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1、第二章产品成本计算Exercises2-1 (指教材上的第2 章练习第1题，下同)1.Part#72 A Part#172CSteel*$12.00$18.00Setup cost*6.00 6.00Total$18.00$24.00*($1.00?12;$1.00?18)*($60,000/10,000)Steel cost is assigned by calculating a cost per ounce and then multiplying this by the ouncesused by each part:Cost per ounce=$3,000,000/3,000,00
2、0 ounces=$1.00 per ounceSetup cost is assigned by calculating the cost per setup and then dividing this by the numberof units in each batch(there are 20 setups per year):Cost per setup=$1,200,000/20=$60,0002.The cost of steel is assigned through the driver tracing using the number of ounces of steel
3、,and the cost of the setups is assigned through driver tracing also using number of setups as thedriver.3.The assumption underlying number of setups as the driver is that each part uses an equalamount of setup time.Since Part#72A uses double the setup time of Part#172C,it makes sense toassign setup
4、costs based on setup time instead of number of setups.This illustrates the importanceof identifying drivers that reflect the true underlying consumption pattern.Using setup hours(40?10)+(20?10),we get the following rate per hour:Cost per setup hour=$1,200,000/600=$2,000 per hourThe cost per unit is
5、obtained by dividing each parts total setup costs by the number of units:Part#72A=($2,000?400)/100,000=$8.00Part#172C=($2,000?200)/100,000=$4.00Thus,Part#72A has its unit cost increased by$2.00,while Part#172C has its unit costdecreased by$2.00.problems2-51.Nursing hours required per year:4?24 hours
6、?364 days*=34,944*Note:364 days=7 days?52 weeksNumber of nurses=34,944 hrs./2,000 hrs.per nurse=17.472Annual nursing cost=(17?$45,000)+$22,500=$787,500Cost per patient day=$787,500/10,000 days=$78.75 per day(for either type of patient)2.Nursing hours act as the driver.If intensive care uses half of
7、the hours and normal care theother half,then 50 percent of the cost is assigned to each patient category.Thus,the cost perpatient day by patient category is as follows:Intensive care=$393,750*/2,000 days=$196.88 per dayNormal care=$393,750/8,000 days=$49.22 per day*$525,000/2=$262,500The cost assign
8、ment reflects the actual usage of the nursing resource and,thus,should bemore accurate.Patient days would be accurate only if intensive care patients used the samenursing hours per day as normal care patients.3.The salary of the nurse assigned only to intensive care is a directly traceable cost.To a
9、ssignthe other nursing costs,the hours of additional usage would need to be measured.Thus,bothdirect tracing and driver tracing would be used to assign nursing costs for this new setting.2-61.Bella Obra CompanyStatement of Cost of Services SoldFor the Year Ended June 30,2006Direct materials:Beginnin
10、g inventoryAdd:PurchasesMaterials available$300,000600,000$900,000Less:Ending inventoryDirect materials used$Direct labor 12,000,000Overhead 1,500,000Total service costs added450,000*450,000Add:Beginning work in processTotal production costsLess:Ending work in processCost of services sold$13,950,000
11、900,00014,850,0001,500,00013,350,000*Materials available less materials used2.The dominant cost is direct labor(presumably the salaries of the 100 professionals).Althoughlabor is the major cost of providing many services,it is not always the case.For example,thedominant cost for some medical service
12、s may be overhead(e.g.,CAT scans).In some services,thedominant cost may be materials(e.g.,funeral services).3.Bella Obra CompanyIncome StatementFor the Year Ended June 30,2006Sales$21,000,000Cost of services sold 13,350,000Gross margin$7,650,000Less operating expenses:Selling expenses$Administrative
13、 expensesIncome before income taxes900,000750,000 1,650,000$6,000,0004.Services have four attributes that are not possessed by tangible products:(1)intangibility,(2)perishability,(3)inseparability,and(4)heterogeneity.Intangibility means that the buyers ofservices cannot see,feel,hear,or taste a serv
