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1、1. Advertising10Positives of Advertising10Negatives of Advertising10Opinions about Advertising102. Animal rights11Arguments for Animal testing11Arguments against Animal Testing11Arguments for Vegetarianism11Arguments against Vegetarianism11Positives of Zoos12Negatives of Zoos123. Cities12Reasons for
2、 Urbanization12Negatives of City Life13Pedestrian Areas134. Crime13Police and Crime Prevention13Punishments/Prisons14Negatives of Prisons14Rehabilitation14Capital punishment14Against Capital Punishment1551 / 51Community service15Against community service15Crime in the Media155. Education16Benefits o
3、f education16Benefits of Studying Abroad16Drawback of studying abroad16Technology in Education: Advantages17Technology in Education: Disadvantages17Technology in Education: Opinion17Education in Developing countries: Problems18Education in developing countries: solutions18Higher education: Advantage
4、s (also see “benefits of education”)18Higher education: Disadvantages19Advantage of Home-schooling19 Disadvantages of home-schooling19Bad behavior in schools: causes20Bad behavior in schools: solutions20Corporal Punishment: Opinion21Single Sex Education: Advantages21Single-sex Education: Disadvantag
5、es21Advantages of Streaming (grouping children according to ability)21Disadvantages of Streaming226. Environment22Global warming22Effects of Global Warming22Impacts of humans on the environment23Solutions to environment problems23Waste/rubbish23Litter24Recycling and other solutions24Nuclear Power: P
6、ositives24Nuclear Power: negatives257. Family25Family size25Working parents (also see “gender” topic)25Negative effects on Children26Divorce26Care for Old people26Care for Old people: Opinion278. Gender27Gender and education27Gender and work27Womens and Mens roles in the Family279. Genetic Engineeri
7、ng28Positives of genetic engineering28Negatives of genetic engineering28Genetically-Modified (GM) foods: Advantages28Genetically-Modified (GM) Foods: Disadvantages2910. Global issues29Problems in developing countries29How to help developing countries29Immigration29Positives of immigration and Multi-
8、cultural societies30Negatives of Immigration30Opinions about Immigration30Positives of Globalization30Negatives of Globalization31 The future of Globalization3111. Government and Society31What governments can do31Public services31Censorship: Opinion32Video cameras in public places32Smart cards: Posi
9、tives32Smart cards: Negatives33People with Disabilities3312. Guns and Weapons33Why guns should be legal33Why gun ownership should be illegal33Why polices should use guns33Why police should not carry guns34Arm Trade: Positives34Arms Trade: Negatives34Nuclear weapons34Nuclear weapons: Opinion34Armed F
10、orces: Positives35Armed forces: negatives3513. Health35Diet35Exercise35Governments Role36State Health system: advantages36Private Healthcare: advantages36Alternative medicine: Positives36Alternative medicine: Negatives37Stress37How to reduce stress3714. Housing and Architecture37State/council housin
11、g37Old Buildings37Modern/green buildings3815. Language38English as an international language38Negative of English as an International Language3816. Money39Money and Society39Positives of Consumerism39Negatives of Consumerism3917. Personality39Happiness39Success40Nature or Nurture4018. Sport and Leis
12、ure40Arguments against Professional/competitive sport40Arguments for Professional sport41Arguments for Competitive sport41Opinion: professional sport salaries are too high41Opinion: professional sport salaries are fair42Sports and Politics4219. Television, Internet, Phones42Positives of television42
13、Negatives of Television42Opinions about Television43Positives of the Internet43Negatives of the internet43Internet compared to newspaper and books44Positives of Mobile Phones44Negatives of Mobile Phones44Opinion about Mobile Phones4420. Tourism45Positives of Tourism45Negative effects of tourism45The
14、 future of tourism4521. Traditional vs Modern46Losing traditional skills46Examples46Traditional customs4622. Transport46Traffic problems46Traffic solutions47Positives of Public transport47Negatives of public transport47Road safety4723. Water48Importance of clean water48Water supply48Water and politi
15、cs48Argument: water should be free48Argument: water should not be free49Bottled Water: Opinions4924. Work49The benefits of staying in the same job for life49The benefits of not staying in the same job50Self-employment50Unemployment50Unemployment benefits: positives50Unemployment benefits: negatives5
16、1Work/Life Balance51Technology and work51Child labour511. AdvertisingPositives of AdvertisingAdvertising is a key part of modern business Companies need to tell customers about their products Advertisements inform us about the choices we haveAdvertising is a creative industry that employs many peopl
