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1、Background PaperAcceleration of the Energy Transition in IndonesiaAchieving an equitable transition through the Just Energy Transition Partnership and other Financing StrategiesAuthor:Henriette Imelda(IRID)Contributors:Ann Phang,Alexandra Goritz,Felita Putri,Felix F,Giovanni Maurice Pradipta,Petter
2、Lyden(Germanwatch).Layout Design:Maginate Creative CommunicationPhoto Cover Credit:Hardy Mynhart/ShutterstockSolar power plant panel in Likupang IndonesiaBackground PaperAcceleration of the Energy Transition in IndonesiaAchieving an equitable transition through the Just Energy Transition Partnership
3、 and other Financing Strategies2Acceleration of the energy transition in IndonesiaOne of the initiatives that emerged from the 26th annual meeting of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Conference of the Parties(COP)held in 2021 in Glasgow,UK,was the Just Energy Transition Part
4、nership,or JETP.JETP is a form of financial funding programme that was initially created as a partnership with South Africa,supported by the governments of France,Germany,the United Kingdom,the United States,and the European Union as members of the International Partners Group(IPG).A vital feature o
5、f the JETP is the emphasis on an equitable shift in its investment plans and financing.The JETP with South Africa is expected to serve as a model that can be replicated in other developing countries,especially those highly dependent on fossil fuels for economic development.At G20 Summit,in Bali,Indo
6、nesia,the partnership programme was launched for Indonesia,with US$20 billion combined public and private financing.Similarly,a Vietnamese JETP was announced in December 2022,with a value worth more than US$15 billion.To take advantage of JETP and other funding opportunities for Indonesia,the countr
7、y must identify what it needs to enable the right environment for cooperation that does not violate applicable principles.Simultaneously,Indonesia must encourage ambitious and proper use of funding to accelerate the energy transition towards fossil-free alternatives.Bastian AS/ShutterstockWind farm
8、turbine installed in Jeneponto Regency,South Sulawesi,Indonesia3Background PaperIndonesias energy transition planIndonesia expressed its commitment to support the Paris Agreement through its first Nationally Determined 1Contribution(NDC),which states that Indonesia will reduce greenhouse gas(GHG)emi
9、ssions through its own efforts by 29%.However,with international assistance,Indonesia can achieve GHG emission reductions of 41%.Indonesia also expressed its willingness to support joint efforts to prevent the increase in the global average temperature from exceeding 2C,even striving not to 1Distrib
10、ution of Cancelled Coal Power Plant Projects As Part of The Energy Transition PlanFigure 1 Distribution of cancelled coal power plant(PLTU)projects as part of the energy transition plan(Wanhar,2022)TAKE OUT PLTUPLTU Sumut-22x300 MWPLTU Riau-12x300 MWPLTU Bintan2x100 MWPLTU Banyuasin2x120 MWPLTU Sums
11、el-6300 MWPLTU MT(Ekspansi)350 MWPLTU Bangka-1A2x50 MWPLTU Belitung-22x15 MWPLTU Ekstension300 MWPLTU Jawa-51.000 MWPLTU Banten660 MWPLTU Indramayu1.000 MWPLTU Kalbar 22x100 MWPLTU Kalbar 32x100 MWPLTU Kalseltang 42x100 MWPLTU Kalseltang 32x100 MWPLTU Kaltim 32x100 MWPLTU Kaltim 52x100 MWPLTU Kalsel
12、tang 5100 MWPLTU Lombok 22x50 MWPLTU Lombok 42x50 MWPLTU Lombok 32x50 MWPLTU Sumbawa 22x50 MWPLTU Timor 22x50 MWPLTU Toli-Toli2x25 MWPLTU Sulbagut 22x100 MWPLTU Sulbagut 32x50 MWPLTU Haltim200 MWPLTU Sorong 32x25 MWPLTU Ambon2x25 MWPLTU Waai2x15 MWPLTU Sulbagsel 22x200 MWPLTU Sulbagsel2x200 MWPLTU B
13、au-Bau 22x15 MWPLTU Bau-Bau2x15 MWPLTU Jayapura 350 MWPLTU Jayapura 250 MWTONS CO/YEAR8.770 MW64.5 million1 On 23 September 2022,Indonesia issued its Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution(ENDC),in which it pledged to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 31%by its own efforts,and 43%with inte
14、rnational support,by 2030.2 In the ENDC,the target for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the energy sector is 358-466 million tonnes CO2-eqexceed 1.5C.Indonesias first NDC aims to reduce 2around 314 to 446 million tons of CO2-eq by 2030 by developing renewable energy,implementing energy efficienc
15、y measures and conversion,and installing clean energy technology.To do so,a total of 8,770 MW of coal-fired power plant projects have been cancelled,with an estimated GHG emission reduction equivalent to 64.5 million tons of CO2/year(DJK,2022)(see Figure 1).The calculation shown in Figure 2 consider
16、s the following points:The calculated coal power plant capacity includes existing and active coal power plants in all PLN and non-PLN operating areas.The increase in coal power plant capacity follows the projects listed in the electricity business plan(Rencana Usaha Penyedia Tenaga Listrik(RUPTL).Th
17、e retirement of coal power plants significantly reduces emissions from the power generation sector.The lifetime of PLNs coal power plants,according to asset revaluation and a PPU,is a maximum of 30 years,whereas for IPPs,it is 25 to 30 years,according to the Power Purchase Agreement(PPA).Figure 2 al
