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1、 RIFS DISCUSSION PAPER Research Institute for Sustainability(RIFS)Potsdam,June 2023 Frances Hydrogen Strategy Focusing on Domestic Hydrogen Production to Decarbonise Industry and Mobility Ines Bouacida Part of a series edited by Yana Zabanova and Rainer Quitzow Frances Hydrogen Strategy:Focusing on
2、Domestic Hydrogen Production to Decarbonise Industry and Mobility RIFS Discussion Paper_ 2 Summary France was one of the European frontrunners in formulating policies to develop hydrogen for decar-bonisation,publishing its first hydrogen plan in 2018,followed by a larger,9-billion plan in 2020,hot o
3、n the heels of plans released by the European Commission and Germany.The French strategy for hydrogen deployment focuses in particular on applications where hydrogen is key for deep decarbon-isation,including refineries and the chemical industry as well as steel production,and the mobility sector.Th
4、e country aims to have a head start on European and world competitors thanks to large elec-tricity resources from the existing nuclear fleet and by building new nuclear capacity.Additionally,it relies on several existing innovation hubs specialised in hydrogen,as well as the support of many local go
5、vernments involved in hydrogen development and a relatively structured hydrogen industry.The French strategy for hydrogen does not include ambitions at the international level beyond scien-tific and technological cooperation within the European Union.The political priority is to develop a domestic i
6、ndustry sized to meet national demand,which is seen as a more secure sourcing strategy than relying on imports.This comes in contrast with the positions of Frances neighbours,notably Spain,Portugal and Germany,which are pushing to enable cross-border trade of hydrogen as early as possible.This situa
7、tion has generated political tensions within the European Union and in particular in the Franco-German relationship.This Discussion Paper is part of a series of case studies on hydrogen strategies in European and global front-runner countries.The Discussion Paper series is being edited by Yana Zaban
8、ova and Rainer Quitzow as part of the project“Geopolitics of the Energy Transfor-mation:Implications of an International Hydrogen Economy”(GET Hydrogen).In the context of the pro-ject,the paper has benefited from the financial support of the German Federal Foreign Office.Frances Hydrogen Strategy:Fo
9、cusing on Domestic Hydrogen Production to Decarbonise Industry and Mobility RIFS Discussion Paper_ 3 Contents 1.Introduction 4 2.The French hydrogen economy today 5 3.The role of hydrogen in French climate and energy policy 7 4.Hydrogen strategies in France:main objectives and implementation 9 4.1 T
10、hree government priorities for 2030 and several French companies strategies 9 4.2 Strategies formulated by French regions 11 4.3 Elements on infrastructure and cross-border trade 11 5.External dimensions of hydrogen development in France 12 5.1 Favourable technical and political conditions for Franc
11、e to become a hydrogen exporter and a European hub 12 5.2 International perspectives in French policy plans 12 5.3 French hydrogen diplomacy at the EU level 13 5.4 French diplomacy on the international stage 15 6.Conclusion 16 7.Literature 17 8.About the author 22 Frances Hydrogen Strategy:Focusing
12、on Domestic Hydrogen Production to Decarbonise Industry and Mobility RIFS Discussion Paper_ 4 1.Introduction France has been one of the leading EU Member States in hydrogen development,publishing its first hydrogen strategy in 2018 in the midst of policy discussions on the future of the power sector
13、.This initial strategy formed the foundation of a more ambitious,9-billion hydrogen strategy adopted in 2020.Hydrogen technologies are considered a key driver for the decarbonisation of the industry and transport sectors as well as a building block to(re)build Frances industrial competitiveness.This
14、 case study explores key characteristics of French national hydrogen policy,the factors influencing French engagement in international hydrogen trade,and the external dimensions of French hydrogen development.While France has ambitious plans for the development of a national hydrogen industry and ca
15、n count on the support of regional governments,its lack of political enthusiasm for hydrogen imports sets it at odds with many of its European partners.Despite that,France is involved in hydrogen diplomacy both at the European and global levels.2023 should bring updates to the policy framework for h
16、ydrogen in France,with a revision of the 2020 hydrogen strategy and of the 2028 and 2050 energy and climate planning reference documents(Multi-Annual Energy Planning and Low-Carbon National Strategy).These processes could further clarify the role of hydrogen in the French energy transition and secto
17、ral implementation targets.Frances Hydrogen Strategy:Focusing on Domestic Hydrogen Production to Decarbonise Industry and Mobility RIFS Discussion Paper_ 5 2.The French hydrogen economy today In 2019,France produced around 800 kt of hydrogen(approx.26 TWh),including about half as a side product from