17、e Without advertising we would have less choiceWithout advertising there would be higher unemployment Advertising is a form of modern artPeople enjoy advertsNegatives of AdvertisingAdvertising manipulates peopleIt aims to persuade people that buying a product will make them happier Advertisers focus
18、 on selling a brand imageThey use glamorous, successful people We now live in a consumer cultureWe are persuaded to follow the latest trendWe are encouraged to associate certain brands with a higher status Advertisers often aim their marketing at childrenChildren can easily be influenced by advertis
19、ements. Children put pressure on parents to buy them thingsOpinions about AdvertisingAdvertising should be regulatedAdvertising aimed at children should be controlled or even banned Unhealthy foods should not be marketed in a way that attracts children Products that can be risk to healthy should dis
20、play warningsIn some countries it is illegal to advertise cigarettes on television Warnings must be displayed on cigarette packetsHowever, advertising is necessary in free market economies It creates demand for productsGovernments should only censor false information or products that are harmful2. A
21、nimal rightsArguments for Animal testingAnimals are used in important scientific research It is necessary to do medical tests on new drugsAnimal testing helps to advance medical and scientific knowledgeMany important medical discoveries involved experimentation on animals Researchers aim to minimize
22、 the suffering that animals experience Testing for the cosmetics industry is now banned in many countrieArguments against Animal TestingThe benefits of research using animals do not justify the suffering caused There are alternative methods of researchThe lives of animals should be respectedHumans h
23、ave no moral right to do experiments on animalsArguments for VegetarianismVegetarians do not eat foods that are produced by killing animals Many people choose a vegetarian diet for moral or health reasons A healthy diet is possible without eating meatIt is unnecessary to kill animal for foodA vegeta
24、rian diet may reduce the risk of disease like cancer Many people question the treatment of animals in factory farmsArguments against VegetarianismVegetarians do not eat a balanced dietIn many cultures, meat is the main ingredient in traditional meals Meat-eaters argue that animals are below humans i
25、n the food chainIt is completely natural for us to kill them for foodOur aim should be improve farming methods Farms should produce organic foodPositives of ZoosZoos paly an important role in wildlife conservation They can help to protect endangered speciesZoos allow scientists to study animals and
26、their behavior Zoos are educational, interesting and funChildren, in particular, enjoy learning about animals Zoos provide job opportunities.Negatives of ZoosZoo animals are kept in artificial environments They are kept in cages or have limited space Zoo animals rely on humansThey lose the freedom t
27、o hunt for foodThey best way to save endangered species is by protecting natural habitats. Some people believe that zoos are unethicalZoos exhibits animals with the aim of making moneyWe have no right to use animals for entertainment and profit.3. CitiesReasons for UrbanizationPeople move to cities
28、in search of job opportunitiesCities offer greater employment possibilities and a higher standard of living People migrate to cities from the countrysideTraditional activities like farming need fewer workers nowadaysNegatives of City LifeLife in cities has its drawbacksThe cost of living is higher t
29、han in rural areas Some people d not manage to find work Housing is usually much more expensiveHomelessness and poverty are common on cities There is a gap between rich and poorLife in cities can be extremely stressfulThere are problems like traffic congestion and crime Cities lack a sense of commun
30、ityPeople do not even know their neighborCities are sometimes described as “concrete jungles”.Pedestrian AreasPedestrian zones in city centre can improve the local environment Banning cars encourages people to walk or cycleMany European cities have built bicycle lanesDependence on cars is linked to
31、health problems like obesity People who walk or cycle regularly are generally healthierPedestrian areas are safer and more attractive for both residents and tourists4. CrimePolice and Crime PreventionThe job of the polices is to catch criminalsThey must also prevent crime and make communities saferT
32、here should be an increase in the number of police officers on the streets Police officers should be seen as part of the communityThey should be involved with education and prevention The police should be in close contact with schoolsThey should focus on young people who have dropped out of school.
