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1、2010中考英语复习精品全集(172页)第一篇词法一、名词(-)知识概要名词的概念在不同的语法教课书中有不同的解释和分类方法，但就实际应用来讲还是不要过分地追求其理论概念，而更多的要把注意力放在其应用上来。我们不妨把它分为两大类：专有名词与普通名词。顾名思义，专有名词是指：个人、事物、机关等所专有的名称，如，the Great Wall,America它们是不能随意变动的。而普通名词中则包括个体名词，如 pen,worker它表示单一的个体人或事物；集体名词，如：family,class,team,它表示的是由若干个个体组成的集合体；物质名词，如：water,paper它表示的是种物质，原材料
2、；而后一种是抽象名词，如:work,time它表示着一种在实际生活中看不见、摸不到，但却与实际生活紧密相关的某些动作、状态、品质的抽象概念。见下表。名词一览表种类专有名词London,John,the Communist Party of China普 通 名 词 类名词 nurse,boy,worker,pencil,dog,table集体名词 class,family,army,police,team,people物质名词 water,steel,glass,cotton,wood,sand抽象名词 happiness,love,work,life,courage,honest功用主语 M
3、y family is now in New York.表语 His father is a scientist.宾语 We love our great motherland.宾语补足语 He made London the base for his work.定语 T he girls are making paper flowesrs.状语 T he car cost him 1000 dollars.同位语 Mr Brown,a famous scientist,will come here.名词在使用中的难点在于名词的数，即可数名词与不可数名词的实际应用。不可数名词不能用数字计算，所
4、以它通常只有单数形式。它包含有专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词等，如：English,air,water,cotton,work可数名词是可以用数量加以计算的名词，所以它具有单数形式和复数形式两种。可数名词复数形式的构成规律是：1.一般情况加s,如：penpens,doctordoctors,boy一boys,其读音规则是在清辅音后读 s,在元音和浊辅音后读 z。如:mapmap,boyboys.2.在以s,sh,ch,x结尾的名词后面加e s,如：bus一buses,class一classes,其读音为 iz。3.以ce,se,ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s,其读音为 izo4.以辅音字母加y
5、结尾的名词，要将y 变为i 再加e s,读 作 z,如：factory一factories,country一countries,familyfamilies.但要注意的是以元音字母加y 结尾的名词的复数形式只加s,如:boyboys,day一dayso5.以。结尾的名词的复数形式一般要加e s,但如果。前面是元音字母或外来词，缩写词以o 结尾的则只加s,如：tomato-tomatoes,heroheroes;photophotos,radioradios,pianopianos6.以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词的复数形式要将f 或 fe 变为v 再加e s,如：knife一knives,lea
6、fleaves,但有些例外的词如roof的复数形式是roofso7.不规则名词的复数形式是要单个记忆的，它没有规律可循，如:manmen,woman一women,child一children,footfeet,toothteeth,mousemice8.单复同形的名词有：fish,sheep,deer-9.单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people,police等。名词还有格的变化，其主格可作主语，宾格可作宾语。还有所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系。表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加s其复数形式是s 如其结尾不是s 的复数形式仍加s,如：a students room,stude
7、nts rooms,Children,s Day.在表示时间、距离、世界、国家 名词的所有格要用s,如：a twenty minutes，walk.但无生命名词的所有格则必须用 of 结 构,如：the capital of our country,the colour of the flowers（二）正误辨析 误Please give me a paper.正Please give me a piece of paper.析不要认为可以数的名词就是可数名词，这种原因是对英语中可数与不可数名词的概念与中文中的能数与不能数相混淆了，所以造成了这样的错误，因 paper在英语中是属于物质名词一类
8、，是不可数名词。而不可数名词要表达数量时，要用与之相关的量词来表达，two pieces of paper.误Please give me two letter papers.正Please give me two pieces of letter paper.析paper作为纸讲是不可数名词，而作为报纸、考卷、文章讲时则是可数名词，如：Each student shouldwrite a paper on what he has learnt.误 My glasses is broken.正 My glasses are broken.误I want to buy two shoes.正I
9、want to buy two pairs of shoes.析英 语 中 glasses一眼镜，shoes鞋，trousers一裤子等由两部分组成的名词一般要用复数形式。如果要表示副眼镜应用a pair of glasses而这时的谓语动词应与量词相致。如:T his pair of glasses is very good.误May I borrow two radioes?正May I borrow two radios?析以 o 结尾的名词大都是用加es来表示其复数形式，但如果。前面是一个元音字母或外来语时则只加s 就可以了。这样的词有 zoozoos,pianopianos.误 T