18、so provides an overview of the preparation when phasing out and retiring coal power plants:The legal basis(in the form of government regulation and presidential regulation)will need to be created so that the retirement can be carried out by business entities and is sustainable until completion.Phasi
19、ng out PLNs coal power plant before 2046 requires thorough study because there is an issue of revaluation of the assets.IPP coal power plants are only in operation until the end of the PPA and are non-extendable.Coal power plants outside the PLN working area and coal power plants licensed to supply
20、electricity for businesses own use(IUPTLS)must follow the phasing out programme.Not adding new coal power plants except those already listed in the RUPTL applies to all business areas and plants licensed to supply electricity for businesses own use(IUPTLS).Coal Power Plant Retirement ScenarioPLN has
21、 taken into account an asset revaluation with a plant lifetime extension of 30 to 40 years since 2016Note:IUPTLS:Izin Usaha Penyediaan Tenaga Listrik untuk kepentingan Sendiri(Business Licence for Own Electricity Production);PPU:private power utility company;IPP:independent power producer.In additio
22、n to the cancellations,the state electricity company(PLN)must also consider the retirement of coal power plants,as shown in Figure 2.IUPTLS(Captive)PPUIPPPLNNatural70605040302010585960595857565655545352525249494843302828262220181716152100-GW42444748505356Figure 2 Coal power plant retirement scenario
23、4Acceleration of the energy transition in IndonesiaThe Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources(MEMR)has developed three scenarios for coal power plant retirement:the Business as Usual Scenario,the Zero Emission Scenario(ZES),and the Net Zero Emission(NZE)Scenario.To achieve NZE in the energy sector
24、 by 2060,net emissions in the generation sector must reach zero.In this regard,the ZES has been selected for implementation.To achieve the aforementioned ZES,the following should be done:Coal/combined cycle gas turbine power plants:additional coal power plants can only be completed in the constructi
25、on period.IPP coal power plants will be retired after the end of the PPA,while combined cycle gas turbine power plants will be retired after 30 years.Renewable energy:additional electricity generation after 2030 will only be from renewable energy.Solar energy will start being developed from 2030,fol
26、lowed by both onshore and offshore wind power in 2037.Geothermal power plants:output will be gradually maximised to 22 GW through the development of an advanced geothermal system and other non-conventional geothermal systems.Hydropower:this will be optimised and the electricity sent to load centres
27、on other islands.Hydropower also provides balance by acting as a base load/service gap filler for renewable energy plants.Nuclear power plants:gradual operation will start in 2039 to maintain system reliability.By 2060,nuclear power plants are expected to reach 31 GW.Storage:pump storage implementat
28、ion will start in 2025.Battery storage is expected to begin in 2034.Meanwhile,hydrogen produced from renewable electricity(Green Hydrogen)will start in 2031 for the non-generation sector.The MEMR also noted that the investment needs for generation and transmission towards NZE utilising the ZES in th
29、e energy sector would reach US$1,108 billion in 2060,of which US$995 billion will be for generation and the other US$113 billion for transmission.This means that Indonesia needs US$28 billion annually to achieve NZE in the energy sector.5 cpaulfell/ShutterstockLarge coal fired power plant in Indones
30、iaBackground PaperThe readiness of Indonesias renewable energy sectorIndonesia has enormous renewable energy potential.There is an estimated 3,686 GW from solar,hydro,bioenergy,wind,geothermal and marine sources.However,Indonesias utilisation of renewable energy is minimal,at 11,612 MW as of June 20
31、22,or around 0.3%of the total potential(Iswahyudi and Kusdiana,2022).Note:Realisation in June 2022.Nuclear potential:Uranium 89,483 tons and Thorium 143,234 tons9109561,0211,0641,0841,0891,123The Potential of New and Renewable Energy in IndonesiaElectricity ConsumptionUnit:kWh/CapitaCovid-19 Pandemi
32、c Period2015201620172018201920202021NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL AND UTILISATIONENERGY SOURCESolarHybridBioenergyWind GeothermalOceanPOTENTIAL(GW)UTILIZATION(MW)Total3,295955715524603,6862216,6602,2841542,293011,6126Acceleration of the energy transition in IndonesiaFigure 3 Potential of new an
33、d renewable energy in Indonesia(Iswahyudi dan Kusdiana,2022)Indonesia has large,dispersed,and diverse new and renewable energy potential to boost national energy security and achieve the NRE target in the energy mix targetsWith 0.3%of the total potential already utilised,there is a huge opportunity