14、ice before it is bought.Perishability means thatservices cannot be stored.This property affects the computation in Requirement 1.Inability tostore services means that there will never be any finished goods inventories,thus making the costof services produced equivalent to cost of services sold.Insep
15、arability simply means thatproviders and buyers of services must be in direct contact for an exchange to take place.Heterogeneity refers to the greater chance for variation in the performance of services than in theproduction of tangible products.2-71.Direct materials:Magazine(5,000?$0.40)$2,000Broc
16、hure(10,000?$0.08)800$2,800Direct labor:Magazine(5,000/20)?$10$2,500Brochure(10,000/100)?$10 1,000 3,500Manufacturing overhead:Rent$1,400Depreciation($40,000/20,000)?350*700Setups 600Insurance 140Power 350 3,190Cost of goods manufactured$9,490*Production is 20 units per printing hour for magazines a
17、nd 100 units per printing hour forbrochures,yielding monthly machine hours of 350(5,000/20)+(10,000/100).This is alsomonthly labor hours,as machine labor only operates the presses.2.Direct materials$2,800Direct labor 3,500Total prime costs$6,300Magazine:Direct materials$2,000Direct labor 2,500Total
18、prime costs$4,500Brochure:Direct materials$800Direct labor 1,000Total prime costs$1,800Direct tracing was used to assign prime costs to the two products.3.Total monthly conversion cost:Direct labor$3,500Overhead 3,190Total$6,690Magazine:Direct labor$2,500Overhead:Power($1?250)$250Depreciation($2?250
19、)500Setups(2/3?$600)400Rent and insurance($4.40?250 DLH)*Total$4,7501,100 2,250Brochure:Direct labor$1,000Overhead:Power($1?100)$100Depreciation($2?100)200Setups(1/3?$600)200Rent and insurance($4.40?100 DLH)*Total$1,940440 940*Rent and insurance cannot be traced to each product so the costs are assi
20、gned using directlabor hours:$1,540/350 DLH=$4.40 per direct labor hour.The other overhead costs are tracedaccording to their usage.Depreciation and power are assigned by using machine hours(250 formagazines and 100 for brochures):$350/350=$1.00 per machine hour for power and$40,000/20,000=$2.00 per
21、 machine hour for depreciation.Setups are assigned according to thetime required.Since magazines use twice as much time,they receive twice the cost:Letting X=the pro?portion of setup time used for brochures,2X+X=1 implies a cost assignment ratio of2/3 for magazines and 1/3 for brochures.Exercises3-1
22、1.Resource Total Cost Unit CostPlastid$10,800$0,027Direct labor andvariable overhead2 8,000 0.020Mold sets3 20,000 0.050Other facility costs4 10,000 0.025Total$48,800$0,12210.90?$0,03?400,000=$10,800;$10,800/400,000=$0,0272$0.02?400,000=$8,000;$8,000/400,000=$0.023$5,000?4 quarters=$20,000;$20,000/4
23、00,000=$0.054$10,000;$10,000/400,000 二$0,0252.Plastic,direct labor,and variable overhead are flexible resources;molds and other facilitycosts are committed resources.The cost of plastic,direct labor,and variable overhead are strictlyvariable.The cost of the molds is fixed for the particular action f
24、igure being produced;it is a stepcost for the production of action figures in general.Other facility costs are strictly fixed.3-3High(1,400,$7,950);Low(700,$5,150)V=($7,950-$5,150)/(1,400-700)=$2,800/700=$4 per oil changeF=$5,150-$4(700)=$5,150-$2,800=$2,350Cost=$2,350+$4(oil changes)Predicted cost
25、for January=$2,350+$4(1,000)=$6,350problems3-61.High(l,700,$21,000);Low(700,$15,000)V=(Y2-Y1)/(X2-X1)=($21,000-$15,000)/(1,700-700)=$6 per receiving orderF=Y2-VX2=$21,000-($6)(1,700)=$10,800Y=$10,800+$6X2.Output of spreadsheet regression routine with number of receiving orders as the independentvari
26、able:Constant4512.98701298698Std.Err.of Y Est.R SquaredNo.of ObservationsDegrees of Freedom3456.243174766050.633710482694768108X Coefficient(s)Std.Err.of Coef.13.37662337662343.59557461331427V=$13.38 per receiving order(rounded)F=$4,513(rounded)Y=$4,513+$13.38XR2=0.634,or 63.4%Receiving orders expla
27、in about 63.4 percent of the variability in receiving cost,providingevidence that Tracys choice of a cost driver is reasonable.However,other drivers may need to beconsidered because 63.4 percent may not be strong enough to justify the use of only receivingorders.3.Regression with pounds of material