10、his is a Marys dictionary.正T his is Marys dictionary.析如名词前有指示代词this,that,these those,及其他修饰词our,some,every,which,或所有格时,则不要再加冠词。误 T here are much people in the garden.正T here are many people in the garden.析可数名词前应用many,few,a few,a lot o f 来修饰，而 people是可数名词，而且是复数名词，如：T hepeople are planting trees here.误
11、I want a few water.正I want a little water.析不可数名词前可以用a little,little,a lot of,some来修饰，但不可用many,few来修饰 误T hank you very much.Your family is very kind to me.正T hank you very much.Your family are very kind to me.误T oms and Marys family are waiting for us.正T om*s and Marys families are waiting for us.误Im
12、 sorry.I have to go.T oms families are waiting for me.正Im sorry.I have to go.T oms family are waiting for me.析集合名词如果指某个集合的整体，则应视为单数，如指某个集合体中的个体则应视为复数。如:Myfamily is a big family.When I came in,T oms family were watching TV.即汤姆一家人正在看电视。这样的集合名词有：family class,team 等。误 Dont eat too much meats.正 Don*t eat
13、 too much meat.误Food in that restaurant is very good.正T he food in that restaurant is very good.析物质名词是不可数名词，在使用中不可以加s,即它没有复数形式。也不可加不定冠词。但如果用于特指某一物质时可以加定冠词。如：I dont like drinking coffee,but the coffee in that cup is really good.误Please give me two waters.正Please give me two glasses of water.正Please g
14、ive me two coffees.析 物质名词如要加计量时，一定要加量词，如：two cups of tea,two glasses of water,a glass of milk,a loafof bread,a piece of bread,a box of sugar,a bowl of rice,a bottle of orange,a bag of earth例：Ill tell you a piece of good news.但只有 coffee 可以用 coffees 来取代 many cups of coffee.误 Can you give me the newspa
15、per of today?正Can you give me todays newspaper?析加s 构成所有格的名词一般应指有生命的人或物。如：Mar/s h a ir,但在英文的习惯用法中对时间、距离等名词的所有格多用,s来构成而不用o f结构。如：a five minutes walk.误Please make a room for the lady in the school bus.正Please make room for the lady in the school bus.析英语中更多的名词是含有多种用法和多种含意的，如：room为可数名词时为“房间，如：I live in R
16、oom 5.而room为抽象名词时为空间上面一句话应译为“请给老妇人在校车上留个地方。”这样的词还有：glass玻璃glasses眼镜stone石头a stone 一块石头time时间two tim es两次wood木头woods树林 误 T here is a flowers garden behind my house.正T here is a flower garden behind my house.析名词除了在句中作主语、宾语、表语外，还可以用来修饰另一个名词，这时作修饰词的名词一般要用单数形式,如：shoe factory（鞋厂）,post office（邮局）,evening p
17、aper（晚报）,night school（夜校）,head master（校长）,a law school（法律学院）。但也有例外，如:a goods train（货车）,sports meeting（运动会）。误 My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning.正 My mother bought two fish for supper this morning.析 英语中有些名词单复同形，如：fish,deer,sheep,Chinese（中国人）,means（方法）。所以应讲one fish,Iwofish,one Chinese
18、,two Chinese.如果讲 T here are five fishes in the pool.应译为池中有五种鱼而不是五条鱼。误 Mary expressed her thank to her boy friend.正 Mary expressed her thanks to her boy friend.析英语中有些名词只有复数形式，如：thanks,g re e n s,而有些词单数形式与复数形式有不同的词意。如:clothes为衣服，而 cloth则是布，sand沙子，而 sands是沙滩。误I offered my son my congratulation on his s
