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1、Welcome unitDiscovering Useful Structure（2课时）课时）1.What makes a sentence?Leading-in Leading-in Words,phrases and structures.2.What are the main elements in a sentence?Lead inWhat Are They?1.S(subject)主语2.V(verb)谓语动词3.O(object)宾语4.P(predicative)表语5.A(adverbial)状语6.DO(direct objective)直接宾语7.IO(indirect
2、 objective)间接宾语8.C(objective complement)宾语补足语1.Review the main elements in a sentence.2.Learn to know the basic sentence structures of English.3.Learn to analyze the structure of the sentences from the text.“十大十大词类词类，八大成分，八大句型，八大成分，八大句型”Learning objectives Learning objectives lead-inlead-inI collect
3、 some sentences written by students,can you correct the following sentences.Go into my schlool,you can see many flowers.There have 100 books.Tom is come from Beijing.Going into my school,you can see many flowers.There are 100 books.Tom is from Beijing.Tom comes from Beijing.Correct sentence structur
4、e is importent!十大词类十大词类Before learning sentence structure,we should know the word class first.动形名副，介代连冠，感叹和数动形名副，介代连冠，感叹和数1.1.名词名词 Nouns Nouns（n.n.）：用来表示人或事物名称的词，：用来表示人或事物名称的词，如如 pen apple pen apple在句子中常作主语在句子中常作主语 宾语宾语 表语表语 定语定语 宾补等宾补等e.g.e.g.The appleThe apple isnt ripe.isnt ripe.主语主语 I love I lov
5、e animalsanimals.宾语宾语 This is This is an applean apple.表语表语I think it I think it my dutymy duty to help the little girl.to help the little girl.宾补宾补 There are not many There are not many menmen teachers in the teachers in the kindergarten.kindergarten.定语定语动形名副，介代连冠，感叹和数动形名副，介代连冠，感叹和数2.2.代词代词 Pronoun
6、s Pronouns（pron.pron.）：用来代替名词的词，如：用来代替名词的词，如we us them we us them 在句子中常作主语在句子中常作主语 宾语宾语 等等e.g.e.g.WeWe love our family.love our family.主语主语 Lisa teaches Lisa teaches us us English.English.宾语宾语3.3.动词动词 Verb Verb（v.v.）：表示动作或状态的词，如：表示动作或状态的词，如eat eat drink sleep drink sleep 在句中做谓语在句中做谓语e.g.Last week he
7、 e.g.Last week he wentwent to Hawaii for holidays.to Hawaii for holidays.谓谓语语十大词类十大词类动形名副，介代连冠，感叹和数动形名副，介代连冠，感叹和数4.4.副词副词 Adverb Adverb（adv.adv.）：用来修饰动词：用来修饰动词 形容词形容词 副副词词 在句子中做定语在句子中做定语 状语等状语等e.g.e.g.Please read the new words Please read the new words belowbelow.修饰名词修饰名词 You are running You are run
8、ning fastfast.修饰动词修饰动词 I push the door I push the door very hardvery hard.修饰副词修饰副词5.5.形容词形容词 Adjective Adjective（adj.adj.）：表示事物或人特征的：表示事物或人特征的词，如词，如big small big small 在句中做定语在句中做定语 表语表语 补语补语e.g.I like such e.g.I like such beautifulbeautiful dresses.dresses.定语定语 The dress is he dress is beautifulbeau
9、tiful.表语表语 I find these dresses I find these dresses beautifulbeautiful.宾补宾补十大词类十大词类动形名副，介代连冠，感叹和数动形名副，介代连冠，感叹和数6.6.数词数词 Numeral Numeral（num.num.）：表示人或事物数目多少：表示人或事物数目多少（基数词）或顺序先后（序数词）在句中做宾语（基数词）或顺序先后（序数词）在句中做宾语 定语等定语等 e.g.I want e.g.I want twotwo apples apples，please.please.做宾语做宾语 Forty thousandFort
10、y thousand people watched the game.people watched the game.做定语做定语7.7.冠词冠词ArticlesArticles（art.art.）：用在名词前，帮助说明名：用在名词前，帮助说明名词所指范围的词，主要有词所指范围的词，主要有a an the a an the 在句子中主要修饰名在句子中主要修饰名词词 e.g.e.g.TheThe dog is very cute.dog is very cute.8.8.介词介词 Prepositions Prepositions（prep.prep.）：用在名词和代词之：用在名词和代词之前，说
