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1、外文翻译 译文 标题：美国房地产的宏观调控 资料来源:金融房地产研究，2005 作者：史蒂芬.伯尔 二十世纪三十年代的世界经济危机之后，凯恩斯主义应运而生，资本主义国家 进入了政府与市场有机结合的现代化市场经济时期。美国罗斯福“新政”的历史性 胜利，使“国家干预经济”在美国、进而在整个资本主义世界被当作一项基本国策 确定下来。二十世纪六七十年代的，以“滞涨”为特征的新一轮经济危机的爆发之 后，取而代之的“混合经济”理论开始独占鳌头，八十年代初，经济法体系的重心 开始发生转移，逐渐实现了自以反垄断法为代表的“市场规制法”向“宏观调控法”的转变。直至二十世纪九十年代，才出现了 “现代主流经济学新综
2、合”的趋向。反 观发展历程，从“政治国”、“经济国”进而到“法治国”，从消极片面的“夜警国家”到全面干预的“国家之手”，从“弥补市场缺陷”的国家干预经济到“塑造国家的未 来”的现代宏观调控，法律，尤其是经济法在规制国家行为过程中扮演着愈发重要 的角色。现代法治国家，宏观调控法已经或者正在成为各国经济法的核心内容。从 体系架构上讲，各国现行宏观调控法律体系主要包括三种类型：第一，现代意义上 的计划法；第二，政治意义上的经济决策法；第三，各种作为调节手段的法律，可 以细分为财税、金融、土地、外汇管理、信贷等方面。在制定法律、构建体系的过 程中，不同国家之间有所相通，但也各有不同。德国市场经济采取的
3、是社会市场模 式，形成了以金融决策及其立法为主导的宏观调控法律体系；日本市场经济采取的 是政府主导型模式，形成了以计划法、产业决策法为核心的宏观调控法律体系；英 国与美国市场经济采取的是消费者导向型模式，形成了以财政与货币决策 主导的宏观调控法律体系。在经济发展的任何一个阶段，政府都会或多或少地干预市场的运作，差别在于 这种干预的力度与方式不同。罗斯福新政之后，美国政府将传统意义上的宏观调控 方式赋予了明确的法律效力，将财税、金融、外汇等法律化、制度化，进而打破了 先期“放羊式”的消极管理模式，相继颁布了一系列宏观调控法律法规，二战后进 一步完善，形成了一套日趋完备的宏观调控法律体系，“宏观调
4、控立法”逐渐成为经 济法律体系中最为重要、起主导作用的组成部分。在房地产领域，美国政府同样釆 取了许多积极的调控措施，集中表现在：1、美国房地产宏观调控立法 美国没有中国意义上的宏观调控概念，严格的说，应该从美国宪法规定的国会 调控权来理解有关宏观调控的理论与实践。在美国，房地产宏观调控职能的生成依 据是联邦宪法笫一条笫八款第三项的“贸易条款”。从联邦法律来看，美国宪法有关 贸易的条款经过最高法院的逐步解释，使联邦的经济管理决策权已经涉及到越来越 多的重要领域，房地产领域就是一个典型。在房地产财税立法方面，美国非常重视对房地产保有的征税，并以之作为调控 房地产业运行的重要手段和地方财政收入的重
5、要来源。从征收环节来看，大多数国家 主要集中在房地产保有环节征税，而在房地产经营环节征税相对较少。一方面，极大 地鼓励了不动产的流动，刺激了土地的有效供给。另一方面，高额的房地产保有税率 避免了业主控制或低效率使用房地产，刺激了交易活动，这既促进了房地产市场繁荣,乂推动了房地产市场各种生产要素的优化配置。在金融方面，为了保障货币政策的实施，实行市场经济体制的国家倾向于制定 一系列与金融决策相适应的金融法规。1913年，美国颁布了美国联邦储备法（即 中央银行法）；20世纪30年代起，美国政府开始从金融领域着手大规模地干预房地 产市场；1934年，住宅法的出台以法律的形式预设了房地产业的发展趋向。
6、在土地方面，20世纪60年代，联邦政府与州政府共同通过环境保护立法的方式 部分规定了“土地利用规划”问题；州政府也颁布了一系列调控地方社会经济关系 的法律规范，比如加利福尼亚州有关“促进海岸开发”的法规，乂如州政府通过颁 布建筑、划区、环保等法规加强其在城市规划、环境保护方面的管理权；州政府还 会通过法定的房地产税征收权、房屋征用权强化对土地的管理。2、美国房地产宏观调控决策美国享有宏观调控职权的组织、机构有：白宫办公 厅，财政部，商务部，决策发展办公室，经济顾问委员会以及行政管理和预算局等，在性质上属于联邦政府的职能部门，但是并未排除了地方政府宏观调控的合法性。美国政府相继建立了预先批准制度
7、，加强了对进入房地产经纪业的限制；同时乂采 取一系列住房优惠决策，对购房消费者提供了更多的保护；颁布、实施各种与土地 利用相关的城市规划和管理法规，加强了政府对土地的控制；通过设立土地使用价 值税、土地填空税收优惠、选址地价税等房地产税收决策，限制房地产商的投资、开发行为；通过提供政府补贴住房等优惠决策，保障低收入群体的住房利益；此外,收集、管理房地产的基础数据也是美国联邦政府的一项基本职责。危机之后凯恩斯主义应运而生资本主义国家进入了政府与市场有机结合的现代化市场经济时期美国罗斯福新政的历史性胜利使国家干预经济在美国进而在整个资本主义世界被当作一项基本国策确定下来二十世纪六七十年代的以滞涨生
8、移逐渐实现了自以反垄断法为代表的市场规制法向宏观调控法的变直至二十世纪九十年代才出现了现代主流经济学新综合的趋向反观发展历程从政治国经济国进而到法治国从消极片面的夜警国家到全面干预的国家之手从弥补市场的角色现代法治国家宏观调控法已经或者正在成为各国经济法的核心内容从体系架构上讲各国现行宏观调控法律体系主要包括三种类型第一现代意义上的计划法第二政治意义上的经济决策法第三各种作为调节手段的法律可以细分为外文文献翻译原文 Title:United States real estate macro-control REAL ESTATE FINANCE,2005 By Stephen I.Burr T
9、he world economic crisis of the 1930 s,after the Keynesian arises at the historic moment,the capitalist countries into the government and the market of the organic combination of modern market economy period.The United States New Deal historic Roosevelt victory,that the state intervention economyH i
10、n the United States,and then in the whole capitalist world as a basic state policy made 20 century s s in order to HskiggishH is the characteristic of a new round of economic crisis after,instead mixed economy11 theory began pulls ahead,eighty s,economic law system began to shift the focus,gradually
11、 realize the with the antimonopoly law,as a representative of the market regulation law”to Hmacro regulation law”transformation.Until the 1990 s,when appear Hmodern mainstream economics new comprehensive trend In the development process,from the political country*and economic country11 and then to H
12、rule by law countries*,from negative one-sided Hnight police state1 to the full intervention national hand,from Hmake up for market defect*state intervention economy to the shaping the future of the country*modern macro regulation,law,especially in the regulation of economic law in the process of th