19、uccess.正I offered my son my congratulations on his success.析英语中表示祝贺的词虽有单数形式，但一般要用其复数形式。如握手为shake hands.误 We have five Gennan in this meeting.正 We have five Germans in this meeting.析英国人Englishman的复数形式为Englishmen,而 German则要加s,因为它不是由国名与man的组合词。误T here are two As in this word.正T here are two As in this
20、word.析在大写字母缩写形式的复数表达法中应加s,但如字母是A、I 时，为了防止与As和 Is相混，则要用即 A，s,Fs 误T here are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number.正T here are three 6*s and two 3s in my telephone number.析在小写字母与数字的复数形式表达法中要用s 误 We have many woman teachers in our school.正 We have many women teachers in our school.析 般组合名词变为复数形式时只将
21、词中心词变为复数如：half brother一half brothers（同父异母或同母异父的兄弟）daughter in lawdaughtersin law,（儿媳）但要注意的是：man driver-men drivers（男司机）woman doctor-women doctors（女大夫）grown up一grown ups（成年人）但是 boy student一则变为 boy students 误Physics are very difficult to learn.正Physics is very difficult to learn.析虽以s 结尾但只能用作单数名词有：科学，学
22、科名字：Physics.Mathematics politics游戏名称：bowls专有名称：Niagara Falls（尼亚加拉瀑布）其他名词：news（消息，新闻）误T here is a people in the room.正 T here is a person in the room.正T here is a man in the room.析people是复数名词，不可用作单数，如要用来讲一个人时应用a person,a man,a woman。同样的词有 police.要讲一个警察时则要用 a policeman,a policewomano 误Where is my shoe
23、?正Where are my shoes?析常常只用作复数形式的词有trousers,pants,shorts（短裤），socks（袜子）,shoes,gloves（手套）。但如果只找其中的一个则要指明，这时还是应用单数形式。如：Where、my left glove?（我左手的手套在哪?）误I paid five pennies for the sweet.正I paid five pence for the sweet.析 英语中便士有两个复数形式pence用来表达一定数量的钱。而 pennies是指一个个的硬币，如：I wantto change this note for pennie
24、s.我想把这纸币换成硬币。（即一便士一个的硬币）。误 T here are many fruit in the shop.正T here are many fruits in the shop.析物质名词为不可数名词，但是用来表示种类时则可以用作可数名词，这里应译为各种各样的水果。误T here is a new car.It is Jones and Marys.正T here is a new car.It is Jone and Marys.析有生命名词的所有格，如果是单数名词则加s 如：Marykcar.如果是以s 结尾的复数名词则只在s 后面 加 如：teachersoffices.
25、如果是复数名词但不是以s 结尾，则只加 s,如：childrens palace组合名词的所有格是在最后一个词尾加s 如：girl friend 一girl friends someone else一someone elses a week or three一aweek or threes如名词后有同位语时,则应加在同位语的词尾 匕 如：It is my girl friend,Marys car.要注意的是当两个名词并列时，如表示归两人共同所有，则在最后一个名词后面加，s,如果表示分别所有则在两个名词后分别加s,如：T his is Mary and Jones home.B P Mary与
26、 Jone是一家人。这是他们共同的家。而 T heseare Marys and Jones homes.则应译为这里是Mary的家与Jo n e的家。误It is really beautiful.It is a work of nature.正It is really beautiful.It is a Natures work.析无生命名词的所有格应用o f结构。但是s 形式的所有格可用于以下无生命的名词：表示时间的词：todays newspaper,a twenty minutes1 walk,an hours,rest 表示长度的词：three metres1 distance,a
27、 boats length,twenty miles joumey 表示重量的名词：Iwo pounds*weight 价格名词：two dollarsworth 拟人化的名词：Natures work,natures lesson（大自然的教训）及国家、机关、团体、城市等机构性名词:the universitys library 误He is an old friend of my father.正He is an old friend of my fathers.析这是英语中的种习惯用法而不要根据语法去推理。如：T his pen is T oms.误 My father is a goo
28、d cooker.正My father is a good cook.析一般动词加上e r后则转意为执行该动作的执行者，如:teach（教）一teacheK老师）,think（想）一thinker（思想家）,drive（开车）一driver（司机）,sell（卖）seller（卖物者）但不能总是以此类推，比如cook是动词“做饭”。而 cook也可作为名词“厨师”讲，而 cooker则为厨具，餐具，即锅、碗、勺等做饭用具。误T he young is dancing there.正 T he young are dancing there.析英文中用定冠词加上形容词表示类人时应按复数名词,如：
