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1、最新中考英语必考知识点归纳第 一 课 时 名 词一、概述1、名词的属性:表示人或事物的名称抽象概念的词叫名词。2、名词分普通名词和专有名词。普通名词是表示某一类人或事物,或某种物体或抽象概念的名称。如:teacher,desks,plates,milk,box等,专有名词表示某一特定的人、事物、地方团体、党派、国家机关、语言、节日等专用的名称。(运用)如:China,Chinese,Saturday,June,Green,Beijing,Olympic 等。(专有名词的第一个字母要大写)二、可数名词与不可数名词1、可数名词是指表示人或事物,可以用数来计量的名词,有单复数之分。如:glass-g
2、lasses;bookbooks2、不可数名词是指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。如:paper,rice,water,milk,tea 等。3、有些名词在特定情况下由不可数变为可数名词。Light travels faster than sound;(light:光线,不可数)The lights are on.(light:灯,可数)4、不可数名词的量的表示不可数名词一般无法用数来计算,前面不能用a或a n或数词第 1 页 共 99页来表示数量,它的量往往借助于容器来表示。如:a glass of milk-four glasses of milka piece of paper-two pi
3、eces of papera bag of rice-three bags of rice三、可数名词的复数形式(识记、运 用)1、可数名词在应用时有单复数之分,单数变复数有规则变化和规则变化不规则变化两种。情 况笠化形工1例同一股情况川-sgirls;books;留s,x,cn,sn结尾的省JJU-esclasses;D oxes;watches;brushes藕 苜 了 母 加y结尾的笠y为加escity cities;D aD ybabies以T或te结尾的省利笠t,te内v,加esK nire-K nives;learleaves以o结尾的七词D otatoes;tomatoes;pn
4、otos;kilos;D ambous;radios2、少数名词有不规则的变化形式policeman policemen;man men;womanwomen;toothteeth;footfeet;sheep-sheep;deerdeer;Japanese Japanese;Chinese-Chinese;fish fish四、名词所有格(运 用)名词的所有格是表示所有关系的形式,它也有构成上的变化。1、单数名词变所有格,只需在词尾加s;2、复数名词的词尾已有s,只需加 即 可;3、复数名词的词尾若没有s,则应加s;4、如果表示某人或物为两人所共有,则在第二个人后面加第2页 共99页如:D
5、a Mao and Xiao Maoz s room如果不是两人共有,则在每个人后面都加s;如:Li Lei s and Tom s mother5、名词所有格结构通常用于表示有生命的名词,或表示时间、距离、地点等,而表示无生命名词的所有关系则用。表示。如:the windows of house the picture of the familyof结构也能用于有生命名词的所有格。a friend of my sister s a book of his第 二 课 时 冠 词(一)一、概述冠词是一种虚词,在句子中不重读,本身不能独立使用。在汉语中没有这个词类。在学习冠词时,要注意这种加在名词
6、前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物的词表示数量 一 时,与数词的区别;其表示 数量 的意义没有one强,这是学习中注意区别的。二、冠词的定义冠词是置于名词之前,说明名词所表示的人或事物的一种虚词,它不能离开名词而单独存在。冠词有两种:一种是定冠词(the D efinite A rticle);the一种是不定冠词(the Indefinite A rticle).a an三、不定冠词的用法a用于辅音音素起首的单词前,an用于元音音素起首的单词前。第3页 共99页1、当第一次提到某人或某物时,用a或an起介绍作用,如:What is this?It is a bus.Who is she?She i
7、s a doctor.2、表示泛指一类人或物A snake is a cold-blood animal.A plane is a machine that can fly.3、表示某一类人或事物的任何一个。如:She is a teacher;That is an apple.There is an elephant in the zoo.4、可用于某些词组,是该词组不可缺少的组成部分。如:a long time a little afewat a time have a trytake a chance5、表示 每一个 的意思。如:three times a day four yuan a
8、 dozen6、可用于抽象名词之前,使抽象名词具体化。如:I am quite at a loss;The little child is a joy to his parents.7、用于物质名词之前,使物质名词普通化。如:He drew out a tin of pineapple.They made a fire to get warm.第 4 页 共 99页注意:1、不定冠词an用在以元音(不是字母,而是发音)起首的名词或其他以元音起首的词之前,不定冠词a用在以辅音起首的名词或其他以辅音起首的词之前。2、u和h有时在单词中发元音,有时却读作辅音或不发音。如:I have been wa