13、e state behavior plays increasingly important role.The modern countries under the rule,macroeconomic regulation law has been or is becoming the core content of the world economic law From the system architecture of speaking,all the current macro-control law system mainly includes three types:the fir
14、st,the modern sense of JiHuaFa;Second,politics in the sense of economic decision;Third,as a means of adjusting the law,can differentiate for taxation,finance,land,foreign exchange administration,credit,etc.In making laws,constnjcting the system of process,between different countries have interlinked
15、,but also have each different.The German market economy is taking the social market model,formed a financial decision and legislation for the leading macro-control law system;The Japanese market economy is taking the government leading model,formed the JiHuaFa,industrial decision as the core of the
16、macroeconomic regulation and control legal system;Britain and the United States market economy is taking the consumer orientated mode,formed the fiscal and monetary decisions for the leading macro-control law system.In the economic development of any one stage,the government will be more or less mar
17、ket intervention operation,the difference is that the intervention of the strength and in a different way.After franklin Roosevelts New Deal,the U.S.government will traditional way of macroeconomic regulation to clear legal effect,taxation,finance,foreign exchange and legalization,危机之后凯恩斯主义应运而生资本主义国
18、家进入了政府与市场有机结合的现代化市场经济时期美国罗斯福新政的历史性胜利使国家干预经济在美国进而在整个资本主义世界被当作一项基本国策确定下来二十世纪六七十年代的以滞涨生移逐渐实现了自以反垄断法为代表的市场规制法向宏观调控法的变直至二十世纪九十年代才出现了现代主流经济学新综合的趋向反观发展历程从政治国经济国进而到法治国从消极片面的夜警国家到全面干预的国家之手从弥补市场的角色现代法治国家宏观调控法已经或者正在成为各国经济法的核心内容从体系架构上讲各国现行宏观调控法律体系主要包括三种类型第一现代意义上的计划法第二政治意义上的经济决策法第三各种作为调节手段的法律可以细分为institutionaliz
19、ation,and then broke the first with type”negative management mode,enacted a series of macroeconomic regulation and control laws and regulations,and further perfect after world war ii,forming a more complete legal system of macroeconomic regulation,macro regulation legislation has gradually become th
20、e most important economic law system,plays a leading role to part In real estate industry,the United States government also taken many positive control measures,focuses on the:1,American real estate macroeconomic regulation and control legislation The United States does not have the meaning of China
21、*s macroeconomic control concept,strict said,should the United States constitution from the congress right to understand the regulation of macroeconomic control theory and practice In the United States,real estate macro-control function based on the federal constitution is the generation of article
22、1 of 8 3)of Htrade terms1 From the federal law to see,the constitution of the United States on trade terms after the Supreme Courts gradually explanation,make the federal economic management decision-making authority have involved more and more important field,in Hie real estate industry is a typica
23、l.In the real estate finance and tax legislation,the United States is attached great importance to real estate taxes keep,and to control the real estate industry as an important means of operation and an important source of local fiscal revenue From the collection of links to see,most countries main
