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1、Edited by Yuki Tatsumi and Pamela KennedyU.S.-Japan Alliance Cooperation in the Post-Pandemic WorldFROM THE VIEWS FROM THE NEXT GENERATION SERIESASIAJapan ProgramJapanese Foreign PolicyMARCH 2022Edited by Yuki Tatsumi and Pamela KennedyU.S.-Japan Alliance Cooperation in the Post-Pandemic WorldFROM T
2、HE VIEWS FROM THE NEXT GENERATION SERIES Copyright 2022 by the Stimson Center.All rights reserved.Printed in the United States of America.Visit www.stimson.org for more information about Stimson.Cover image based on the photo“COP26 World Leaders Summit and Bilateral Summit Meetings”published on the
3、Official Website of the Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet(https:/japan.kantei.go.jp/100_kishida/actions/202111/_00003.html).ContentsPreface.4Acknowledgments.5Abbreviations.6Introduction.8Yuki Tatsumi and Pamela KennedyReframing the Indo-Pacific and Managing Relations with Like-Minded Countries
4、.11Riho AizawaShaping Post-Pandemic U.S.-Japan Technological Cooperation.24Naritada MiuraThe Japan-U.S.Alliance and Economic Security Challenges in the Indo-Pacific.37Ippeita NishidaThe Quad as a Coordination Hub for Managing Multilayered Indo-Pacific Minilateralism.53Ryosuke HanadaFinal Thoughts.77
5、Yuki Tatsumi and Pamela KennedyAbout the Experts.80About Stimson.82U.S.-Japan Alliance Cooperation in the Post-Pandemic World4PrefaceI am pleased to present the most recent publication from the Stimson Centers Japan Program.U.S.-Japan Alliance Cooperation in the Post-Pandemic World is the ninth volu
6、me of Views from the Next Generation,a series of policy briefs that offer recommendations for the most pressing concerns that Japan and its partners face today.Four Japanese scholars contributed chap-ters to this volume that explore what the U.S.-Japan alliance should be in a world that is changed b
7、y the pandemic and an evolving array of challenges.Offering Japanese perspectives on the goals of the alliance and methods of engagement,the authors delve into mechanisms for cooperation,ongoing challenges in building technology partnerships,the growing importance of economic security,and the allian
8、ces broader role in the many organizations and fora of the Indo-Pacific region.Though the durability of the U.S.-Japan alliance speaks for itself,the authors identify areas of potential friction,evaluate the alliances approach to its goals,and suggest improvements to ensure the effectiveness of the
9、alliance for the years ahead.These insights are valuable for Japanese and U.S.policymakers as the security environment of the Indo-Pacific shifts,and the strength of partnerships like the alliance matter more than ever.My gratitude goes to Yuki Tatsumi for spearheading this annual project,an importa
10、nt part of Stimsons work on U.S.-Japan relations.Her insights and analysis on the alliance and Japans defense policy have secured her status as a leading expert.This volume once again shows her efforts to amplify the perspectives of emerging scholars and facilitate a productive dialogue across the P
11、acific.I am also indebted to Pam Kennedy for her critical support of the project.Finally,my colleagues and I are grateful for the continued support and guid-ance on this project from our friends that the Embassy of Japan.Brian FinlayPresident and CEOThe Stimson CenterU.S.-Japan Alliance Cooperation
12、in the Post-Pandemic World5AcknowledgmentsU.S.-Japan Alliance Cooperation in the Post-Pandemic World,the ninth volume of the Views from the Next Generation series,is the product of a great team effort.First and foremost,I would like to thank our contributing authors,Ms.Riho Aizawa,Mr.Ryosuke Hanada,
13、Mr.Naritada Miura,and Mr.Ippeita Nishida,for their work.I deeply appreciate their commitment to meeting various deadlines for drafts and revisions under relatively short writing and editing schedules.I am also grateful for the encouragement and collaboration of the Embassy of Japan since the incepti
14、on of this project.This series would not be possible without their consistent support,and I very much look forward to continuing this partner-ship.I am especially thankful to Mr.Michiru Nishida and Mr.Takuya Nishiuchi for their support and for making the management of the project as smooth as possib
15、le.As always,my gratitude goes to my Stimson colleagues for their support and assistance.Brian Finlay,Stimsons president and chief executive officer,continues to be tremendously supportive of the Japan Programs efforts,in-cluding this project,to broaden the intellectual exchange between American and
16、 Japanese scholars beyond familiar names and faces.I am thankful for Stimsons Communications team and our talented graphic designer Lita Ledesma,who made the publication process seamless.I am also deeply grate-ful to Research Analyst Pamela Kennedy and Research Interns Bradley Isakson and Dustin Hin
17、kley for taking on the labor-intensive details of our preparation for publication.The year 2021 was another year of confusion,uncertainty,and disruption as the world continued to grapple with the impact of COVID-19 in our lives.The challenges posed by the need for social distancing and other restric
