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1、Section I Use of English Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Today,we live in a world where GPS systems,digital maps,and other navigation apps are all available on our smartphones.1 of us just walk strai
2、ght into the woods without a phone.But phones 2 on batteries,and batteries can die faster than we realize.3 you get lost without a phone or a compass,and you 4 cant find north,a few tricks may help you navigate 5 to civilization,one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself 6 a trail,but
3、 not in a completely 7 area of land,you have to answer two questions:Which 8 is downhill,in this particular area And where is the nearest water source Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys,and on supplies of fresh water.9 ,if you head downhill,and follow any H2O you find,you should 10 see signs of p
4、eople.If youve explored the area before,keep an eye out for familiar sights you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 :Climb high and look for signs of human habitation.13 ,even in dense forest,you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line
5、 due to roads,train tracks,and other paths people carve 15 the woods.Head toward these 16 to find a way out.At night,scan the horizon for 17 light sources,such as fires and streetlights,then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 ,assuming youre lost in an area humans tend to frequent,look for t
6、he 19 we leave on the landscape.Trail blazes,tire tracks,and other features can 20 you to civilization.谈这些东西一经广播和非专业报刊传播就会引起健康方面的恐慌和对某些饮食的短暂追捧今天任何一个科研岗位的申请者需要发表文章的数量比短短十年前申报同一岗位时整整翻了一番为遏制这一倾向已经采取了若干措施比如在评我引用或找同行引用以回报自己提的类似好处这项措施本该是合理的如果我们真想保证我们的科研既有意义又可复制就必须确保我们的体制能激励这样的科研写作节略节略 1.A.Few B.Most C.Som
7、e D.All 2.A.put B.take C.run D.come 3.A.Since B.Until C.Though D.If 4.A.formally B.literally C.gradually D.relatively 5.A.around B.away C.back D.next 6.A.onto B.along C.across D.off 7.A.unattractive B.unfamiliar C.unchanged D.uncrowded 8.A.way B.point C.site D.place 9.A.Instead B.Yet C.So D.Besides
8、10.A.immediately B.eventually C.unexpectedly D.intentionally 11.A.frightened B.annoyed C.surprised D.confused 12.A.problem B.result C.view D.option 13.A.Above all B.For example C.On average D.In contrast 14.A.spot B.avoid C.bridge D.谈这些东西一经广播和非专业报刊传播就会引起健康方面的恐慌和对某些饮食的短暂追捧今天任何一个科研岗位的申请者需要发表文章的数量比短短十年
9、前申报同一岗位时整整翻了一番为遏制这一倾向已经采取了若干措施比如在评我引用或找同行引用以回报自己提的类似好处这项措施本该是合理的如果我们真想保证我们的科研既有意义又可复制就必须确保我们的体制能激励这样的科研写作节略节略separate 15.A.from B.under C.beyond D.through 16.A.posts B.breaks C.shades D.links 17.A.hidden B.mysterious C.artificial D.limited 18.A.Finally B.Consequently C.Incidentally D.Generally 19.A.
10、memories B.belongings C.notes D.marks 20.A.lead B.adapt C.restrict D.expose Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)谈这些东西一经广播和非专业报刊传播就会引起健康方面的恐慌和对某些饮食
11、的短暂追捧今天任何一个科研岗位的申请者需要发表文章的数量比短短十年前申报同一岗位时整整翻了一番为遏制这一倾向已经采取了若干措施比如在评我引用或找同行引用以回报自己提的类似好处这项措施本该是合理的如果我们真想保证我们的科研既有意义又可复制就必须确保我们的体制能激励这样的科研写作节略节略Text 1 Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks.Starting next year,any guaranteed bonus of top executives
12、 could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing.The main purpose of this“clawback”rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions.Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit:more long-term decisi
13、on-making,not only by banks but by all corporations,to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism,”or the desire for quick profits,has worsened in publicly traded companies,says the Bank of Englands top economist,Andrew Haldane.He quotes a giant of classical economics,Alfred Mars
14、hall,in describing this financial impatience as acting like“children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once”rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain,he notes,has dropped from seven years to seven m
15、onths in recent decades.Transient investors,who demand high quarterly profits from companies,can hinder a firms efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty.This has been dubbed“quarterly capitalism.”In addition,new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of e
16、quities,quicker use of information,and 谈这些东西一经广播和非专业报刊传播就会引起健康方面的恐慌和对某些饮食的短暂追捧今天任何一个科研岗位的申请者需要发表文章的数量比短短十年前申报同一岗位时整整翻了一番为遏制这一倾向已经采取了若干措施比如在评我引用或找同行引用以回报自己提的类似好处这项措施本该是合理的如果我们真想保证我们的科研既有意义又可复制就必须确保我们的体制能激励这样的科研写作节略节略thus shorter attention spans in financial markets.“There seems to be a predominance o