11、明其与别的词的关系前，说明其与别的词的关系 其后跟宾语，一起在句子中其后跟宾语，一起在句子中做定语或状语做定语或状语 e.g.Please wait e.g.Please wait at at the door.the door.做地点状语做地点状语 The girl The girl atat the door is my niece.the door is my niece.做定语做定语十大词类十大词类动形名副，介代连冠，感叹和数动形名副，介代连冠，感叹和数9.9.连词连词ConjunctionsConjunctions（conj.conj.）：起连接作用的词，：起连接作用的词，如如and
12、 but so or and but so or 在句子中连接两个词在句子中连接两个词 短语短语 或或 句子句子e.g.I will call you e.g.I will call you whenwhen I get there.I get there.Tom Tom andand Bob are brothers Bob are brothers10.10.感叹词感叹词InterjectionsInterjections（int.int.）：表示感叹语气的：表示感叹语气的词词 表示喜怒哀乐，在句中起到加强语气的作用表示喜怒哀乐，在句中起到加强语气的作用e.g.e.g.OopsOops！I
13、t hurtsIt hurts！十大词类十大词类Grammatical Terms（语法术语）1.subject（S）主语2.predicate 谓语3.object（O）宾语4.predicative 表语5.adverbial（Ad）状语6.attribute（At）定语7.object complement（OC）宾语补足语8.subject complement（SC）主语补足语9.direct object（DO）直接宾语10.indirect object（IO）间接宾语八大八大成分成分“主谓宾表定状补”S(subject)主语主语定义：是一个句子所叙述的主体，说明动作是定义：是一
14、个句子所叙述的主体，说明动作是“谁，什么谁，什么”发出的，一般位于句首。发出的，一般位于句首。Jane is good at playing the piano.She went out in a hurry.Four plus four is eight.To see is to believe.Smoking is bad for health.The young should respect the old.What he has said is true.八大八大成分成分V(verb)谓语谓语是对主语加以陈述，说明（表述）主语的动作、是对主语加以陈述，说明（表述）主语的动作、状态和特征
15、，一般由状态和特征，一般由V.充当充当,放在主语之后放在主语之后（英语句子的灵魂）（英语句子的灵魂）(1)由由实义实义动词动词V.做谓语做谓语 I saw the flag on the top of the hill?(2)情态情态V+V原原 He can speak English well.(3)助助V+V She is talking with her sister.I have seen this man before.(4)系动词系动词八大八大成分成分系动词分为系动词分为5类类一、状态系动词一、状态系动词“be”翻译：翻译：“是，叫是，叫”二、二、感官感官系动词系动词 表示与人的感
16、觉器官有关，俗称表示与人的感觉器官有关，俗称五感五感动词分为动词分为:“feel,smell,sound,taste,look”(常与常与like 一起搭配使用，表示感觉一起搭配使用，表示感觉/闻起来闻起来/听起来听起来/尝起来尝起来/看起来看起来像像)三、三、持续持续系动词系动词 用来表示主语继续或者保持一种状况用来表示主语继续或者保持一种状况或态度：主要有或态度：主要有“keep，remain，stay，stand，continue，lie，hold，rest”四、表象系动词四、表象系动词 用来表示看起来像这一概念：翻译用来表示看起来像这一概念：翻译“显显得，得，似乎，好像似乎，好像”主要
17、有主要有“seem,appear”五、五、变化变化系动词系动词 表示主语变成什么样：主要有表示主语变成什么样：主要有“become,grow,turn,get,go,come,run,make,fall”八大八大成分成分O(object)宾语宾语定义：动作的对象或承受者，一般位于定义：动作的对象或承受者，一般位于vt.和和prep.之后之后Show your passport,please.She didnt say anything.I want two.They sent the injured to hospital.They asked to see my passport.I enj
18、oy working with you.Did you write down what he said?I succeeded in passing the exam.八大八大成分成分C(object complement)有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有：make,ask,see,find,call,get,have,let,tell,help,keepI f
19、ound the book interesting.I make my students interested in my class.She asked me to lend her a hand.We made him monitor in our class.We found him in trouble now.We found it necessary to study English.八大八大成分成分P(predicative)定义：在系动词后的部分就是表语定义：在系动词后的部分就是表语,用以说明主语的身份，用以说明主语的身份，特征和状态。特征和状态。The speech is e
20、xciting.They seem to know the truth.Time is precious.Im tired today.That remains a puzzle.I dont feel at ease.That s why he came here.八大八大成分成分Attributive定语定语定义：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从定义：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句句.单个的定语一般放在所修饰词前单个的定语一般放在所修饰词前 前置定语前置定语 短语，句子一般放在所修饰词前短语，句子一般放在所修饰词前 后置定语后置定语He is a clever boy.His fa
21、ther works in a steel work.There are 54 students in our class.Do you know Bettys sister?He bought some sleeping pills.There is a sleeping baby in bed.His spoken language is good.八大八大成分成分A(adverbial)状语状语定义：用以修饰定义：用以修饰adj./v./adv.及全句及全句,位置灵活。修饰位置灵活。修饰adj./adv.时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；分类：地点状语、时间状语、原
