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1、Electrification and Hydrogen Technologies in AirportsMay 25,2023Preparing Airports for Electric AviationElectrification&Hydrogen Technologies in AirportsTRB WebinarGal Le Bris,C.M.,P.E.Vice President,Aviation PlanningWSP USA2A Journey Toward Fly Net Zero Aviation accounts for 2%of CO2emissions&3.5%o
2、f climate changes drivers.Aviation has worked on keeping its emissions in check for over two decades.Aviation has a plan to achieve net-zero by 2050.Source:ATAGElectrification&Hydrogen Technologies in Airports3A Journey Toward Fly Net ZeroElectrification&Hydrogen Technologies in AirportsTimeShort-te
3、rmMedium-termLong-termUrban Air MobilityElectric Propulsion SystemsRegional AviationSAFElectric&Hybrid Propulsion SystemsLonger RangeSAFSAF+Electric Hybridization?Hydrogen as a Jet-Fuel?Fully-Electric?Small GA100LLUnleaded AvgasElectric Propulsion SystemsHydrogen as a Jet-Fuel?4What is an Electric A
4、ircraft?Electrification&Hydrogen Technologies in Airports5What is an Electric Aircraft?Electrification&Hydrogen Technologies in Airports6What is Advanced Air Mobility?AAMUAMRAMUse Cases/Missions:On-demand intra-urban transportation VTOL aircraft(1-5 pax)Range:10-20 milesUse Cases/Missions:On-demand
5、regional transportation V/STOL aircraft(1-19 pax)Range:10-70 milesElectrification&Hydrogen Technologies in AirportsLast-mile cargo delivery Small UAS(250 lbs.),STOL Range:10-70 milesMedevac Larger UAS,V/STOL&CTOL aircraft Range:10-70 miles7Electric Aircraft are on the Horizon202?2025203020402035Emer
6、gence of electric propulsion for larger aircraftAbout 2%of the U.S.fleet is electric Regional airlines&private owners embrace e-aircraft1stregionale-aircraft certified1stelectric commercial flight(air taxi)Small Aircraft Poweredwith BatteriesRegional Acft Poweredwith Fuel CellsLarger Aircraft(TBD)A
7、Possible Timeline to Electric AviationElectrification&Hydrogen Technologies in Airports8Potential Impact on the Aviation DemandElectric aviation promises lower OPEX to flight operators.This could make point-to-point air mobility more accessible.General aviation facilities could become local transpor
8、tation hubs for communities and see their capacity better utilized.Commercial service airports will accommodate more small commuter aircraft with STOL and VTOL capabilities.The novelty of electric aviation,the uncertainty around certification,and the lack of visibility on the future demand does not
9、make it easy for planners&decision makers.Source:Eve Air MobilitySource:Zero AviaElectrification&Hydrogen Technologies in Airports9Opportunities&Challenges for Airports&Communities Electric aircraft are significantly quieter&cleaner than ICU-powered aircraft.Hub airports are becoming intermodal node
10、s.Mobility-as-a-service(MaaS)can enable a better integration of these modes.With AAM,smaller aviation facilities may become local mobility hubs.Supply chains are needed to meet power requirements&deliver new fuels.On-airport power generation and microgrid can help address these needs.Airports can in
11、crease energy resilience and community resilience.Electrification&Hydrogen Technologies in Airports10The Stakeholder Ecosystem is Expanding Airport operator AAM providers and their flight operators Existing flight operators(including GA community)Aircraft rescue and firefighting(ARFF)FAA ADO and AFS
12、 Air traffic control tower(ATCT)Aircraft ground support providers Fixed-base operators(FBO)Utility providers and hydrogen suppliers Maintenance,repair,and overhaul(MRO)Ground transportation(TNC,transit authority,etc.)Local governments Metropolitan®ional planning organizations Communities and smal