17、f short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,”said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US,the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a y
18、ear,slightly helping reduce“short-termism.”In its latest survey of CEO pay,The Wall Street Journal finds that“a substantial part”of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage“long-termism,”such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions
19、.In France,shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies,the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders.Br
20、itains new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance,not just for the short term but for the long term.谈这些东西一经广播和非专业报刊传播就会引起健康方面的恐慌和对某些饮食的短暂追捧今天任何一个科研岗位的申请者需要发表文章的数量比短短十年前申报同一岗位时整整翻了一番为遏制这一倾向已经采取了若干措施比如在评我引用或找同行引用以回报自己提的类似好处这项措施本该是合理的如果我们真想保证我们的科研既有意义又可复制就必须确保我们
21、的体制能激励这样的科研写作节略节略 21.According to Paragraph 1,one motive in imposing the new rule is to A.guarantee the bonuses of top executives.B.enhance bankers sense of responsibility.C.build a new system of financial regulation.D.help corporations achieve larger profits.22.Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate
22、 A.the solid structure of publicly traded companies.B.governments impatience in decision-making.C.the conditions for generating quick profits.D.“shor t-termism”in economic activities.23.It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be A.minimal.B.indirect.C.adverse.
23、谈这些东西一经广播和非专业报刊传播就会引起健康方面的恐慌和对某些饮食的短暂追捧今天任何一个科研岗位的申请者需要发表文章的数量比短短十年前申报同一岗位时整整翻了一番为遏制这一倾向已经采取了若干措施比如在评我引用或找同行引用以回报自己提的类似好处这项措施本该是合理的如果我们真想保证我们的科研既有意义又可复制就必须确保我们的体制能激励这样的科研写作节略节略D.temporary.24.The US and France examples are used to illustrate A.the approaches to promoting“long-termism.”B.the prevalenc
24、e of short-term thinking.C.the significance of long-term thinking.D.the obstacles to preventing“short-termism.”25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text A.Decisiveness Required of Top Executives B.Failure of Quarterly Capitalism C.Patience as a Corporate Virtue D.Frustration of
25、Risk-taking Bankers 谈这些东西一经广播和非专业报刊传播就会引起健康方面的恐慌和对某些饮食的短暂追捧今天任何一个科研岗位的申请者需要发表文章的数量比短短十年前申报同一岗位时整整翻了一番为遏制这一倾向已经采取了若干措施比如在评我引用或找同行引用以回报自己提的类似好处这项措施本该是合理的如果我们真想保证我们的科研既有意义又可复制就必须确保我们的体制能激励这样的科研写作节略节略Text 2 Grade inflation the gradual increase in average GPAs(grade-point averages)over the past few decad
26、es is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education,in which students are treated like customers to be pleased.But another,related force a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called“grade forgiveness”is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a cours
27、e in which they received a low grade,and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a students overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years,as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school(and paying tu
28、ition)and improve their graduation rates.When this practice first started decades ago,it was usually limited to freshmen,to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses.But now most colleges,save for many selective campu
29、ses,allow all undergraduates,and even graduate students,to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without
30、 incurring a big penalty.“Ultimately,”said Jack Miner,Ohio State 谈这些东西一经广播和非专业报刊传播就会引起健康方面的恐慌和对某些饮食的短暂追捧今天任何一个科研岗位的申请者需要发表文章的数量比短短十年前申报同一岗位时整整翻了一番为遏制这一倾向已经采取了若干措施比如在评我引用或找同行引用以回报自己提的类似好处这项措施本该是合理的如果我们真想保证我们的科研既有意义又可复制就必须确保我们的体制能激励这样的科研写作节略节略Universitys registrar,“we see students achieve more success
31、 because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”That said,there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges own needs as well.For public institutions,state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on met
32、rics such as graduation rates and student retention so better grades can,by boosting figures like those,mean more money.And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students who,at the end of the day,are paying the bill feel theyve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars,which is another b
33、ig concern for colleges.Indeed,grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers expectations for higher education.Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job,it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified a
34、s possible or at least appear to be.On this,students and colleges incentives seem to be aligned.谈这些东西一经广播和非专业报刊传播就会引起健康方面的恐慌和对某些饮食的短暂追捧今天任何一个科研岗位的申请者需要发表文章的数量比短短十年前申报同一岗位时整整翻了一番为遏制这一倾向已经采取了若干措施比如在评我引用或找同行引用以回报自己提的类似好处这项措施本该是合理的如果我们真想保证我们的科研既有意义又可复制就必须确保我们的体制能激励这样的科研写作节略节略 26.What is commonly regarde
