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1、概要写作示例与写作训练2【写作示例】【原文呈现】阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Three miles is quick by car, but when those three miles consist of an old wooden fence on a cattle farm that requires a fresh coat of paint, its not as short of a distance. For the final week of summer heading into my sophomore year of college, paint
2、ing this fence nearly wiped my existence. Luckily, I wasnt alone in this task; I had the help of Rob, the farm manager. When two people are stuck under the relentless August sun for ten hours a day, there isnt much to do to help pass the time. It was in this moment that I truly learned to value the
3、art of conversation.Standing in front of this dilapidated(荒废的) fence was the last place on Earth I wanted to be. And spending over 50 hours with Rob with nothing to keep your mind busy but a mindless, tedious task, all we had for amusement was conversation-No phone, no music, only your thoughts and
4、a little tte-tte(促膝长谈).It started out simple, talks about the weather, sports, and the alike. As the week progressed, so did our topics of discussion. From family and funny childhood stories to our hobbies and career goals, we began to learn more about each other. I knew Rob for years, but after thi
5、s job, I felt I knew him on a different level. Ive spent plenty of time with people whether it was going to sporting events, movies, or concerts, but never had I spent so much time with one person with absolutely nothing to break the silence. It was uncomfortable at first, but by the time the final
6、bucket of paint was emptied, I felt like I had made a new friend.Sometimes we get caught up in trying to keep ourselves busy, entertained, or from getting bored. So seldom do we realize that there is a deeper connection you get with people when all youre doing is talking, for life is a conversation-
7、 Every song you hear, TV show you watch, or work of art you observe, at the simplest level, someone is just trying to communicate with you. 【思维路径】核心内容 本文是一篇夹叙夹议的文章，全文共四段。第一段主要介绍了事情起因，即作者在大学二年级即将开学之前，要去和Rod一起粉刷一条长三英里的栅栏。第二段讲述了除了与Rod交谈之外的工作中的乏味之处。第三段讲述了作者在粉刷栅栏的过程中，与Rod交谈之后的感受。第四段是作者的评论，并点明了文章的主题，即生活就是
8、对话的过程。写作思路(1)理清文章的层次。本文有四段话，前三段叙述了作者的一次与Rob一起劳动的经过，第四段总结了自己的感受。根据这一写作顺序，我们可以先确立缩写部分的组织结构，即需要表述事实并同时说明作者的感受。(2)把握叙述的特点。作者用了三段话来叙述自己的经历。第一段话是交代自己在工作之前的想法，第二段为过程性的一段话，叙述了工作的乏味之处，第三段则叙述了在工作过程中作者是如何与Rob一起克服工作的单调性的。作者的这一叙述方式能够给我们提供一条线索，即“工作之前的想法-工作之中的感受1-工作之中的发现-工作之中的感受2-工作之后的总结”。(3)提炼文章的主题。 本文是夹叙夹议类的文章，其
9、写作方法是“先叙后议”，所以在阅读的过程中，我们需要先分清哪些是叙事，哪些是在讲道理。根据文章的写作特征，我们可以发现作者在第四段中表达了文章的主题，即“生活就是对话”(Life is a conversation)。(4)确立缩写的结构。由于本文“先叙后议”，所以在缩写的时候，我们也要确定一定的写作顺序与文本结构。文章第一段强调“Painting this fence nearly wiped my existence”(要点1)；第二段进一步阐述工作的乏味之处，即“All we had for amusement was conversation”(要点2)；第三段则交代了作者与Rob谈话
10、的内容及感受，即“As the week progressed, so did our topics of discussion”(要点3)，以及“By the time the final bucket of paint was emptied, I felt like I had made friends with one person with whom I once nearly had absolutely nothing to break the silence(要点4)；第四段则表明了作者的写作主题，即“There is a deeper connection you get w
11、ith people when all youre doing is talking, for life is a conversation”(要点5)。在抓住各部分的中心后，我们就要确立各个要点的表述顺利，以理清它们之间的关系。参考范文 Before my sophomore year of college, I went to paint a three-mile fence with Rob, with whom I once nearly had nothing to break the silence(要点4), which nearly wiped my existence.(要点
12、1)That was because all we had for amusement was conversation.(要点2)However, as our topics of discussion progressed,(要点3), I felt like I had made a new friend.(要点4)Finally, I realized that there is a deeper connection you get with people when all youre doing is talking, for life is a conversation.(要点5
13、)(78 words)范文解析 范文把要点1与要点4的一部分进行整合，保持了叙事的连续性，即“时间-地点-人物-经过”这样一个连贯的表达，从而使行文更加流畅。范文用“that was because”把要点2与第一句话进行衔接，这种表述显得非常自然、流畅。范文把要点3与要点4的另外一部分进行了整合，同时也对要点3进行了压缩，这样处理也符合事情发展的顺序；此外“however”一词也使范文第三句与前半部分实现了表述的衔接。范文最后一句是结合要点5对整个事情进行点题，其中用“finally”实现了意义的连贯性。提炼归纳 1、准确把握叙事的方式。在缩写的时候，要对叙事部分进行有效的整合和取舍，保留中
14、心部分。例如，范文中的前两句话就实现了对原文前半部分的压缩。同时，在保持原文的中心不变的情况下，也要适当的调整文章的叙述的结构。例如，缩写部分的开头就不是采用原文的开头，而是从原文叙述中的某个部分开始的。2、 恰当进行要点的重组。“重组”策略是缩写过程中必须使用的策略。由于篇幅有限，所以缩写不可能完全按照原文的顺序展开，因而重组就显得尤为重要。例如，范文中的第一与第三句就实现了对要点的重组。3、实现表述的有效衔接。语义连贯性始终是缩写的核心之一。在缩写的过程中，要实现语义的连贯，我们就必须使用一些衔接手段。例如，范围中的before, which, however, finally以及that
15、 is because等都是有效的衔接方式。语义连贯在叙事的过程中显得更为重要，特别是对事件发展的各个细节的准确把握，这在一定程度上将决定缩写某件事情的成败。【写作演练】1.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。Sugars are popular in the processed food industry because they add taste, colour and thickness to food products. The studies have shown that sugars can provide a source of energy. The b