13、l businesses Building and land-ownersElectrification&Hydrogen Technologies in Airports11Navigating Operational Safety at Aviation FacilitiesAnatomy of Electric Aircraft OperationsFirefightingVTOL RescuePedestrian SafetyOccupational HazardsJet Blast/DownwashThermal RunawayHydrogen FireNew Flight Proc
14、eduresHuman FactorMore Diverse Fleet MixWind EffectsElectrification&Hydrogen Technologies in Airports12Overall Risk:Unusual propulsion systems&lower noise increase risk on the ramp.Current Conditions&Trends:Over 100 e-aircraft projects with atypical config.(ACRP RR 236).Assessment:Risk should be ass
15、essed for each type or novel configuration.Potential Mitigation:Joint training sessions with the ramp community.Specific configurations may warrant visual aids(e.g.,markings).Navigating Operational Safety at Aviation Facilities“Most Wanted”:Atypical Configurations!Electrification&Hydrogen Technologi
16、es in Airports13Overall Risk:Battery fire/runaway or leak/explosion of hydrogen tank following a high-energy safety occurrence(e.g.,runway excursion).Current Conditions&Trends:Airliners already carry powerful batteries(e.g.,A350,787).Large aviation hydrogen tanks&pods are novel(even per other transp
17、ortation industry standards).Assessment and Mitigation:Batteries/hydrogen tanks and pods,by design,should not increase the severity of such occurrences(assuming reasonable scenarios)and should be able to withstand some of them(e.g.,runway excursions).Navigating Operational Safety at Aviation Facilit
18、ies“Most Wanted”:Accident Increases in Severity!Electrification&Hydrogen Technologies in Airports14Navigating Operational Safety at Aviation Facilities“Most Wanted”:Hydrogen Storage&DistributionOverall Risk:H2and hydrogen carriers would be new gases/fluids at airports to be stored,transported,and pr
19、ocessedinducing new hazards.Current Conditions&Trends:Safety standards exist for their safe storage and handling in other industries/non-aviation contexts.Assessment and Potential Mitigation:The supply chains for aviation hydrogen are to be developed.Firefighting standards already exist for hydrogen
20、 technologies.NFPA guidance on fueling systems to be revised.!Electrification&Hydrogen Technologies in Airports15Navigating Operational Safety at Aviation FacilitiesTypology of Operators and ServicesWho provide safety management?Who provide operational safety?VertistopFlight operatorsPilotsVertiport
21、/VertihubFlight operatorsVertiport operator?Pilots&ground handlersVertiport NetworkFlight operatorsVertiport operator?Pilots,ground handlers,vertiport staffVertiport at Non-Certified AirportFlight operatorsAirport operator?Pilots,ground handlers,airport staffVertiport at Part 139 AirportAirport,ATCT
22、,Flight operatorsATCT,pilots,ground handlers,airport staffGrowing Complexity&TrafficNote:Heliports are not required to comply with Part 139 requirements.Also,Part 139 typically does not apply to airports served by air carriers performing unscheduled operations with small aircraft(31seats)and GA faci
23、lities.Electrification&Hydrogen Technologies in Airports16Navigating Operational Safety at Aviation FacilitiesTypology of Operators and ServicesWho provide safety management?Who provide operational safety?VertistopFlight operatorsPilotsVertiport/VertihubFlight operatorsVertiport operator?Pilots&grou
24、nd handlersVertiport NetworkFlight operatorsVertiport operator?Pilots,ground handlers,vertiport staffVertiport at Non-Certified AirportFlight operatorsAirport operator?Pilots,ground handlers,airport staffVertiport at Part 139 AirportAirport,ATCT,Flight operatorsATCT,pilots,ground handlers,airport st
25、affGrowing Complexity&TrafficNote:Heliports are not required to comply with Part 139 requirements.Also,Part 139 typically does not apply to airports served by air carriers performing unscheduled operations with small aircraft(31seats)and GA facilities.Electrification&Hydrogen Technologies in Airport