29、the rich 富人，the poor（穷人）,the wise聪明人，但如果用定冠词加形容词来表示事物则要用作单数名词，如：T he beautiful is still here.美丽的风景依旧。误 T he stories of the book was written many years ago.正T he stories of the book were written many years ago.析这句话的真正主语应是stories,所以应用复数谓语动词。误T his is one of the English Chinese dictionary.正 T his is on
30、e of the English Chinese dictionaries.析oneof意 为“之一”，o f后面的名词要用复数形式。误 Lets go to uncle Wang for supper.正Lets go to uncle Wangs for supper.析uncle Wangs意 为“王叔叔家”，doctors意 为“医院或私人诊所 误I think we will make a friend with each other.正I think we will make friends with each other.析make friends为习惯用法，即交朋友。误I wa
31、nt to tell you much pieces of good news.正I want to tell you many pieces of good news.析 news为不可数名词，但加了量词之后则要用many来修饰量词，因量词是可数名词，或可以说Iwantto tell you some good news.S som e即可用在可数名词前，也可用在不可数名词前作形容词，如：I want to tellyou some pieces of good news.误T he teacher with five students are coming here.正 T he teac
32、her with five students is coming here.析 要注意由with引Hl的介词短语不是本句的主语，这与连词and有很大的区别，如：T he teacher and fivestudents are coming here.这里由介词引出的短语仅仅是teachei的修饰语。误T here are a lot of information here,but we dont need them.正 T here is a lot of information here,but we dont need it.析information为不可数名词，而用作代替它的词要用it
33、而不能用them.误 Many a student make the same mistake in the exam.正 Many a student makes the same mistake in the exam.析many a 加可数名词单数，作主语时其谓语动词应用单数形式，但其意为许多学生。误T he children wear very good cloth to go to school today.正T he children wear very good clothes to go to school today.析英文中cloth,clothes,clothing是易混
34、之词：cloth是物质名词，意为 布，没有复数形式，而 clothing是指衣物的总称，也没有复数形式。clothes是指衣服，但没有单数形式，如：T his clothing is needed in warmcountries.Her clothes are made of fine cloth.英文中的 dress 则指较正规的服装,如：a school dress 校服，anevening dress 晚礼服。误I like to study the English.L1E I like to study English.析作为一种学科名词前不要用冠词，而作为某一特指学科则要加冠词，如
35、：I like to study history.I liketo study the history of America.误T he Browns is going to visit China.正 T he Browns are going to visit China.析定冠词加姓加s,则意为“Brown先生一家人工所以应用复数谓语动词。此句应译为：Brown先生一家将要访问中国。（三）例题解析1.Lucy and Lily in the same class.A.am B.is C.are D.be 答案C.析由 and连接两个单数名词作主语时应按复数名词来搭配谓语动词。2.Whic
36、h is the to the bus stop,please?A road B way C street D address 答案B.析这是考察同意词辨析，road是指较宽阔的大道，意 为“乡间公路”，而 street意为道路两边的建筑物较高，可视为街道之意，而 w ay则多为要到达某地所要经过的途径，还可引深为方式、方法。而 address则为“地 址 如：T here is a car running along the country road.I live at 105 Park street.Can you show me theway to the National Museum
37、?3.Hurry up!T here is time left.A little B a little C few D a few 答案A.析因 time作为时间讲为不可数名词，所以不可用few,a few来修饰。另外，英文的表达法与中文不同，中文讲，快点，时间不多了，而英文要讲，快点，没时间了。因此，要用little而不用a little.4.How many can you see in the picture?A tomatos B tomatoes C tomato D the tomato 答案B.析用 How many提问时，其名词要用复数形式，而 tomato的复数要加es.5.