18、 other industrial processes and half as dedicated production,which makes it the sixth largest producer of hydrogen in Europe(it neither imports nor exports hydrogen).Hydrogen is mainly used for refineries(almost half)and for ammonia production(one third)(see Figure 1).Dedicated hydrogen production o
19、nly relies on steam methane reforming(SMR)using natural gas(AFHYPAC et al.,2020).Figure 1.Hydrogen production and consumption in France in 2019.Source:AFHYPAC et al.(2020),drawing on Hinicio&EY,2020.Reproduced with permission(slightly modified).Additionally,the impulse to develop“decarbonised”hydrog
20、en in 2020 built on a previous plan from 2018(MTES,2018).Although the spending did not exceed 100 million(Ministre de lconomie,2020),it enabled the development of 11 mobility projects and five industrial projects using locally-produced hydrogen(ADEME,2019,2020).The 2018 strategy had two aims:first,t
21、o decarbonise existing uses of hydrogen in the industry,starting with those close to commercial viability(refineries,ammonia);and second,to develop hydrogen in mobility as a“complement”to battery electric mobility(in heavy road transport-especially at the Frances Hydrogen Strategy:Focusing on Domest
22、ic Hydrogen Production to Decarbonise Industry and Mobility RIFS Discussion Paper_ 6 local level-as well as in shipping and aviation).It also mentioned eventually using hydrogen as system storage to replace natural gas and to store variable renewable electricity,subject to the findings of further re
23、search.The objective was to reach 10 per cent of“decarbonised”hydrogen in the industry by 2023 and 20-40 perc ent by 2028.Modest targets for the transport sector were also formulated:5000 light-duty vehicles by 2023;although at the end of 2022,only around 500 such vehicles were in service(France Hyd
24、rogne,2022).Frances commitment to funding research and innovation projects around hydrogen over the past dec-ades has made the Paris region one of the 10 leading global hydrogen innovation clusters according to an IEA ranking).It is the top European cluster on the list,ranking highest after several
25、Japanese and US zones and before German ones.France is also one of the world leaders in hydrogen patenting,with 6 per cent of all hydrogen-related international patent families originating in the country(IEA&Eu-ropean Patent Office,2023).Several French private actors are world leaders,including Air
26、Liquide(the worlds second-largest producer of hydrogen),EDF(a world leader in electricity technologies),Alstom(company with the first commercial hydrogen fuel cell-powered passenger train in operation)and McPhy(a leading producer of alkaline electrolysers).Frances Hydrogen Strategy:Focusing on Domes
27、tic Hydrogen Production to Decarbonise Industry and Mobility RIFS Discussion Paper_ 7 3.The role of hydrogen in French climate and energy policy Today,the French power system has surplus1,low-emission power generation capacity,partly thanks to its large nuclear fleet(about 60 GW),despite reduced ava
28、ilability in the past two winters and in the next due to regular planned maintenance,unforeseen technical defects,and the ageing of the fleet(RTE,2021a,2023).According to the last power-system planning political announcements and long-term scenarios by the electricity transmission system operator RT
29、E,the power system could still have large volumes of surplus,low-emission electricity in the longer term,using both nuclear and renewable generation capacity,depending on actual implementation(Elyse,2022c;RTE,2021b).The French President of the Republic Emmanuel Macron announced in early 2022 that th
30、e state would order 6 to 14 new Evolutionary Power Reactors(EPRs),although that has not been translated into concrete fi-nancial commitments with a clear timeline yet.On the other hand,France has a large wind and solar energy production potential(World Bank Group et al.,2023)but the uptake of renewa
31、ble electricity installation in recent years has been relatively slow compared to both other European countries and its own policy objectives.The share of renewable energy in the final energy supply was only 19.3 per cent in 2021,falling significantly short of the 2020 target of 23 per cent-mostly d
32、ue to the delay in the renewable heat sector(SDES,2022).France installed 2 GW of wind power capacity in 2022,while Germany installed 7 GW.Further renewable buildout faces barriers such as slow administrative procedures,strong local opposition to onshore wind and solar panels,insufficient cooperation
33、 between national and regional level(IEA,2022a).Given that several studies have shown that the cheapest hydrogen is produced from renewables,the slowness of renewable energy deployment might hinder hydrogen development in France(Bouacida&Bergh-mans,2022).Hydrogen features in existing energy and clim