26、s17Emerging Aviation“Fuels”Electrification&Hydrogen Technologies in Airports Various energy systems and configurations are considered.How to“refuel”these aircraft?Techno.All ElectricTurboelec.Series HybridParallel HybridSeries/Parallel HybridBatteriesElectricityElectricity+FuelElectricity+FuelElectr
27、icity+FuelElectricity+FuelFuel CellsHydrogenHydrogen+FuelHydrogen+FuelHydrogen+FuelHydrogen+FuelAirport SolutionBatteriesFuel CellsFixed Airport UnitsElectric ChargersHydrant systemMobile Airport UnitsSuperchargers on Truck or TrailerTanker(Truck)Swap of Energy ContainersBattery SwapContainer SwapTh
28、ese technologies have different pros and cons,as well as different implications forairport stakeholders in terms of operations,design,and planning.18Emerging Aviation“Fuels”Recharging Aircraft with BatteriesOff-Airport Production orOn-Site Generation(e.g.,Microgrid)Airport Power Management to Share
29、the Resource Between UsersPower Back Up Solutions to Increase ResilienceFixed Chargers at the Gate(Above-Ground or Underground Hatch)Charging Stations(Source:Pipistrel)Hatch for 400Hz ACElectrification&Hydrogen Technologies in Airports19Emerging Aviation“Fuels”Recharging Aircraft with BatteriesBatte
30、ry SwapMobile ChargersBattery InventoryElectrification&Hydrogen Technologies in Airports20Airports are on the forefront of the Electrification of Everything.E-aircraft are among other emerging electricity users that need to be accounted for.Power supply&management is now a critical element of aviati
31、on resilience.Utility master plans should aim to address these challenges.Airports need to have a holistic approach of electrification.Electrification&Hydrogen Technologies in AirportsEmerging Aviation“Fuels”Power Supply Requirements21Emerging Aviation“Fuels”The“Electrification of Everything”Source:
32、Indianapolis Airport AuthorityGreener Passenger TerminalAirside ElectrificationEmerging Ground Access Modes&TechsGeneral Aviation/Air TaxiRegional AviationElectric GSEElectrification&Hydrogen Technologies in Airports22Emerging Aviation“Fuels”Refueling Aircraft with Fuel CellsOff-Airport Production o
33、rOn-Site Generation(Future)Ground TransportationHydrogen RefuelingHydrogen Container SwapAirport StorageElectrification&Hydrogen Technologies in Airports23Emerging Aviation“Fuels”Methods to Produce HydrogenElectrification&Hydrogen Technologies in AirportsSource:U.S.DOE24Emerging Aviation“Fuels”Hydro
34、gen Supply Chains at AirportsElectrification&Hydrogen Technologies in Airports25Planning for eAircraft at AirportsElectrification&Hydrogen Technologies in AirportsIncorporating electric aircraft trends and requirements into master planning(see ACRP Research Report 236).Once e-aircraft will start bei
35、ng adopted by flight operators:aircraft/airport compatibility studies.Need for an industry playbook providing guidance on compatibility studies What about an“EACG”or“VACG”?26Planning for eAircraft at AirportsElectrification&Hydrogen Technologies in Airports27Policy Considerations:Impact on Fuel Reve
36、nues Aviation fuel taxes in Colorado:AviationFuel Excise Tax on aviation gasoline(6per gallon)&fuel(4 per gallon)with exemptions for air carriers.AviationFuel Sales Tax on aviation jet fuel used in turbo-propeller or jet engine aircraft.Special Taxation Districts:RTD(Regl.Transportation District)and
37、 RTA(Rural Transportation Authority)sales tax.Flowage Fees:Aviation fuel or gasoline can be subject to a fuel flowage(in-plane)fee imposed by the airport.During FY 2019-2020,$26.4 million of state aviation fuel tax revenues were collected.These tax revenues support,develop,and maintain the Colorado