22、因状语、目的状语、结分类：地点状语、时间状语、原因状语、目的状语、结果状语、让步状语、条件状语、程度状语、方式状语和果状语、让步状语、条件状语、程度状语、方式状语和伴随状语。伴随状语。This book is very interesting.I run fast/quickly.They are playing on the playground I John often came to chat with meHis parents died,leaving him an orphan.Please call me if it is necessary.Suddenly,I heard t
23、he bird sing a song.You probably know more than you think.八大八大成分成分Appositive同位语同位语定义：对定义：对n.或或pron.进行补充说明或进一步解释说明进行补充说明或进一步解释说明We young people should respect the old.He himself will do the experiment.He told me the news that our team won the game.Thinking1.which are the most important parts in a sen
24、tence?2.what is the difference between O.&P.“主谓宾表定状补”八大句型八大句型基本句型一：基本句型一：+（主谓）（主谓）基本句型二：基本句型二：+link-+（主系表）（主系表）基本句型三：基本句型三：+（主谓宾）（主谓宾）基本句型四：基本句型四：+IO+（主谓间宾直宾）（主谓间宾直宾）基本句型五：基本句型五：+（主谓宾宾补）（主谓宾宾补）句型六：主语句型六：主语+谓语谓语+状语状语句型七：主语句型七：主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语+状语状语句型八：句型八：there be 句型句型 Analyzing:Analyzing:kinds of simple
25、sentence 1.S+V 主主语语+动词动词（谓语谓语）这种句子结构中的谓语动词为不及物动词（短语），故后不能直接接宾语，也没有被动语态。主谓结构常用来表示主语的动作或状态。常见的不及物动词（短语）有：rise,matter,begin,come,go,happen,last,appear,work,cometrue,takeplace等。Thesunisrising.太阳正在升起。Thelittleboyiscrying.小男孩正在哭泣。Allthefootballplayersontheplaygroundcheeredloudly.场上的所有足球运动员高声欢呼。2.S+P 主主语语十
26、（系十（系动词动词+）表）表语语 这种句子结构中的谓语动词为系动词，无被动语态，也无进行时态。常见的系动词有be动词；还有感官系动词(sound,look,smell,taste,feel);变化系动词(become,get,grow,turn,go,fall,run);持续系动词(remain,keep,hold,stay);表象系动词(seem,appear,look)等。表语由名词、形容词、介词短语、分词、不定式或从句充当。Everythinglooksdifferent.一切看来都不同了。Computersareusefulinpeopleslife.电脑在人们的生活中很有用Thepr
27、oblemremainstobesettled.问题依然需要解决。3.S+V+O 主主语语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语(1)这种句子结构中的谓语动词必须是及物动词（短语），一般有被动语态。用作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词或从句等。(2)在“动词+介词”的动词短语中，宾语只能放在介词之后；在“动词+副词”的动词短语中，作宾语的名词放于副词前后皆可，作宾语的代词只能放在副词之前。PleasewakeLiLingup(=wakeupLiLing)at6:30inthemorning.Pleasewakeherupat6:30inthemorning.()Pleasewakeupherat6:30
28、inthemorning.(X)HeiswatchingTV.4.S+V+IO+DO 主主语语+动词动词（谓语谓语）+间间接接宾语宾语+直接直接宾语宾语这种句子结构中的及物动词后跟双宾语，指人的宾语称为间接宾语，指物的宾语称为直接宾语。通常间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后，也可把间接宾语置于直接宾语后，但间接宾语前需用介词for或to。间接宾语之前用介词to的常见动词有：give,tell,teach,write,bring,lend,hand,show,offer,send,pay,order等。间接宾语之前用介词for的常见动词有：buy,fetch,save,choose,sing等。Hebo
29、ughtmeabirthdaypresent.他给我买了一份生日礼物。Ishowedhimmypictures.我给他看我的照片。5.S+V+O+C 主主语语+动词动词（谓语谓语）+宾语宾语+宾语补语宾语补语该结构中的宾语补足语可以由名词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语等充当。该句式常用于三类动词：(l)使役动词：keep,make,let,have,leave,get等；(2)感官动词或短语：see,watch,notice,observe,find,catch,lookat,listento,hear,feel,smell等；(3)ask,tell,order,request,perm
30、it,persuade等。Miketoldmenottogonow.迈克告诉我不要现在走。Theypaintedthedoorgreen.他们把门漆成绿色。6.S+V+A 主主语语+动词动词（谓语谓语）+状状语语该句型的谓语动词通常为不及物动词；副词或介词短语在句中作状语，修饰或说明谓语动词。Theytalkedforhalfanhour.他们谈了半个小时Thetimepassedquickly.时光飞逝。7.S+V+O+A 主语主语+动词（谓语）动词（谓语）+宾语宾语+状语状语该句型的谓语动词通常为及物动词、副词或介词短语，在句中作状语，修饰或说明谓语动词。Ihadmyfirstmathsc
31、lassinseniorhigh.在高中我上了第一堂数学课。Iwaitedforhimattheschoolgate.我在校门口等他。There be句型表示“某处存在某物或某人”，基本结构是“Thereis/.are/was/were.+地点状语”。主语是其后的名词，be动词形式根据主语的单复数而定。谓语动词有时候可用表示存在的其他动词，如live,stand,lie,seem/appeartobe(好像有)，happentobe(碰巧有)，usedtobe(曾经有)等。Thereisapianoinmystudy.在我的书房里有一架钢琴。Thereare56studentsinmyclas