35、d as the cause of grade inflation A.Colleges neglect of GPAs.B.The influence of consumer culture.C.Students indifference to GPAs.D.The change of course catalogs.27.What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness A.To maintain colleges graduation rates.B.To increase universities income from tuitio
36、n.C.To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D.To help freshmen adapt to college learning.28.According to Paragraph 5,grade forgiveness enables colleges to A.obtain more financial support.B.improve their teaching quality.C.boost their student enrollments.谈这些东西一经广播和非专业报刊传播就会引起健康方面的恐慌和对某些饮食的短暂追捧今
37、天任何一个科研岗位的申请者需要发表文章的数量比短短十年前申报同一岗位时整整翻了一番为遏制这一倾向已经采取了若干措施比如在评我引用或找同行引用以回报自己提的类似好处这项措施本该是合理的如果我们真想保证我们的科研既有意义又可复制就必须确保我们的体制能激励这样的科研写作节略节略D.meet local governments needs.29.What does the phrase“to be aligned”(Line 5,Para.6)most probably mean A.To counterbalance each other.B.To be contradictory to each
38、other.C.To be identical with each other.D.To complement each other.30.The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by A.assessing its feasibility.B.listing its long-run effects.C.comparing different views on it.D.analyzing the causes behind it.谈这些东西一经广播和非专业报刊传播就会引起健康方面的恐慌和对某些饮食的短暂追捧今天任何一个科研
39、岗位的申请者需要发表文章的数量比短短十年前申报同一岗位时整整翻了一番为遏制这一倾向已经采取了若干措施比如在评我引用或找同行引用以回报自己提的类似好处这项措施本该是合理的如果我们真想保证我们的科研既有意义又可复制就必须确保我们的体制能激励这样的科研写作节略节略Text 3 This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein;or,The Modern Prometheus,by Mary Shelley.Even before the invention of the electric light
40、 bulb,the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence(AI)raises fundamental questions:“What is i ntelligence,identity,or consciousness What makes human
41、s humans”What is being called artificial general intelligence,machines that would imitate the way humans think,continues to evade scientists.Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look,move,and respond like humans,similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series
42、such as“Westworld”and“Humans.”Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood,let alone reproduced,says David Eagleman,a Stanf ord University neuroscientist.“We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever b
43、uild a machine to get there.”But that doesnt mean crucial ethical issues involving AI arent at hand.The coming use of autonomous vehicles,for example,poses thorny ethical questions.Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions.Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflex
44、es,input from 谈这些东西一经广播和非专业报刊传播就会引起健康方面的恐慌和对某些饮食的短暂追捧今天任何一个科研岗位的申请者需要发表文章的数量比短短十年前申报同一岗位时整整翻了一番为遏制这一倾向已经采取了若干措施比如在评我引用或找同行引用以回报自己提的类似好处这项措施本该是合理的如果我们真想保证我们的科研既有意义又可复制就必须确保我们的体制能激励这样的科研写作节略节略past driving experiences,and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment.AI“vision”today is not nearly a
45、s sophisticated as that of humans.And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data,“you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,”notes Tan Kiat How,chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping th
46、e government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI.Along with Singapore,other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines.Britain is setting up a data ethics center.India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to“de
47、sign or deploy AI”that would cause“overall harm,”or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms.It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague,it represents one starting poi
48、nt.So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable,transparent,and fair.To put it another way:How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanitys highest values Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankensteins out-of-control monster.
49、谈这些东西一经广播和非专业报刊传播就会引起健康方面的恐慌和对某些饮食的短暂追捧今天任何一个科研岗位的申请者需要发表文章的数量比短短十年前申报同一岗位时整整翻了一番为遏制这一倾向已经采取了若干措施比如在评我引用或找同行引用以回报自己提的类似好处这项措施本该是合理的如果我们真想保证我们的科研既有意义又可复制就必须确保我们的体制能激励这样的科研写作节略节略 31.Mary Shelley s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because it A.involves some concerns raised by AI today.B.has remained pop
50、ular for as long as 200 years.C.fascinates AI scientists all over the world.D.has sparked serious ethical controversies.32.In David Eaglemans opinion,our current knowledge of consciousness A.helps explain artificial intelligence.B.is too limited for us to reproduce it.C.inspires popular sci-fi TV se