9、iting for an hour.He is an honest young fellow.A hammer is a useful fool.3、英语中有些字母,如f h I m n s x。由于它前头第一个音是元音,所以在单独使用或作缩略词的第一个字母时,应使用a n,如:There is an n in the word no.An MP means a member of parliament.第 三 课 时 冠 词(二)一、定冠词的用法定冠词the有this,that,these,those等意思,用于单数或复数名词前。主要用来特指,使一个或几个事物区别于所有其他同名的事物。1、指
10、前文已经提到过的人或事物。如:I wrote an article.The article was about physics.2、指说话人都知道的人或事物。如:第 5 页 共 99页Please close the door before you leave.Let s go to the classroom.3、名词有定语修饰时,须用定冠词the,表示特指意义。如:The book on the desk is his.The teacher who talked with you is her mother.4、用于世界上独一无二的事物前。如:the sun the moon the e
11、arththe sky the world5、用在序数词前面表示顺序。如:I live on the fourth floor.My mother is always the first one to come and the lastone to leave.6、与其他词连用,构成固定词组。如:on the left in the north in the front of7、在表示乐器名称的名词之前用定冠词。如:the piano the violin8、用在形容词或副词的最高级前面。如:This was the most interesting voyage we had ever ha
12、d.He is the tallest of us.9、用在形容词前面,表示复数意义的某一类人或事物。如:the rich the poor the youngthe living第 6 页 共 99页the newthe rightthe truethe beautiful10、在表示江河、山脉、海湾、海峡、沙漠等专用名词之前加定冠词。如:the Changjiang River the Nilethe Alps theHimalayas11、用在年代、朝代、时代名词前。如:the Qin Dynasty the MingDynastyin the 50 s the springperiod
13、12、和表示姓氏名词的复数形式连用,表示某姓氏一家人或夫妇二人。如:the Lis the Martins二、不用冠词的情况1、除一些特殊情况外,专用名词以及抽象名词和物质名词前不加冠词。如:Man is mortal.Miss Smith came in power at last.2、当名词前已有 this,that,my,his,any,every,some,no,those,these等词修饰时或有所有格修饰时,不必加冠词。如:第7页 共99页She is my sister.This article you had written is very wonderful.3、在交通工具、
14、学科名称等名词前不加冠词。如:by plane by boat ChinesePhysics4、在节日、假日、星期、月份、季节等名词前不加冠词。如:National Day May DayAutumn January5、在一日三餐、体育类等名词前不加冠词。如:He prefers milk and egg for breakfast.He preferred to play football and I d rather play tennis.6、在唯一的职务、头衔的名词前不加冠词。如:He is elected manager of our company.People elected h
15、im president of that country last year.7、在报纸标题、图像说明、文章题目、标志、广告前不加冠词。如:Worker s MindNotes on the Study of Hong Lou Meng8、在一些固定词组中不加冠词。如:at home by mistakelearn by heartat first at last at第8页共99页onceby sea day and night第 四 课 时 代 词(一)一、概述代词是用来代替名词或名词短语的词。代词的分类:人称代词:表示 我、我们、你 你们、他、她、它、他们”的词叫人称代词;物主代词:表示
16、所有关系的代词,分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词;反身代词:表示动作反射到执行者本身或用来加强语气的代词;指示代词:表示能替代名词或替代形容词的词;不定代词:表示不指明替代任 特定名词的代词。疑问代词:表示替代人或物且含有疑问语气的代词。二、人称代词枚弟 一 人 称弟 _ 人 称弟 二 人 秘复 效申 效县 取申 效8土 情1weyouyoune,sne,tney兵 恪meusyouyoumm,her,ittnem第9页 共99页人称代词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语。1、主格在句中作主语,宾格在句中作宾语。She gave these books to you and me;You must