33、These teenagers may become involved with gangsPunishments/PrisonsFines are used as punishment for minor crimesIf the crime is more serious, prison is the most common punishment Some criminals pose a threat to societyThey are put in prison to ensure the safety of other citizensNegatives of PrisonsCri
34、minals are put togetherThey make friends with other offendersMany prisoners re-offend when they are released A criminal record makes finding a job more difficultRehabilitationAnother aim of prisons is rehabilitationPrisoners receive education of vocational training Prisoners should learn personal sk
35、ills and specific job skills Punishment could make prisoners behavior worse Rehabilitation aims to make them better citizens Rehabilitated prisoners are less likely to re-offendCapital punishmentSupporters say that capital punishment deters crimeFear of the death penalty stops people from committing
36、 offences The death penalty shows that crime is not toleratedIt is a form of revengeThe cost of imprisonment is avoidedThe offender cannot pose a threat to othersAgainst Capital PunishmentInnocent people could be wrongly convicted and executed Crime rates are not necessarily reducedMany criminals do
37、 not think they will be caught Capital punishment is not a good deterrentExecuting prisoners creates a violent culture and encourages revenge We have no right to take another human lifeCommunity serviceCommunity service is a way to reform offenders It could be a solution to prison overcrowdingIt avo
38、ids the cost of imprisonmentIt makes offenders useful in their local communitiesThey are required to clean streets or talk to school groups Offenders repay their communityThey avoid the negative influence that prison can haveAgainst community serviceCommunity service is not a sufficient punishment C
39、riminals should be locked up, away from their victimsCrime in the MediaCrime is one of the main subjects of most news programs.The mass media focus on violent and sensational crimes This lead to fear of crime among the publicSensational stories attract more viewers or readersThe media report crime s
40、tories in order to increase their audience5. EducationBenefits of educationEducation gives people knowledge and skills People with qualification are more likely to find work They can earn a higher salaryThey can contribute positively to societySchools aim to teach young people moral values such as t
41、olerance and sharing Schools prepare children to be members of a societyBenefits of Studying AbroadForeign institutions may offer better coursesMany students want to attend a prestigious universityThe best universities employ teachers who are experts in their fields Qualifications gained abroad can
42、open the door to better job opportunities Living abroad can broaden students horizonsOverseas students are exposed to different cultures and customs. They become more independentThey are responsible for cooking, cleaning and paying bills They will learn a foreign languageDrawback of studying abroadL
43、iving and studying abroad can be difficultStudents have problems with paperwork such as visa applications The language barrier can be a problemStudents have to find accommodation and pay bills Studying in a foreign language is challengingLiving alone in an unfamiliar culture can cause homesicknessTe
44、chnology in Education: AdvantagesTechnology is a powerful tool to engage students Technology can make lessons much more interesting Students can do research using online resources Students can study at their own placeAdults can take distance learning coursesStudents can study whenever and wherever t
45、hey want Students also learn skills which are useful for their future jobs For example, they learn to write reports using a word processorTechnology in Education: DisadvantagesPeople rely too much on computersYoung learners do not become proficient in some basic skills They use word processors and s
46、pelling may sufferPeople should be able to write a letter by hand Technology is no substitute for a real teacher Learners need a structured courseAn experienced teacher knows what materials to choose Computers are expensive to maintain and can be unreliableTechnology in Education: OpinionInstitutions should supplement traditional teaching with the use of technologyTechnology is part of everyday life It can enhance a teachers lessonsStudents can use online resources to help with homework Students must still learn to write by handThey should still use traditional s