28、as the independent variable:Constant5632.28109733183Std.Err.of Y Est.R SquaredNo.of ObservationsDegrees of FreedomX Coefficient(s)Std.Err.of Coef.2390.106282592770.8248337894338231080.04496429913566330.0073259640055344V=$0,045 per pound of material delivered(rounded)F=$5,632(rounded)Y=$5,632+S0.045X
29、R2=0.825,or 82.5%Pounds of material delivered explains about 82.5 percent of the variability in receiving cost.This is a better result than that of the receiving orders and should convince Tracy to try multipleregression.4.Regression routine with pounds of material and number of receiving orders as
30、theindependent variables:Constant 752.104072925631Std.Err.of Y Est.R SquaredNo.of ObservationsDegrees of FreedomX Coefficient(s)Std.Err.of Coef.1350.462869734430.9510684180233061070.03338831510969150.004955248411983687.147028652693951.68182916088492V1 =$0,033 per pound of material delivered(rounded)
31、V2=$7,147 per receiving order(rounded)F=$752(rounded)Y=$752+$0.033a+$7.147bR2=0.95,or 95%Multiple regression with both variables explains 95 percent of the variability in receiving cost.This is the best result.5-21.Job#57Balance,7/1$Direct materialsJob#58 Job#5922,450$0$012,900 9,900 35,350Direct la
32、bor 20,000 6,500 13,000Applied overhead:Power 750 600 3,600Material handling1,500300 6,000Purchasing2501,000250Total cost$57,850$18,300$58,2002.Ending balance in Work in Process=Job#58=$18,3003.Ending balance in Finished Goods=Job#59=$58,2004.Cost of Goods Sold=Job#57=$57,850problems5-31.Overhead ra
33、te=$180/$900=0.20 or 20%of direct labor dollars.(This rate was calculated using information from the Ladan job;however,the Myron and Coejobs would give the same answer.)2.Ladan Myron Coe Walker WillisBeginning WIP$1,730$1,180$2,500Direct materials400 150 260 800 760Direct labor 800 900 650 350 900Ap
34、plied overhead160180130Total$3,090$2,410$3,540$0$070 180$1,220$1,840Note:This is just one way of setting up the job-order cost sheets.You might prefer to keepthe detail on the materials,labor,and overhead in beginning inventory costs.3.Since the Ladan and Myron jobs were completed,the others must st
35、ill be in process.Therefore,the ending balance in Work in Process is the sum of the costs of the Coe,Walker,andWillis jobs.Coe$3,540Walker 1,220Willis 1,840Ending Work in Process$6,600Cost of Goods Sold=Ladan job+Myron job=$3,090+$2,410=$5,5004.Nam an CompanyIncome StatementFor the Month Ended June
36、30,20XXSales(1.5?$5,500)$8,250Cost of goods sold 5,500Gross margin$2,750Marketing and administrative expenses 1,200Operating income$1,5505-201.Overhead rate=$470,000/50,000=$9.40 per MHr2.Department A:$250,000/40,000=$6.25 per MHrDepartment B:$220,000/10,000=$22.00 per MHr3.Job#73 Job#74Plantwide:70
37、?$9.40=$658 70?$9.40=$658Departmental:20?$6.25$125.00 50?$6.25$312.5050?$22 1,100.00 20?$22 440.00$1,225.00$752.50Department B appears to be more overhead intensive,so jobs spending more time inDepartment B ought to receive more overhead.Thus,departmental rates provide more accuracy.4.Plantwide rate
38、:$250,000/40,000=$6.25Department B:$62,500/10,000=$6.25Job#73 Job#74Plantwide:70?$6,25=$437.50 70?$6.25=$437.50Departmental:20?$6.25$125.0050?$6.25$312.5050?$6.25312.5020?$6.25125.00$437.50$437.50Assuming that machine hours is a good cost driver,the departmental rates reveal thatoverhead consumption
39、 is the same in each department.In this case,there is no need fordepartmental rates,and a plantwide rate is sufficient.5-41.2.Overhead rate=$470,000/50,000=$9.40 per MHrDepartment A:$250,000/40,000=$6.25 per MHrDepartment B:$220,000/10,000=$22.00 per MHr3.Job#73Job#74Plantwide:70?$9.40=$658 70?$9.40
40、=$658Departmental:20?$6.25$125.00 50?$6.25$312.5050?$22 1,100.00 20?$22 440.00$1,225.00$752.50Department B appears to be more overhead intensive,so jobs spending more time inDepartment B ought to receive more overhead.Thus,departmental rates provide more accuracy.4.Plantwide rate:$250,000/40,000=$6.