17、 look after them;2、当并列代词作主语时,I放在最后。Jll页序为你,他,我You,he and I are going to spend the winter holidays inBeijing.三、物主代词物主代词包括形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种,有人称和数不清变化形式。弟 一 人 称弟 一 人 称弟 二 人 称甲 数复 数半 数复 数甲 数复 姒米 形 谷 嘲 蹩 myouryouryourms.neeitstneirmineoursyoursyoursmsthers,itstneirs形容词性物主代词只能作定语修饰名词,如:my watch;your book
18、s;their names;名词性物主代词在句中可单独作用,可作主语、宾语和表语,后面 不 跟 名 词,英 语 中 说:我的一位朋友,要 用a friend of*IImine o有些结构中常用the替代物主代词He had a cold in the head.(the 意思是 his)第 10页 共 99页My mother took me by the arm.(the 意思是 her)四、反身代词毕 致myseiryourseirmmseiT;nerseir;itseir复数ourseivesyourseivesthemselves反身代词在句中可以加强语气,用作宾语和同位语。He h
19、imself has finished it.(作同位语)He has taught himself Russian for 5 years.(作 宾 语)I did it mysldf.(加强语气)某些固定结构:by oneself;fo oneself;among themselvesThey made the machine all by themselves.He cooked a meal for himself.第 五 课 时 代 词(二)一、指示代词指示代词有:this;that;these;thosethis,these表 示 这 、这些,是 近 指 。that,those表
20、示 那 、那些,是 远 指 。注 意:在电话用语里面,用this代替自己,that代替对方。如:who s that?This is Tom speaking第 11页 共 99页二、不定代词英 语 中 有 以 下 不 定 代 词:all,each,every,both,either,neither;one,none,little(a little),few(a few),many,much,other,another,some,any,no 还有由 some,any,no every 构成的代词。1)both,allboth是指 两者都,而all则是指 三者或三者以上都,如:Both of
21、us are right.All of you are good at playing basketball.但all还可以组成固定短语all day,all this,all the time等2)either;neithereither是 指 两 者 之 中 任 何 一 个 属 于 部 分 否 定,而neither则是 两者之中一个也不 ”属全部否定Either of the books will do.Neither of the answers is right.而either还可出现在否定句子里,可 与neither进行句型转换。如:Tom hasn,t been to Americ
22、a,Jim hasn,t,either=Neither Tom nor Jim has been to America.而neither(nor)也可用于表示 也不,构 成H neither(nor)+助动词+主语”的句式。Kate isn t a worker,neither is Meimei.第 12页 共 99页3)little,a little,few,a fewlittle,a little修饰不可数名词;few,a few修饰可数名词;little,few表示否定,“几乎没有a little,a few 表示肯定,相当于 some,any.There is a little mi
23、lk in the glass.There are few students in the classroom,they re in thereading-room.4)every,eachevery,each都是强调每一个,every作定语修饰名词。如:The bus comes every five minutes.Each of them may come at a different time.5)some,any6)由some,any,no,every组成的不定代词something,someone,somebody,somewhere,anything,anyone,anybody
24、,anywhere,nothing,none,nobody,nowhere,everything,everyone,everybody,everywhere.三、疑问代词疑问代词用来构成疑问句,一共有五个:who,whom,whose,what,which.第 六 课 时 数 词一、基数词第 13页 共 99页基数词表示数量onetwothreefourfivesixseveneightnineteneleventwelvethirteenfourteenfifteensixteenseventeeneighteennineteentwentythirtyfortyfifty7sixtysev
25、entyeightyninetytwenty-onethirty-eiahtfiny-threea nunareaa thousanda milliona billion注 意:表示具体数目的hundren,thousand,million等均不用复 数,百位数和十位数之间通常加连词and;十位数与个位数之间要加连字符。二、序数词rirstsecondthirdfourthfifthsixthseventheighthninthtentheieventntwelfththirteenthfourteenthfifteenthsixteenthseventeentheighteentninete