34、ate policy plans,but because these plans were formu-lated before the 2020 hydrogen strategy,its role is smaller than what the recent hydrogen strategy and political announcements suggest.French climate policy is laid out in the 2020 National Low-Carbon Strategy(in French,SNBC),which defines a pathwa
35、y to climate neutrality by 2050,and the 2020 Multi-Annual Energy Programming Law(in French,PPE),which represents the legal basis for the implementation of energy transition targets until 2028.The Ministry for the Energy Transition has announced revisions of the latter in a new Energy and Climate Pla
36、nning Law to be presented by fall 2023(Gouvernement franais,2023).The 2023 revisions of French climate policy should include recent agreements to increase ambition at the European level.In particular,the EUs revised Renewable Energy Directive(RED III)2 would set targets for the incorporation of rene
37、wable hydrogen and derived fuels(so-called Renewable Fuels of Non-Biological Origin,or RFNBOs)in the industry(42 per cent by 2030,60 per cent by 2035)and in the transport sector(a combined target of 5.5 per cent advanced biofuels and RFNBOs by 2030).1 In other words,generation capacity structurally
38、exceeds national consumption.2 At the time of publication,RED III was not adopted yet.Frances Hydrogen Strategy:Focusing on Domestic Hydrogen Production to Decarbonise Industry and Mobility RIFS Discussion Paper_ 8 Lastly,achieving energy independence has long been a prominent feature in energy poli
39、cy and still is a core objective of long-term climate and energy policy and political discourse(Andriosopoulos&Silvestre,2017;Elyse,2022c;MTES,2019).In practice,French energy import dependency is rela-tively high at 45 per cent,although it is still below the EU average(55 per cent).Additionally,poli
40、tical discourse by the current President of the Republic has suggested that France should aspire to technol-ogy leadership in green technologies in order to achieve“industrial sovereignty”,meaning to maintain industrial jobs and gain economic competitiveness(Elyse,2021,2022b,2022c).This dual narrati
41、ve has played in favour of the development of hydrogen technologies as well as nuclear power which would provide the needed“low-carbon”electricity for hydrogen production.In practice,the govern-ment has launched France 2030,a 54 bn,5-year investment plan aiming at developing key technolo-gies for co
42、mpetitiveness and decarbonisation,including for hydrogen(Ministre de lEconomie,2022),and is drafting a Green Industry Law aiming to make France a technological leader,as a re-sponse to the American Inflation Reduction Act(Ministre de lEconomie,2022,2023).Frances Hydrogen Strategy:Focusing on Domesti
43、c Hydrogen Production to Decarbonise Industry and Mobility RIFS Discussion Paper_ 9 4.Hydrogen strategies in France:main objectives and implementation 4.1 Three government priorities for 2030 and several French compa-nies strategies The French hydrogen strategy was published in September 2020 and fe
44、atures three priorities:decar-bonise the industry,develop hydrogen mobility for professional uses,and support research,innovation and capacity building.It initially earmarked 7.2 bn until 2030,including 2 bn from the recovery plan launched in 2020.One year later,the hydrogen plan received an additio
45、nal 1.9 bn from the France 2030 plan,including 1.7 bn dedicated to financing Important Projects of Common European Interest(IPCEI).IPCEIs are large transnational innovation and infrastructure projects that,upon approval by the European Com-mission,become eligible for state aids from Member States.Th
46、e breakdown of the initial 7.2 bn for hydrogen is shown in Figure 2;the details of France 2030s budget are unknown.Figure 2.Breakdown of the French hydrogen strategy budget for 2020-2030(7.2 billion EUR)Source:Ministre de la Transition Ecologique(2021).Reproduced with permission(slightly modi-fied).
47、Frances Hydrogen Strategy:Focusing on Domestic Hydrogen Production to Decarbonise Industry and Mobility RIFS Discussion Paper_ 10 Although the 2020 French hydrogen strategy mobilises far more financial resources than its 2018 counterpart(9.1 bn combined v.100M),the political priorities are similar.T
48、he strategy takes a cautious approach with respect to the end uses of hydrogen and focuses on decarbonising existing uses of fossil hydrogen in industry(refineries and ammonia),with mobility applications(mainly heavy-and light-duty vehicles)coming second.Part of the funding is directed to research a
49、nd innovation into potential other hydrogen uses.Some end-uses frequently featured in other European hydrogen strate-gies,such as heat in buildings and passenger cars,are not mentioned.Aviation and maritime transport are mentioned within the innovation strategy for hydrogen.In the existing SNBC,hydr
50、ogen from electrolysis is developed up to 40 TWh by 2050,which is slightly more than current hydrogen consumption in France.It is only produced domestically,and it is used mostly in industry(20 TWh by 2050),followed by the power sector(15 TWh).Little indication is available regarding hydrogen uses b