18、tion against holding in-person meetings continued to challenge us to think creatively about how we can continue our mission.The experience in the pandemic years has only made my team and me even more committed to our efforts to not only produce our own timely analyses but also continue to cultivate
19、the fresh perspectives of emerging security policy experts from Japan.Yuki Tatsumi Co-Director,East Asia Program Director,Japan ProgramMarch 2022U.S.-Japan Alliance Cooperation in the Post-Pandemic World6Abbreviations5G Fifth generation broadband cellular technologyADMM-Plus ASEAN Defense Ministers
20、Meeting-PlusAI Artificial intelligenceAIIB Asian Infrastructure Investment BankASEAN Association of Southeast Asian NationsATLA Acquisition,Technology,and Logistics AgencyAUKUS Australia-U.K.-U.S.trilateral security partnershipBRI Belt and Road InitiativeCATL Contemporary Amperex Technology Co.Ltd.C
21、OP Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate ChangeCOVAX COVID-19 Vaccines Global AccessCOVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019,SARS-CoV-2CoRe Competitiveness and Resilience PartnershipCPTPP Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific PartnershipDFC U.S.Internationa
22、l Development Finance CorporationDFFT Data Free Flow with TrustDOD Department of DefenseECS East China SeaESCM Economic security coordination mechanismEU European UnionFEFTA Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade ActFM Foreign ministersFMS Foreign military salesFOIP Free and Open Indo-PacificFSX Fighter
23、 Support Experimental aircraftFTA Free trade agreementFY Fiscal yearG7 Group of SevenG20 Group of TwentyGDP Gross domestic productGOJ Government of JapanHNS Host nation supportU.S.-Japan Alliance Cooperation in the Post-Pandemic World7IPEF Indo-Pacific Economic FrameworkJPY Japanese yenJUCEP Japan-U
24、.S.Clean Energy PartnershipJUCIP Japan-U.S.Commercial and Industrial PartnershipJUMPP Japan-U.S.Mekong Power PartnershipJUSDEP Japan-U.S.Strategic Digital Economy PartnershipJUSEP Japan-U.S.Strategic Energy PartnershipJUSSTIC Japan-U.S.Strategic Science,Technology and Innovation CouncilLDP Liberal D
25、emocratic PartyLNG Liquid natural gasMETI Ministry of Trade,Economy,and IndustryMOD Ministry of DefenseMOFA Ministry of Foreign AffairsMOU Memorandum of understandingNATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNEV New Energy VehicleNSS National Security SecretariatODA Official development assistancePLAN
26、Peoples Liberation Army NavyR&D Research and developmentRCEP Regional Comprehensive Economic PartnershipSCS South China SeaSDF Self-Defense ForcesTPP Trans-Pacific PartnershipU.K.United KingdomUKUSA United Kingdom-United States of America Agreement;the Five EyesUN United NationsUNCLOS UN Convention
27、on the Law of the SeaU.S.United StatesUSD United States dollarsUSFJ U.S.Forces in JapanUSTR U.S.Trade RepresentativeWTO World Trade OrganizationU.S.-Japan Alliance Cooperation in the Post-Pandemic World8IntroductionYUKI TATSUMI AND PAMELA KENNEDYMore than sixty years after the signing of the securit
28、y treaty,the U.S.-Japan alli-ance is shifting to meet the challenges of a world very different from that of 1960.The globe has been consumed by a pandemic for over two years;the climate is changing,with far-reaching impacts for billions of people around the world;trade has expanded and with it,new a
29、reas of the economy have emerged,especially digital;the Cold War ended but new threats to liberal international norms have arisen.The U.S.-Japan alliance has been a cornerstone in the Indo-Pacific region during these changes,but it has also evolved to keep pace with the times.As the pandemic moves s
30、lowly to its end,it is time to assess the alliances goals and modes of partnership,the environment that it exists within,and the new and old challenges that it must face.In January 2022,Prime Minister Fumio Kishida and President Joseph Biden met in a virtual meeting to reaffirm the strength of the a
31、lliance and the U.S.-Japan commitment to a“shared vision of a free and open Indo-Pacific region.”1 The alliance has grown from a security-oriented pact with a focus on mutual defense to a partnership that encompasses regional security and prosperity,cooperation on the pandemic and climate change,com
32、mitments to stand up for human rights,and the value of cooperation with other allies and partners across the world.The traditional security concerns that the alliance faces remain,though they are also expanding into new domains and different types of threats.The maritime security of the Indo-Pacific
33、 regions two oceans and critical sea lanes has global implications for international norms,as tensions simmer in the East and South China Seas.The rapid development of the domains of space,cyber,and the electro-magnetic spectrum over the past few decades have been spurred by technological innovation