26、enthtwentieththirtiethfortiethfiftiethsixtiethseventietheightietninetiethhundredthtwenty-firstninetv-nintya nunarea ana Tinv-third序数词的缩写形式:由阿拉伯数字后加上序数词的最后两个字母。first-1st second 2nd tenth 10th三、时间和年月日表示法1、时间均用基数词表示:1)顺读法,先说 点钟,再说 分钟,如:2:15 two fifteen 6:20 six twenty第 14页 共 99页2)逆读法30分钟以内:分钟数+past+钟点数
27、,如:3:20-twenty past three 2:10 ten past two半小时用half,15分钟用a quarter:2:15-a quarter past two 3:30 half past three30分钟以外要用:分钟数+to+下一个钟点,如:4:35-twenty-five to five 2:55 five to three2)年月日表示法年份读法;月日读法;年月日一起读法。四、分数的表示法当分数中表示分子的数只含个位数时一般采用 分子(用基数词)+分 母(用序数词)表示。(分子大于1时,分母序数词用复数)如:one-third;two-thirds;three
28、twenty-seconds五、数词与名词的搭配1)数词与名词连用时,它们的次序是 名词+基数词Lesson 15;Room 1506或 者 用the+序数词+名词”The Fifteenth Lesson the third floor2)数词与小时的搭配two hours and a half three hourshalf an hour第七课时形容词第 15页 共 99页一、概述形 容 词 修 饰 名 词,说明人或事物或特征。在句中 可 作 定 语、表语、宾语补足语。The beautiful girl is Tom/s sister.(充 当 定 语)Three is nothing
29、 serious,is there?(充 当 定 语,修饰不定代词的形容词及短语要放在不定代词之后)The shoes in the shop were not very expensive.(作 表 语)The 01d are looked after well.(有些形容词和定冠词the连用 时,表 示 一 类 人 或 物,其 谓 语 动 词 用 复 数 形 式)二、形容词比较级及最高级的形式1、绝大部分双音节形容词和单音节形容词的比较等级变化是规则变化。情 况笠 化 形 式至例一般情况仕词尾目接力U-er;-estsmall-smaller-smallest以e结尾的词在 词 尾 加-r
30、;-st;large-larger-largest以辅音字母+y结尾变 y 为 i,力 口-er;-estnappy-nappier-happiest膏 搐 辅 音 字 母 双 写,-er;-estrat-ratter-fattestthin-thinner-thinnestbig-bigger-biggest”hdt-hotter-hottest2、部分双音节和多音节形容词比较级和最高级变化形式在多音节 形 容 词 前 加more或mostbeautiful-more beautiful-most beautifuluseful-more useful-most useful第 16页 共
31、99页3、不规则形容词比较级和最高级形式:good,well-better-best bad,ill-worse-worstmany,much-more-most little-less-leastfar-farther;further-farthest,furthest三、形容词的比较等级的用法1、当A=B时,则 用as(副).as(介,连).,中间用形容词或副词的原级。表示甲与乙在某方面一样He is as tall as I(me)2、A wB,则用not as(so).as.表示甲与乙在某方面不一样。He is not so tall as I=He is shorter than I
32、=IZ m tallerthan heThe boy isn t as careful as that one=This boy isnz t as careful than that one3、比较级+than形式This lesson is more difficult than that oneShe is fatter than Kate4、the+最高级+(in of)短语Miss Zhou is one of the most popular in our classHe is the oldest of the threeo f常与名词复数或表示数量的词连用。表示 在 之中 这-
33、o in常与表示范围或场所的名词连用 在 范围之中”第 17页 共 99页四、形容词比较级特殊用法1)more and more比较级连用表示 越来越 In spring the weather gets warmer and warmer.He is getting busier and busier.2)The more.the more 越 就越.The larger the bus is,the more people it can carry.The farther away an object is from us,the smaller itlooks.3)比较级形式表达最高级:
34、比较级+than any other+名词单数;比较级+than the other+名词复数He is clever than any other boyHe is the clevest of all the boysHe is clever than the other boys4、修饰比较级的副词有much,even,quite,a little,a lot等表示 得多 甚至,表示程度。第八课时副词一、概述副词是用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词的词,表示动作的特征、状态的特征或某种性质的程度。二、副词的分类时间副词、地点副词、方式副词、疑问副词及程度副词。第18页 共99页1、时间副词:
35、时间副词表达的内涵包括回答 什么时候”或 经常与否A:how,then,yesterday,last time,today,just now,later on,so far,ago;B:always,often,usually,sometimes,never,hardly,ever;C:already,yet,late,early,soon,at once,at last,finally,atfirst,since;2、地点副词:表示地点或位置关系的副词。A:here,there,home,anywhere,everywhere;B:above,below,down,up,out,in,acr
36、oss,back,over,round,away,near;注:B类中表示位置的副词有时也可作介词。如:come in,please-They live in the next room.3、方 式 副 词:badly,carefully,politely,sadly,suddenly,happily,well,fast,high,hard.4、程度副词:常见的有:much,a little,a bit,very,even,so,too,enough,quite,rather completely,terribly,nearly,hardly,not at allo这些副词多用来修饰形容词、副
37、词或动词以加强语气。5、疑问副词:是用来引导一个特殊问句,有时用来引导时间状语从句或宾语从句。疑问副词有:how,when,where,why,who6、部分副词的用法:第19页 共9 9页1 )too,either,also 都是表示 也。too和either都用于句末,too用于肯定句中,either用于否定句及一般疑问句中,also放在句子中,BE动词前,实义动词后。2)so,neither都可以用在倒装句的开头。so接在肯定句后表示 也一样,句 式:so+助动词+主语;neither接在一个否定句后面表示 也不,没句 式:neither助动词+主语I have read the boo
38、k,so has he.Jim didn t win the game,neither did Tom.3)already,yetalready和yet通常用于现在完成时中,already用于肯定句,yet用于否定句和疑问句中。He has already finished his homework.Jim hasn,t come back yet.7、副词的比较等级副词和形容词一样,也有比较级和最高级,其变化形式与形容词的比较比较级和最高级一样。第九课时介词一、知识概述介词是一种虚词,一般在句子中不重读,也不能单独充当句子成 分,但与它的介词宾语一起构成介词短语,就可以在句子中作状语、定语和
39、表语。第2 0页 共9 9页介词又称前置词,一般位于名词或代词的前面,表示该词与句子其他成分的关系。在学习介词时,最重要的是掌握介词的用法,动介词组的搭配,时间介词、方位介词、方向介词、位置介词、成语介词以及动向介词和静向介词的比较和区别。二、介词的定义及句法功能介词是一种虚词,在句中不单独作任何句子成分,只表示其后的名词或相当于名词的词语与其他句子成分的关系。介词后的名词,或相当于名词的其他词组、短语或从句,称为介词宾语。介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语。介词短语在句中主要用作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。The boy over there is my brother.(作定语)A frie
40、nd in need is a friend indeed.(作定语)I shall meet you at the entrance of Qianmen Hotel.(作地点状语)To their surprise,they saw not locusts,but seagulls.(作原因状语)r II be in the office every afternoon.(作表语)He isn t at home(作表语)The farmer made the king out of the water.(作宾语补足语)I found everything in good order(作宾
41、语补足语)三、介词与其他词类的固定搭配。介词和动词、形容词、名词等常构成固定搭配。也就是说,在第 21页 共 99页这些词的后面,常常要求用一定的介词。1、形容词与介词的固定搭配有些形容词后面要求用固定的介词,这类介词常见的有:about,at,for,from,in,of to,with(1)形容词+aboutcareful about hopeful aboutsure aboutHe is careless about his clothes(2)形 容 词+atgood at surprised atangry at(3)形 容 词+forfamous for ready for so
42、rryforr m terrible sorry for telling him the truth.(4)形 容 词+fromdifferent from safe fromHe was absent from class this morningMy sister is different from me in many ways.(5)形 容 词+ininterested in successful inHe is interested in making model ships.第22页 共99页2、名词与介词的固定搭配(1)名词+forHe made up an excuse for