24、ly in the real estate tax keep link,and in real estate business link relatively less tax.On one hand,greatly encouraged the estate of the flow,stimulate the land of effective supply.On the other hand,the high cost of real estate tax rate to avoid the owners keep control or low efficiency use real es
25、tate,stimulate the transaction activity,this already promoted the real estate market prosperity,and promoted the real estate market all kinds of production elements of the optimal configuration.In the financial aspects,in order to ensure the implementation of monetary policy,implement the market eco
26、nomy system countries tend to establish a series of financial decisions and adapt to the financial regulations.In 1913,the United States issued the U.S.federal reserve act(that is,the central bank);In the 1930 s,the United States government began from the financial sector to large-scale intervention
27、 real estate market,In 1934,the housing law enacted in the form of law default the real estate industry development trend In the land,in the 1960 s,the federal government and the state environmental protection legislation through common way of the provisions of the land use planning*;The state also
28、has issued a series of local economic regulation of legal relation of specifications,危机之后凯恩斯主义应运而生资本主义国家进入了政府与市场有机结合的现代化市场经济时期美国罗斯福新政的历史性胜利使国家干预经济在美国进而在整个资本主义世界被当作一项基本国策确定下来二十世纪六七十年代的以滞涨生移逐渐实现了自以反垄断法为代表的市场规制法向宏观调控法的变直至二十世纪九十年代才出现了现代主流经济学新综合的趋向反观发展历程从政治国经济国进而到法治国从消极片面的夜警国家到全面干预的国家之手从弥补市场的角色现代法治国家宏观调控
29、法已经或者正在成为各国经济法的核心内容从体系架构上讲各国现行宏观调控法律体系主要包括三种类型第一现代意义上的计划法第二政治意义上的经济决策法第三各种作为调节手段的法律可以细分为such as the California about promote coast developmentH legislation,and as the state issued by building,close,environmental protection,and other laws and regulations to strengthen its in city planning,environment
30、al protection administration;The state will also through the legal property tax collection,the right of eminent domain to strengthen the building of the land management.2,the United States real estate macro-adjustment decision-making The United States has the functions of macroeconomic regulation or
31、ganizations,and institutions have:White House chief of staff,the finance ministry,the ministry of commerce,decision making,development office,council of economic advisors and administrative management and the budget office,on property belong to the federal government functional departments,but has n
32、ot ruled out the local government macro-control legitimacy.The United States government successively established prior approval system,strengthening of the into real estate brokerage limit,At the same time,take a series of housing preferential decision,to buying a house consumers provide more protec
33、tion;Promulgated,implementation of the land use of the relevant urban planning and management regulations,strengthening the government of land control;Through the establishment of land use,the land value tax preferential tax,and location blanks land taxes and real estate tax decision,to limit the re
34、al estate investment,development behavior;By providing the government subsidized housing and preferential decision,security of the low-income housing benefit;In addition,collection,management of real estate based data of the us federal government is also a basic duties.危机之后凯恩斯主义应运而生资本主义国家进入了政府与市场有机结合的现代化市场经济时期美国罗斯福新政的历史性胜利使国家干预经济在美国进而在整个资本主义世界被当作一项基本国策确定下来二十世纪六七十年代的以滞涨生移逐渐实现了自以反垄断法为代表的市场规制法向宏观调控法的变直至二十世纪九十年代才出现了现代主流经济学新综合的趋向反观发展历程从政治国经济国进而到法治国从消极片面的夜警国家到全面干预的国家之手从弥补市场的角色现代法治国家宏观调控法已经或者正在成为各国经济法的核心内容从体系架构上讲各国现行宏观调控法律体系主要包括三种类型第一现代意义上的计划法第二政治意义上的经济决策法第三各种作为调节手段的法律可以细分为