34、 in the United States and Japan,as well as by partners and competitors.There are emerging dimensions to the challenges facing the alliance,especially economic security,which is now acknowledged as a key element of national se-curity.With the disruption of supply chains during the pandemic,global tra
35、de and investment is in an accelerated phase of adjustment as countries attempt to diversify their trade relations.Japan itself is building a whole-of-government ef-fort to consider economic security factors across its ministries.In addition to the supply chain issues,a clearer understanding of Chin
36、as economic influence across the Indo-Pacific region has emerged over the past decade,raising concerns over the quality of investments and the extent of the accompanying political influence.In the midst of these security pressures,there is a renewed need for the alliance to demonstrate its stabilizi
37、ng role in the Indo-Pacific.The alliance has committed U.S.-Japan Alliance Cooperation in the Post-Pandemic World9to a versatile set of roles and aspirations that requires flexibility and capacity to address various issues,as well as structure and coordination to facilitate coopera-tion not only bet
38、ween the two allies but also with other partners.If the alliance is to effectively address the broad array of security concerns in the Indo-Pacific,then it demands regular assessment of how well it implements its goals,such as through the Competitiveness and Resilience Partnership(CoRe),the Global D
39、igital Connectivity Partnership,the U.S.-Japan Climate Partnership,and the numerous other forums for U.S.-Japan cooperation.In addition to bilateral efforts,the alliance can also continue to leverage its partnerships in the region,such as the Quad,to cooperate on shared goals.Stimsons Japan Program
40、has sought the perspectives of four rising Japanese scholars to examine several aspects of alliance cooperation,including the alli-ances role in the Indo-Pacific,technology cooperation,economic security,and the Quad,and make recommendations for strengthening the alliance in the post-pan-demic world.
41、As the U.S.-Japan alliance enters a new era of recommitment,these recommendations offer insight into the ways in which the multifaceted alliance is deepening and evolving to meet the challenges of the next few decades.In“Reframing the Indo-Pacific and Managing Relations with Like-Minded Countries,”R
42、iho Aizawa(Research Fellow,National Institute for Defense Studies)argues that in response to Chinas expansion of its influence throughout the Indo-Pacific,the U.S.and Japan should reframe the region into six smaller and more manageable sub-regions to better increase coordination with the growing num
43、ber of security-related actors in the region.Despite the close cooperation between the U.S.and Japan and their allies,Aizawa notes that the goals and pri-orities shared between like-minded countries have become less clear as security issues have intensified and the number of actors in the region has
44、 increased.To strengthen the FOIP vision in the region,Aizawa proposes using the framework of sub-regions to identify common interests and increase coordination,as well as to build effective cooperation with Chinas neighbors or economically weaker countries in the region that have greater reliance o
45、n China.In“Shaping U.S.-Japan Technological Cooperation After the Pandemic,”Naritada Miura(Program Assistant,Sasakawa Peace Foundation USA)examines the prospects for deepening U.S.-Japan technological cooperation.Miura explores how the U.S.-Japan alliance has evolved into a burgeoning technological
46、inter-dependency.Through recent Japanese strategic adjustments,such as lifting the ban on arms exports,Japans roles and capabilities in the alliance have expanded,providing opportunities for collaboration.In three case studies that highlight the key challenges that the U.S.-Japan technology cooperat
47、ion faces,Miura assesses specific obstacles for deepening cooperation.Miura offers policy recommenda-tions for Japan to develop a mechanism for cooperation on dual-use technologies,enhance Japans domestic defense capabilities,implement a security clearance system,and gain cooperation from Japans pri
48、vate sector in these efforts.U.S.-Japan Alliance Cooperation in the Post-Pandemic World10Endnotes1.The White House.“Readout of President Bidens Meeting with Prime Minister Kishida of Japan.”Janu-ary 21,2022.https:/www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/01/21/readout-of-presi-dent-
49、bidens-meeting-with-prime-minister-kishida-of-japan/.In“The Japan-U.S.Alliance and Economic Security Challenges in the Indo-Pacific,”Ippeita Nishida(Senior Research Fellow,International Peace and Security Department,Sasakawa Peace Foundation)assesses the economic secu-rity dimension of the U.S.-Japa
50、n alliance and the necessity of strengthening part-nership to address direct and indirect challenges to economic security.Delving into the context of the economic security debate in Japan,Nishida notes that Japan must strike a balance between its deep economic relationship with China and the increas