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1、第一章名词定义：名词是表示人，事物，地点或抽象概念的名称。分类：-、名词分为专有名词和普通名词(1)专有名词：表示具体的人，事物，地点或机构的专有名称。China中 国 Asia亚 洲 Beijing北京(2)普通名词：表示某些人，某类事物，某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如：teacher老 师 te a 茶 student学生普通名词又可进一步分为四类1)个体名词：表示单个的人和事物。horse 马 car 汽车 room 房间 apple 苹果fa n 风 扇 picture照片2)集体名词：表示一群人或一些事物的名称。people人 们 fam ily家 庭 police警察3）物质名词：
2、表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。fire 火 a ir 空 气 w ater水 m ilk牛奶4）抽象名词：表示动作，状态，品质或其他抽象概念。labour劳 动 health健 康 life 生活friendship 友情二、可数名词有单，复数之分，表示一个或多个。a book 一 本 书 two books两本书不可数名词：不分单，复数；抽象名词，物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词。sand 沙 sugar 糖 water 水 ink 墨水 oil 油它们通常只有单数形式，但在具体的情况下也可以用作可数名词。如：food-foods（各种食物）frWtfruits（各种水果）t
3、ea-teas（各种茶叶）gas-gases（各种气体）如果需要表示的名词具体数量时，可用以下的短语写：a glass of juice a piece of paper a slice of breads a bottle of oila box of、a bowl of、a dish of、a pair of、a kilo of、a cupof、a bag of、a basket有少数名词即可作可数名词，也可作不可数名词，但含义不同。glass玻 璃 glass玻 璃 杯 paper纸 paper报纸，文件有些物质名词和抽象名词的单复数含义不同：如people（人民/人们）peoples（
4、民族）water（水）waters（海/潮水）time（时间）times（次数/倍/时代）brain（大脑）brains（脑力/智力）arm（胳膊）arms（武器）snow（雪）snows（积雪）cloth（布）clothes（衣服）名词的数:名词的单数形式就是词典上所出现的形式，没有变化，如：a pen,abed,aroom,an English booko名词的复数形式,多数名词的复数形式在其单数形式后面加-s 或-e s 构成，名词复数形式变化如下。1）一般情况下，在词尾加-s.例如：bags,maps,pens,desks,workers2）名 词 以 U U zU X U m dl（
5、也就是以sh,ch,s,x 等结尾的）等音结尾在其后加-e s,如词尾已有 e,只加-s。clothes,boxes,buses,horses,watches,dishes3）名 词 以-f 或-fe 结尾的，把-f 或-fe 变 成-ves.bookshelf-bookshelves,wife-wives,knife-knives,leaf-leaves,life-lives,4）名词以辅音+y 结尾的，变 y 为 i,再加 es。city-cities,baby-babies,factoryfactories,story-stories,partyparties5）名词以+o 结尾的，有生
6、命的，如 potato,tomato,hero则加-es；无生命的，如 photo,则直接加s。极少数名词虽然以-o 或者-f 结尾，变成复数则只加-s,为数不多，如radios、pianos、photos hippos,zoos 等。6）以th 结尾的名词，词尾加s,如 mouths,youths,months英语中有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，需要一一记忆常见的有，goose-geese sheep-sheep deer-deer、fish-fish child-childrenfoot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice man-men womanwomen注意：与
7、m an和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-m en和-women o如：an Englishman-two Englishmen an AmericanTwo Americans、但 German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans2）单复同形如:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese,people3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。如：people police,不能说 a people,a police,但可以说 a person,apoliceman；the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,
8、the Japanese,等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。4）以 s 结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：A）Maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词，是单数。B）news是不可数名词。C）the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。D）以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。5）有些名词以复数形式出现，如：glasses（眼镜），trousers,clothes,scissors 剪刀 goods 货物若表达具体数目，要借助数量词pair（对，双）；suit（套）；a pair of glasses;two pai