32、s.我的班里有56名学生。8.存现句存现句(There be句型句型)Practice:Learn to recognize the structures 1.SV structure1.1 A bird flies.1.2 Monkeys jumped.1.3 He was sleeping.In SV structure,verbs are SVOC structure5.1 The war made him a hero.S V O C5.2 They found his cat dead.5.3 She called him Mr.Wood.In SVOC structure,an i
33、mplied logical relation exists between O and C.In Example 5.1,the relation between“him”and“a hero”is supposed to be-“he is a hero”.Whats the relation between“his cat”and“dead”in 5.2?SVO structure2.1 A sheep eats grass.2.2 Monkeys like bananas.2.3 He wants some candies.In SVO structure,verbs are tran
34、sitive.Please make a SVO sentence!SVA structure6.1 It rained heavily.S V A6.2 He coughed badly.S V A6.3 The rabbit ran in the woods.S V AIn SVA structure,adverbial is usually at the end of the sentence.Please give another example of SVA structure!SP structure3.1 This is great3.2 He looks well.3.3 Sh
35、e became a teacher.In SP structure,P refers to“link verb+adjective/noun”.Link verbs:be,feel,taste,smell,grow,become,etc.Lets try making a SP sentence with“grow”!“There be”structure8.1 There is an apple on the table.V S A7.2 There are seven days in a week.V S A7.3 There is milk and bread.V SIn“there
36、be”structure,S and V are inverted.Vs number is decided by the very first noun of SSVOA structure7.1 A sheep is eating grass over there.S V O A7.2 Mum makes lunch in the kitchen.S V O A7.3 They liked the film very much.S V O AIn SVOA structure,the verb is transitive and is followed by an object and a
37、n SV IO DO structure4.1 He asked me a question.S V IO DO4.2 Danny wrote his mom a letter.4.3 She bought Mr.Wood a book.In SV IO DO structure,verbs are transitive and are followed by IO and DO.1.Tell the kinds of the sentences 1)Everybodysmiled.2)Thecarcaughtfire.3)Didthemilkturnsour?4)Heboughthiswif
38、eadress.5)Royfoundhisnewjobratherboring.6)Yourbrothergotupat10oclock.7)IhaventseenDanielforlong.8)Arethereanygardensinthetown?SVSVOSPSVIODOSVOCSVASVOATherebePracticing Practicing 2.Read the sentences and analyze the structures.P6-21.The100-year-oldschoolliesinthecenterofthecity.2.Wemustact.3.Themath
39、shomeworklookseasy.4.Theteacherfoundtheclassroomempty.ASVSVSPOSVC5.Mymumboughtmeanewdictionary.6.Tomislookingforwardtomeetingthenewexchangestudent.7.ThereisanEnglishCorneratourschool.8.Wehadchemistryinthenewlybuiltlab.IOSVDOOSVOSVATherebeBasic sentence structures一、主谓SV二、主（系）表SP三、主谓宾SVO四、主谓宾宾SVOO五、主谓
40、宾补SVOC六、主谓状SVA七、主谓宾状SVOA八、therebe结构Summarizing Summarizing 1.Read the passage and analyse the structures of the underlined sentences.P6.3Consolidating Consolidating 1thatdreamhascometrue!SV2Timandhisclassmatesarelivingonaship!SVA3Theyalsolearnaboutshipsandthesea.SVO4Timwriteshisparentsanemailtellsth
41、emwhathappenedontheship.SVIODOVIODO5Theresalwayssomethingexcitingtodo.Therebe6StudyinganddoinghomeworkseemmuchmorefunSP2.Read the sentences from the reading and analyze the structures.Heeventoldusafunnystory,andeveryonelaughedsomuch.S V IO DO S P AIfoundmostofmyclassmatesandteachersfriendlyandhelpful.S V O CIcouldntconcentrateontheexperiment.S V OIdidntfeelawkwardorfrightened.S PImissmyfriendsfromjuniorhighschool.S V OHomework1.背背语语法笔法笔记记2.完成作完成作业业卷卷“十大十大词类词类，八大成分，八大句型，八大成分，八大句型”