38、is the meat.Please?-T en yuan a kilo.A How much B How many C How old D How long 答案A.析由对话的答语可看出其问句问的是价格。钱数作为整体、价格讲时，不论其值是多少都是不可数名词，要用how m uch提问。6 T he boys name is James Allen Green.So his given name is.A James Allen B Allen Green C James Green D Mr.Green 答案A.析英文的习惯与中文不同，中文是姓在前名字在后，而英文则是姓在最后，其第一个名字是
39、由父母所起的，中间的名字可能是父母、教父所起的，但都可称作given name,而姓在英文中是family name.7 Shanghai is one of the biggest in our country.A city B citys C citys D cities 答案D.析 复音字母以y 结尾的单词的复数形式要把y 变成i 再加eso one o f 加名词的结构中的名词应用复数。8 Would you please pass me?A two paper B two papersC two pieces of paper D two pieces of papers 答案C.析
40、p叩er是不可数名词，如 讲 张、两张纸时，要用量词piece.9 September 10th is Day.A T eacher B T eachers C T eachers D T eachers*答案D.10 I only ha ve bread for lunch today.A a bit B a bit of C little D few 答案B.11 What would you like,Ann?”Id like t wo.”A glass of milk B glasses of milkC glass of milks D glasses of milks 答案B.12
41、 T here isnt paper in the box.Will you go and get for me?A any,some B any,any C some,some D some,any 答案A.析an y 用于否定句与疑问句，但如果要表达说话者真心实意希望得到肯定答复时，问句中要用some而不要按一般语法规律用any.13 June 1st is.A Childrens day B childrens DayC Childrens Day D childrens day 答案C.14 T hese foreign friends are.A German B Germen C
42、Germany D Germans 答案D.15 All the students are busy,so of them will go to the cinema.A many B little C a few D few 答案D.析student是可数名词，而 few用于可数名词，意为：几乎没有学生去电影院。16 T here are three and seven in the picture.A deers,sheeps B deers,sheepC deer,sheep Ddeer,sheeps 答案C.析deer与 sheep均是单复同形的名词。17 Whose room is
43、this?It s.A my B Kikes and JohnsC our D Kike and Johns 答案D.析因为room为单数，所以不可能是Kike的一间与John的一间，应为二者共用的一间房子。二、冠词(-)知识概要冠词在英语中只有3 个词，分为两类：不定冠词a 与 a n,定冠词the。a 用在以辅音开始的单数名词前，an用于以元音开始的单词前。不定冠词用来表示一类事物中泛指的某一事物，而定冠词则用于特指的某一个或某些事物，可用于不可数名词、可数名词单数及可数名词复数前。(二)正误辨析 误T his building is an university.正T his buildi
44、ng is a university.析a 用于以辅音音素开始的单词前，而 an用于以元音音素开始的单词前，而不是元音字母开头的单词前。university的第一个音素是 j ,所以用a 而不要用an。又如：T here is a n in the word.是错句，应为：T here is an n in the word.因字母n 的发音的第一个音素是元音。要注意的还有hour因其第一个字母h 不发音，所以应该用an hour。例如：I need an hour to finish the work.It is a useful dictionary.It is a European co
45、untry.I bought a used car.误I need a umbrella because it looks like raining.正I need an umbrella because it looks like raining.析因 umbrella的第一个音素是元音，所以应用an.常用的情况有：an old man,an English teacher,anelephant,an idea,an hour ago,an honest boy。误Can you help me”“Sorry,Fm in hurry.”正“Can you help me “Sorry.Fm
46、in a hurry.”析不定冠词的主要用法如下：I.用来表示一类人或事物，如：She is a teacher.2.指 某 一类人或事物中的个，如：An elephant is bigger than a horse.3.泛指某一人或事物，如：A man is waiting for you at the school gate.4.相当于“one”的概念，如：I just bought a new dictionary.5.其主要的难点是用在固定词组中：如：have a walk/a rest/a look又如：in a hurry匆匆忙忙make a face作鬼脸do somebody
47、 a favour 帮某人忙a number of=many又如：have a good time（玩得好）have a cold（感冒）have a headache（头痛）have a break=have a rest 误I bought the dictionaiy yesterday.A dictionary is very good.正I bought a dictionary yesterday.T he dictionary is very good.析在文章中第一次提到某物时用不定冠词，而第二次提到时用定冠词。误Please turn off lights before yo
48、u leave.正Please turn off the lights before you leave.析虽然是第一次提到某物但说话双方均知其所指，也应用定冠词。误T here are nine planets around a sun.正T here are nine planets around the sun.析世上独一无二的天体等名词前应加定冠词,$0：the earth,the moon,the sun,the sky,the sea.误I live on a second floor of this building.正I live on the second floor of
49、this building.析在序数词,形容词最高级前要用定冠词。如：He is the oldest in the family.误I want to learn the second language this term.正I want to learn a second language this term.析在序数词的含意不是顺序中的第第二，而其意在于再学一个，再来一个时，应 用 a,本句的意思应为：这学期我要学一门第二外语。误 Mississippi is one of the longest rivers in the world.正 T he Mississippi is one
50、 of the longest rivers in the world.析在河流名称前应加定冠词，如：the Yellow River（黄河）。误 Look,there are Alp.误Look,there are the Alp.正Look,there are the Alps.析具体的某一座山不加定冠词，如：MouniainT ai.但在山名称前加定冠词后，其山名要加s,来表示山脉。the Alps 即为阿尔卑斯山脉。$ll:T he Alps are in the center of Europe.误T imes is one of the oldest newspapers in t