38、aviation system.Battery-electric and hydrogen-electric aircraft will not use conventional aviation fuels.Hybrid-electric aircraft will use less fuels than conventional aircraft.Food for thought:What will be the impact of electric aviation implementation on fuel revenues over time?How can this loss o
39、f revenue be offset?Should electric aircraft pay the difference?Or should electric aviation be incentivized?Should emergingaviation“energyvectors”(electricityand hydrogen)be taxed?Electrification&Hydrogen Technologies in Airports28Policy Considerations:UtilitiesState Laws and Regulations on Addition
40、al Fees on Utilities from Facility OwnersState Laws and Regulations on Electric SubmeteringPolicies should articulate the purpose of electric metering and allow for billing aviation tenants and users.Should direct aircraft recharge be allowed in hangars?Who will pay to facilitate this in terms of ai
41、rport electric infrastructure?How should it be regulated(if applicable)?Is there any conflict with other policies such as grant assurances?The electric aircraft infrastructure is not eligible for most existing funding programs.Should new funding mechanisms be introduced?Where do we draw the line bet
42、ween transmission,storage,and charging infrastructure?What does electrification mean to airports,their community,and local governments?Electrification&Hydrogen Technologies in Airports29Paving the Way for Electric AviationGuidance&StandardsState&Regional RoadmapsPlanning&Designing for eAircraftElect
43、rification&Hydrogen Technologies in Airports30Further ReadingAn Airport&Vertiport/Aircraft Compatibility Approach of Electric Vertical Takeoff&Landing Aircraft Design.Proceedings of Forum 79,VFS,2023Advanced Air Mobility is Coming.Are We Ready?SAE International,2022Advanced Air Mobility:Challenges a
44、nd Opportunities for Airports&Vertiports.AAAE,2022Safety Considerations on the Operation of eVTOL Aircraft at Airports and Vertiports.Proceedings of Forum 78,VFS,2022 Way of the Future:Airports at the Horizon of 2040 and 2070.TR News 331,Transportation Research Board,2021Washington Electric Aircraft
45、 Feasibility Study.WSP/WSDOT,2020Electrification&Hydrogen Technologies in Airports31Further ACRP ReadingElectrification&Hydrogen Technologies in AirportsACRP Research Report 236:Preparing Your Airport for Electric Aircraft&Hydrogen TechnologiesACRP Research Report 243:Urban Air Mobility:An Airport P
46、erspectiveFly safe!Gal Le Bris,C.M.,P.E.Vice President,Aviation PSustainable Aviation Electrification&Hydrogen Technologies in AirportsScott Cary,PE,LEED AP Spring 2023Messaging+Blue Infographic ContentNREL|2RenewablePowerSolarWind WaterGeothermalSustainable TransportationBioenergyHydrogen and Fuel
47、CellsTransportation and MobilityEnergy EfficiencyAdvanced ManufacturingBuildingsState,Local,and Tribal GovernmentsEnergy SystemsIntegrationEnergy Security and ResilienceGrid ModernizationIntegrated Energy SolutionsNREL Science Drives InnovationNREL|3We Reduce Risk in Bringing Innovations to MarketNR
48、EL helps bridge the gap from basic science to commercial applicationForward-thinking innovation yields disruptive and impactful results to benefit the entire U.S.economyAccelerated time to market delivers advantages to American businesses and consumersNREL|4Sustainable AviationOverviewIndustry aims
49、for net zero carbon by 2050:International Civil Aviation Organization and International Air Transport Association are both working towards that long-term target.Petroleum-based fuels transitioning to sustainable alternatives:U.S.Department of Energy Sustainable Aviation Fuel Grand Challenge aims to
50、meet 100%of aviation fuel demand by 2050.Alternatives include sustainable aviation fuel,hydrogen,power-to-liquids,and electricPartnerships are reaching across the aviation sector:Airports,airline companies,new entrants,utilities,and fuel providers are seeing an increasingly heterogenous and complex