16、ody breaks down the sugar into simple forms that can be readily used in the body. But too much sugar can contribute to health problems like obesity and tooth disease.Having too much sugar is not the only reason for obesity or being overweight，but it does add to the amount of kilojoules in food. Eati
17、ng too much of any food, without doing enough exercise,will cause you to become overweight.Governments in the United States and United Kingdom are waging a war on sugar in the interests of public health. Both countries claim that the overconsumption of sugar by much of the population is harmful to p
18、eoples health. On Thursday，the U.S government issued new dietary guidelines that strongly recommend people receive less than 10 per cent of their daily calorie intake from added sugar. On the same day，British Prime Minister David Cameron said he has not ruled out the idea of a tax on sugar to encour
19、age consumers to buy food with reduced levels of the sweet. Politicians in the U.K. are debating how a reduction in the intake of sugar could help reduce Britains rising rates of obesity.The American and British governments both refer to a study conducted in Mexico that showed a tax on sugary，carbon
20、ated drinks led to a reduction in consumption. The tax was carried out on January 1，2014 and purchases of the taxed drinks went down by 12 per cent by December of that year. Sales of mineral water increased by 4 per cent over the same period. An alternative(可替代物) to taxing sugared drinks is to reduc
21、e the level of sugar in them. Researchers at Queen Mary University in London say that reducing the sugar content in sugarsweetened drinks by 40 percent over five years could prevent one million cases of obesity in the U.K. Researchers say people might not even notice the changes. 2.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60
22、词左右的内容概要。“Did you hear what happened to Adam Last Friday?” Lindsey whispers to Tori. With her eyes shining, Tori brags, “You bet I did, Sean told me two days ago.” Who are Lindsey and Tori talking about? It just happened to be yours truly, Adam Freedman. I can tell you that what they are saying is (
23、a) not nice and (b) not even true. Still, Lindsey and Tori arent very different from most students here at Linton High School, including me. Many of our conversations are gossip.An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about. Usually, gossip spreads informat
24、ion about a topicbreakups, trouble at home, even dropping outthat a person would rather keep secret. The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is, the juicier the gossip it makes. Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie. People often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies ca
25、n cause pain.If we know that gossip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it? The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us. Sharing the latest rumor (传言) can make a person feel important because he or she knows something that others dont. Similarly, hearing the la
26、test rumor can make a person feel like part of the “in group.”Gossip also can have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspoken rules about how people should act. Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group. Translated into high school terms, this
27、means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or what Jane said, then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention. This pressure will certainly force you to pay special attention to your own words and deeds. The d
28、os and donts conveyed through gossip will never show up in any student handbook.The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation. The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your “juicy story” might have. 3.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的
29、内容概要。Before the 1830s, most newspapers were sold through yearly subscriptions(订阅) in America, usually $ 8 to $ 10 a year. Today $ 8 or $ 10 seems a small amount of money, but at that time the amounts were unaffordable to most citizens. Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people in
30、politics or the trades. In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a large audience. They were dull and visually unpleasant. But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that.The trend, then, was toward the “penny paper”-a term referring to papers