34、for new and renewable energy development,especially due to the environmental issues,climate change,and the increasing electricity consumption per capita.“Hydro potential is widespread throughout Indonesia,especially in Kaltara,Aceh,West and North Sumatera,and Papua.Solar potential is widespread thro
35、ughout Indonesia,especially in East Nusa Tenggara,West Kalimantan,and Riau,all of which have high solar radiation.Wind potential(6m/s)is found in East Nusa Tenggara,South Kalimantan,West Java,Aceh,South Sulawesi,and Papua.Ocean energy potential is widespread throughout Indonesia,especially in Maluku
36、,Bali,and East and West Nusa Tenggara.Geothermal potential is found in the ring of fire regions including Java,Sumatera,Bali,Nusa Tenggara,Sulawesi,and Maluku.7Background PaperRenewable energy development must be carried out even more extensively for Indonesia to achieve its 3GHG reduction target of
37、 NZE in 2060 or earlier.The EBTKE estimates that in 2060,to reach NZE,electricity generation from new renewable energy will be split as follows:421 GW from solar power,94 GW from wind 4power,72 GW from hydropower,60 GW from bioenergy power,31 GW from nuclear power plants,22 GW 56from geothermal powe
38、r,and 8 GW from tidal power.Meanwhile,storage technology will consist of 4.2 GW of pumped storage and 56 GW of battery storage.800700600400200500300100CoalDieselBioenergyWindNuclearStorageGasGeothermalHydroSolarOcean202220252030203520402045205020552060403268125193278382421-In terms of infrastructure
39、,Indonesia needs to strengthen its existing grid.The national grid is a crucial factor for NZE in the generation sector,especially with the plan to integrate inter-island grids.Figure 4 Generation capacity under NZE conditions in 2060(GW)(Iswahyudi dan Kusdiana,2022)NZE Power Generation Capacity|GW8
40、21001521992833895096377083 The Direktorat Jenderal Energi Baru Terbarukan dan Konservasi Energi,known in English as the Directorate General of New Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation,is a suborganisation directly under the MEMR.4 The nuclear power plant is expected start operating in 2039 and t
41、o come online in 2040,(Iswahyudi and Kusdiana,2022).5 Tidal power plants are expected to be commissioned around 2055,and by 2060 are expected to reach 8 GW.6 Large-scale storage is expected to be available in 2031.8Acceleration of the energy transition in Indonesia9 Rezky Purnama/ShutterstockGeother
42、mal power plants that are fully utilised by local residents,Dieng,Central Java,Indonesia.Background PaperFigure 5 Development of electricity infrastructure(Iswahyudi,2022)NationalBioenergyGeothermalHydroSolarWindCapacity in2060(GW)TOTAL60227242194831708NuclearOcean currentsColorType70kv150kv275kv500
43、kvExistingPlanNZE(Supergrid)Note:JAMALIMPNTASEANA.Have been included in the RUPTL project list:150 kV Sumatera-Bangka Interconnection(2022);500 kV Sumatera-Malaysia Interconnection(2030),supporting ASEAN power grid cooperation;150 kV Kalimantan Interconnection(2023);150 kV Sulbagut-Sulbagsel Interco
44、nnection(Tambu-Bangkir COD 2024).1.2.3.4.Development Of Electricity InfrastructureSuper grid is the key factor to achieve Zero Emission in power sectorMalaysiaASEANPowerGridSingapuraASEANBintan202720506471020352035202920529638122044KALIMANTANBioenergyGeothermalHydroSolarWindNuclear100,254691726Cap(G
45、W)TOTAL175MPNT6127116Cap(GW)TOTAL96BioenergyGeothermalHydroSolarWindSULAWESIBioenergyGeothermalHydroSolarWind9352711Cap(GW)TOTAL54BioenergyGeothermalHydroSolarWindOcean currents1683109401178TOTALJAMALICap(GW)BioenergyGeothermalHydroSolarWindOcean currentsNuclear19981461076TOTAL205SUMATERACap(GW)2045
46、2044204620562036204920522028204620562056B.Included in the RUPTL draft but need further review:Sumatera-Singapore Interconnection(including Sumatera-Bintan interconnection),to support ASEAN power gridcooperation,further riview is required;5.500 kV Sumatera-Java Interconnection(further review isrequir
47、ed by taking intro consideration demand and supply);6.150kV Bali-Lombok Interconnection(further review is requi-red to support the Java-Nusa Tenggara interconnection plan);7.150 kV Bangka-Belitung Interconnection(further review isrequired to support the Sumatera-Kalimantan interconnectionplan);8.9.B
48、elitung-Kalimantan interconnection(further review isrequired as a port of the Supergrid Nusantara program);10.150 kV Baubau-Sulbagsel Interconnection(further review isrequired to improve the reliability of Bau-Bau).Interconnectioninvestment will decrease if Renewable Energy BasedIndustrial Developme
49、nt(REBID)is implemented:Java-Madura-Bali:Maluku-Papua-Nusa Tenggara:Association of Southeast Asian Nation10Acceleration of the energy transition in Indonesia5Enabling conditions for an equitable energy transition in IndonesiaPolicies that enable conditions for an equitable energy transition are esse
50、ntial for phasing out fossil fuels and developing the renewable energy sector.Aside from Indonesias commitment to supporting the Paris Agreement,as stated in Indonesian Bill No.16/2016,Indonesia must also create other enabling conditions so that the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy t