggests
27、 that _.What does the underlined sentence “.” in Paragraph . indicate?“言外之意”常用来表达作者对事情的看法和态度，作者的措辞表达的并不是字面上的意思，想要表达的可能是另外一层、甚至相反的意思。这类题目常用于考查对夹叙夹议类文章的理解。2“言外之意”题的两种题型第一种题型类似于词义猜测题，题干会明确指出文中的某句话或某段文字，问作者通过这些语句想表达什么。这种题型一定要关注这部分的上下文，根据上下文理解其含义。第二种题型常常是考查作者对某个事件的态度和想法，这种题型一定要关注作者叙述时的口吻。有时作者描述自己某种并不愉快但又
28、搞笑的经历来娱乐读者，是一种自嘲；有时作者以貌似调侃的口吻描述对某种社会现象进行抨击；有时作者描述某个或几个事件表达自己的情感，可能是不满、讽刺或感激等。这两种题型，解题的关键都是要把握文章主旨，正确选项一定是与文章主旨紧密相关的。例1 I began reading words when I was eight months old. By the time I was two, I had read Charlottes Web. My parents thought it was odd, but because I didnt have any siblings for them to
29、 compare me with, they didnt realize just how odd.2 At preschool in Northport, New York, I quickly overtook everyone. At seven, I was going into high school for my classes but still doing all my social activities with kids my age. But when I was nine, the public school administration said that I had
30、 to go to high school fulltime with 16yearolds. I didnt want to, because some kids there were always teasing me. It was pretty horrible when they called me a knowitall and tried to grab my homework.3 My parents tried to find me another school but, in the end, because I was so advanced, the only plac
31、e that was on the same level as me was State University of New York at Stony Brook.4 The admissions people said that if I thought I could manage I could have a place, as long as my mother accompanied me to classes.5 So, aged 10, I started an undergraduate degree in applied mathematics. I was frighte
32、ned on my first day, but I was also excited that I was going to attend my first real physics class. Most of the teachers were nice but one or two didnt like me. One professor said that just because I did as well as the other male students, it didnt mean I was as good as them. But the students were s
33、upportive and my parents always made sure that I had a group of friends of my own age; they didnt want me to be a social misfit.6 I graduated summa cum laude (with the highest honor) when I was 14 the youngest student ever to do so in the US.7 I was a perfectionist; I dont think I would have settled
34、 for less than that. I went on to Drexel University and, at 17, I was awarded a Masters and continued to study for a PhD.8 But_that_was_when_I_grew_disillusioned_with_the_science_world. I saw bad conduct and realised that some professors werent motivated by a love of science. I fell out with the adv
35、iser who was supervising my PhD. I charged Drexel University in a civil lawsuit and the case has now gone into private, binding arbitration (仲裁)9 I believe my adviser applied for grants and patents using my ideas, and took credit for them. He denies this and has accused me of stealing his work. Even
36、 though the university has cleared me of plagiarism (剽窃) it has still refused to award me my PhD.10 At the time I was fully expecting to receive my PhD, I applied for a post teaching advanced technology fusion at Konkuk University in Seoul. When I was appointed, I was just under 19, so I made it int
37、o Guinness World Records.11 In South Korea, I was treated as a minor celebrity. People stared at me wherever I went on campus, and I was asked to give inspirational talks to teenagers. But I didnt renew my contract: Id had a great year, but I wanted to come home.12 I still dont have my PhD and I am
38、angry and disappointed about that. I worked so hard all my life and my research ended up going nowhere.13 Theres always hope, but the experience at Drexel has derailed me. If a university gave me a place to complete my studies, I would take it. But I am someone who is suing her former university, so
39、 a lot of colleges are afraid to touch me.14 For now, Im enrolled in law school and training to be a lawyer. I want to combine legal and science knowledge so that I can protect peoples research rights.15 Its strange being back at school: Im 21 years old and for the first time in my life, Im the same
40、 age as the other students.1The underlined sentence “But that was when I grew disillusioned with the science world.” suggests that the author _.Afelt disappointed with what some scientists doBgrew old enough to be a scientistCwas treated as a real scientistDbecame motivated by a love of science解题示范细
41、研题干定题型由题干可知，该题属于第一种题型，类似词义猜测题。通读全文定基调细读出处推答案读画线部分的上下文，尤其是下文中“I saw bad conduct .binding arbitration (仲裁)”提到她发现学校里不好的做法，意识到有些教授不是出于对科学的热爱，所以感到失望，故选A项。2How does the writer feel when she was writing this passage?AProud and frustrated.BExcited and angry.CCalm and satisfied.DExcited and disappointed.解题示范
42、细研题干定题型由题干可知，该题属于第二种题型，需要通过作者的描述和措词来推断作者态度。关注细节1.关注几个年龄段2.关注第六段“highest”和“youngest”再次凸显自豪之情3.关注第八段中作者的挫折开始失望4.关注第十二段中作者因未拿到博士学位而“angry”和“disappointed”遭遇不顺利5.关注第十五段用词，“21岁”又和“同龄人”一起学法律无奈挫败感确定答案由以上可看出作者在字里行间对自己天赋的一种肯定和自豪，同时也有着一连串的挫折和无奈，故选A项。2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国乙卷）B篇节选They moved in with a local famil
43、y, the Harrisons, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning. Some mornings, Rosamond and Dorothy would arrive at the schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold. In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice. 2
44、5. What can we learn about the girls from paragraph 3?A. They enjoyed much respect.B. They had a room with a bathtub.C. They lived with the local kids.D. They suffered severe hardships.D【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段“They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and like them, had little privacy, rare baths, a
45、nd a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning.(他们和一个当地家庭，哈里森一家一起搬进去，和他们一样，几乎没有隐私，很少洗澡，早上醒来时被子上覆盖着一层雪。)”以及“In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice.(在春天，雪被泥替代覆盖在冰上。)”可知，女孩们的生活条件非常艰苦，她们饱受磨难。故选D项。In Wickendens book, she expanded on the history of the West and also on femi
46、nism, which of course influenced the girls decision to go to Elkhead. A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed (牵涉) drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms. The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothys return to Auburn.27. What is the text?A. A new
47、s report.B. A book review.C. A childrens story.D. A diary entry.B【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothys return to Auburn.(这本书以Rosamond和Dorothy回到奥本结束。)”以及最后一段“Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the land and the stoicism of the people move her to some beautiful writing.( Wickenden是个很好的讲故事的人。大地的辽阔和人们的坚忍使她创作出了一些美丽的作品。)”可知，本文简要介绍了Wickenden的书籍内容，并对其进行了评价，所以文本是一篇书评。故选B项。D对文段的背景进行推理判断1三种提问方式文章的写作背景是指所描述的事件发生的背景等，如文章的出处、事件发生的特定环境或原因等。这类题目要求能根据文中关