31、made widely available to the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.This development did not take place overnight. It had been possible(but not easy) to buy single copies of newspapers before 1830,
32、but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printers office to buy a copy. Street sales were almost unknown. However, within a few years street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities. At first the price of single copy was seldom a penny -usually two or three cents was
33、 charged - and some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents. But the phrase “penny paper” caught the publics fancy soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.This new trend of newspapers for “the man on the street” did not begin well. Some of the early ventures
34、(企业)were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, people who were owners of successful papers, had little desire to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling. 4.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Many Chinese students have studied English for appro
35、ximately ten years, but most of them cannot even speak English correctly or fluently. In my opinion, there are several obstacles that have caused this to happen. The main obstacle is fear! Another is the habit of mentally translating from Chinese to English and then to change these thoughts into spo
36、ken words and sentences. Many of these difficulties are caused by the way Chinese people study and learn the language.We must learn to speak as a child does. When we are learning a second language, we need to remember how we learned our native language. Learning to understand and speak a language is
37、 one of the first skills a child develops. How does a child learn the language? He listens for a time and then he tries to repeat the words. Parents give great praise for the smallest effort and slightest improvement. Therefore, the child develops courage and is excited about learning. It takes a lo
38、ng time before he knows anything about grammar, spelling or formal sentence structures.As for language teachers, they should avoid criticism and be very encouraging and generous with praise. Criticism or pointing out faults too often causes students to lose self-confidence and develop a fear of spea
39、king. The best way to motivate a student is using praise.The most important aspect of speaking is having good self-esteem. Self-esteem is how you feel about yourself. When most Chinese people are asked how their English is, or they are told their English is very good, they immediately respond by say
40、ing, Oh my English is very poor. If you say this to yourself often enough, you will believe it. When someone compliments(称赞) you, just say “thank you”._5.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。A new study warns that about thirty percent of the worlds people may not have enough water by the year 2025. A private A
41、merican organization called Population Action International (PAI) did the new study. It says more than 335 million people lack enough water now. The people live in 28 countries. Most of the countries are in Africa or the Middle East. PAI researcher Robert Engelman says by the year 2025, about 3,000
42、million people may lack water. At least 18 more countries are expected to have severe water problems. The demand for water keeps increasing. Yet the amount of water on the Earth stays the same. Mr Engelman says the population in countries that lack water is growing faster than in other parts of the
43、world. He says population growth in these countries will continue to increase. The report says lack of water in the future may result in several problems. It may increase health problems. Lack of water often means drinking water is not safe. Mr Engelman says there are problems all over the world bec
44、ause of diseases, such as cholera which are carried in water. Lack of water may also result in more international conflict. Countries may have to compete for water in the future. Some countries now get sixty percent of their fresh water from other countries. And the report says lack of water would a
45、ffect the ability to improve their economies. This is because new industries often need large amounts of water when they are beginning. The Population Action International study gives several solutions to the water problem. One way, it says, is to find ways to use water for more than one purpose. Another way is to teach people to be car