41、25Department B:$62,500/10,000=$6.25Job#73Job#74Plantwide:70?$6.25=$437.50 70?$6.25=$437.50Departmental:20?$6.25$125.00 50?$6.25$312.5050?$6.25$437.50312.5020?$6.25437.50125.00Assuming that machine hours is a good cost driver,the departmental rates reveal thatoverhead consumption is the same in each
42、department.In this case,there is no need fordepartmental rates,and a plantwide rate is sufficient.5-51.Last years unit-based overhead rate=$50,000/10,000=$5This years unit-based overhead rate=$100,000/10,000=$10Last Year This YearBike cost:2?$203?$12$40$36 36Overhead:5?$55?$10Total$101$126Price last
43、 year=$101?1.40=$141,40/dayPrice this year=$126?1.40=$176.40/dayThis is a$35 increase over last year,nearly a 25 percent increase.No doubt the Carsons arenot pleased and would consider looking around for other recreational possibilities.2.Purchasing rate=$30,000/10,000=$3 per purchase orderPower rat
44、e=$20,000/50,000=$0.40 per kilowatt hourMaintenance rate=$6,000/600=$10 per maintenance hourOther rate=$44,000/22,000=$2 per DLHB汰 e Rental Picnic CateringPurchasing$3?7,000$21,000$3?3,000$9,000Power$0.40?5,000 2,000$0.40?45,000 18,000Maintenance$10 7 5005,000$10?100 1,000Other$2?11,000 22,000 22,00
45、0Total overhead$50,000$50,0003.This years bike rental overhead rate=$50,000/10,000=$5Carson rental cost=(2?$20)+(3?$12)+(5?$5)=$101Price=1.4?$101=$141.40/day4.Catering rate=$50,000/11,000=$4.55*per DLHCost of Estes job:Bike rental rate(2?$7,50)$15.00Bike conversion cost(2?$5.00)10.00Catering materia
46、ls 12.00Catering conversion(1?$4.55)4.55Total cost$41.55*Rounded5.The use of ABC gives Mountain View Rentals a better idea of the types and costs of activitiesthat are used in their business.Adding Level 4 bikes will increase the use of the most expensiveactivities,meaning that the rental rate will
47、no longer be an average of$5 per rental day.MountainView Rentals might need to set a Level 4 price based on the increased cost of both the bike andconversion cost.分步成本法6-1Cutting Sewing PackagingDepartment Department DepartmentDirect materials$5,400$900$225Direct labor 150 1,800 900Applied overhead
48、750 3,600 900Transferred-in cost:From cutting 6,300From sewing 12,600Total manufacturing cost$6,300$12,600$14,6252.a.Work in ProcessSewing 6,300Work in Process-Cutting6,300b.Work in ProcessPackaging 12,600Work in ProcessSewing 12,600c.Finished Goods 14,625Work in ProcessPackaging 14,6253.Unit cost=$
49、14,625/600=$24.38*per pair6-21.Units transferred out:27,000+33,000-16,200=43,8002.Units started and completed:43,800-27,00()=16,8003.Physical flow schedule:Units in beginning work in process 27,000Units started during the period 33,000Total units to account for 60,000Units started and completed 16,8
50、00Units completed from beginning work in process 27,000Units in ending work in process 16,200Total units accounted for60,0004.Equivalent units of production:Materials ConversionUnits completed 43,800 43,800Add:Units in ending work in process:(16,200?100%)16,200(16,200 7 25%)4,050Equivalent units of