43、 being late.Did you find the cause for your failure?(2)名 词+inHe has some difficulty in translating the bookShe has made great progress in English.(3)名 词+ofShe found another way of solving the problemHe forms a bad habit of getting up late(4)名词+onThere have been several attacks on foreigners recently
44、.Have pity on me!(5)名词+withI wanted to have a talk with youHe is always getting into trouble with the police第 十 课 时 连 词一、知识概述连词是一种虚词,不能在句子中单独作句子成分,也没有句子重 音,在句子中只起连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子以及从句的作用。连词分为并列连词和从属连词两种。并列连词是连接彼此并列关系的词。从属连词是用来引导从句的词。第23页 共9 9页二、并列连词并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词、短语或句子。并列连词按其作用可分为表示转折、因果、选择和联合关系等四
45、大类。表示联合关系的连词,常见的有:and,not onlybut also,as well as,both.and,neither.nor.Written English is more or less the same in both Britainand American.They were very surprised and I knew that I had done theright thing.Work hard and youz II pass the exam=If you work hard,you*II pass the exam.While I was in the
46、university,I learned both English andJapanese.Both European and Asian speak RussiaYou can t speak both American English and BritishEnglish at the same time.Neither Tom nor you are a driver.Neither I nor he has seen the play.Neither of us is a teacherYou don t like it,Neither do I.She is beautiful as
47、 well as clever.He is a great writer as well as a famous doctor.第 24页 共 99页三、从属连词从属连词是用来连接各种从句的词1、连接主语从句、表语从句与宾语从句的连词只有三个,即that,if,whether0 如:Ask her if she will come with me.The reason is that she never wasted her time.I don t know whether he had passed the exam.2、引导状语从句的从属连词(1)连接时间状语从句的从属连词有:since
48、,until,after,before,when,while,as soon as,whenever.r II tell you as soon as I know.(2)连接地点状语从句的从属连词有:where,whereverSit wherever you like.I found my books where I had left them.(3)连接让步状语从句的从属连词有:although,though,even if however.Although she was tired,she kept on working.(4)连接原因状语从句的从属连词有:as,because,si
49、nce,nowthat,He was absent because he was ill.(5)连接目的状语从句的从属连词有:that,so that,in orderthat.第 25页 共 99页He raised his voice so that we could hear him.(6)连接条件状语从句的从属连词有:if,unless,once,in case.Youz II miss the train unless you hurry up.(7)连接结果状语从句的从属连词有:so.that,such.that.He came so late that he missed the
50、 class.(8)连接比较状语从句的从属连词有:as.as.,not so.as.,Iess(more).than,the.the.This is more than I can accept.(9)连接方式状语从句的从属连词有:as,as ifIt looks as if it was going to rain.第 十 一 课 时 动 词(一)一、知识概述在英语中,每个句子必须有一个动词来担当谓语。说明主语 是什么 或 做什么,动词是表示动作或状态的词。动词和名词、代词一样,有人称和数的变化。谓语动词的人称和数一般要与主语的人称和数保持一致。学好了英语动词相当于学好了一半的英语语法,可见