9、rs of trousers6）另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods（货物）,waters（水域），fishes（各种鱼）名词的所有格表示有生命的（人或动物的）名词所有格1、在单数名词后加s 构成如：Lu Xuns book is worth reading.鲁迅的书值得一读。This is my fathers room,这是我父亲的房间。2、以-s 或-e s 结尾的复数名词的所有格只在名词后加There are many students*exercise books here.这儿有许多学生的练习本。3、如果一样东西为两人或两人以上共有，则只在后一个名词后加“
10、，s”。We visited Mary and Kates room.我们参观了玛丽和凯特的房间。4、有些表示时间、距离等无生命的事物名词后面，也可以加s 或 构成所有格如：Where is todays newspaper?今天的报纸在哪里？The school is 20 minutes5 walk from my home.学校离我家是 20 分钟的路程。表示无生命东西的名词所有格,一般与 与 构成短语表示前者属于后者。Its a map of China.它是一一幅中国画。I forgot the title of the film.我忘记电影名字了。Beijing is the ca
11、pital of China.北京是中国的首都。练习题1、根据名词所有格的适当形式填空I.This i s(Kat e)book.That i s(Sue)pencil case.2.My(par ent s)clothes are hanging in the wardrobe.3.He is a friend of my(.father).4.Ifs(Ken and Billy)new house.5.(Students)chairs are all new.6.These a r e(g i r l s)d r e s s e s.7.Whose are these lunchboxes
12、?They ar e(Lucy)8.The light bedroom is light.9.This is a new coat.It is my(mo t h e r)10.These shoes are our(f r i end)11.M y(m o t h e r)a n d (sister)dresses are cheap.12.(Workers)houses are in that place.13.(Carl)shop is very big.(Sam)is small.2.写出下列名词的复数形式f ami l y st or y boy day foxleaf kni f
13、e wi fe life mouseradi o zoo potato tomatophot o hi ppo watch glass gooset oot h fi sh sheep peopl e box第二章冠词冠词分为定冠词（the）和不定冠词（a/an）一、定冠词（the）的用法1.特指 某（些）人或 某（些）事物。（定冠词的基本用法）2.用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。3.由来表示谈话时双方已知的共同所指的人或事物。4.用来表示前面已提到过的人和事。5.用于世界上独一无二的事物或有普通名词组成的专有名词（表示国家、组织、机构等）前面。6.用于江河、海洋、海湾、海峡、群岛、山脉、个别
14、湖泊、方位名词前面。7.用于乐器名词前。I like playing the piano.8.用于形容词和副词最高级之前，但副词最高级前可省略the。用在序数词前。50：the first planet9.与某些形容词连用表示某一类人。10.用于姓氏复数形式前，表示“一家人”、或“夫妇俩”。11.在单数的可数名词前。The book is interesting.The boy is Tony.12.用于某些固定的词组中。in the tree,on the tree,in the morning,in the afternoon,in the evening,inthe hat,look t
15、he same,go to the cinema,go to the zoo,go to the classroom二、不定冠词（a/an）的用法1.初次提到某人或某物，用来表示类别。2.根据人或事物的整体，表示一类人或东西。3.表示“一“这个数量，意思和one差不多，但语气没有one强烈。4.表示“某一个”，译成汉语时仍作“一个”解释。如：a book,a pen,a boy,a girl,a worker,an arm,an apple,an orange,an hour,an egg以字母u 开头的单词,u 的发音为/iu：/时，前面要用冠词a,发音为元音音素的单词,前面要用定同词an。
16、in：a useful book,a university,an umbrella,an hour,an ugly boy,an honestchild,an interesting story三、零冠词即不用冠词的地方：1.用于洲名、国名、人名的名词前。2.用于节日、假日、星期几、月份、季节等名词前。3.可数名词复数形式或不可数名词表示一般意义，而不特指具体的人或事物时。4.名词前已有了代词时，不用冠词。5.用于“球类”、“棋牌类”“三餐”“学科”“语言”的名词前。5.用于表示”由一人充任的职务、头衔”的名词前。6.用于“自己家庭成员”前。7.某些短语中不用冠词。如：on foot,by t
17、rain,by plane,at night,at noon8.在有些名词前加定冠词和不定冠词意思不同。如:in the class（在班上）in the bed（在床里）in class（在课堂上）in bed（卧床）There is no school tomorrow（明天我们不上学）M3一、用a,an,the填 空（不填的打x）1.Hello,Tom,lefs go to school.OK,lefs go.2.Look,what is he doing?He is eating apple.3.Look at ugly girl.She is Toms sister.4.old ma
18、n is my father.He is doctor.5.China is big country.6.USA is big country,too.7.I saw bird,but bird is yellow.8.I like playing piano.Billy likes playing football.9.This is largest supermarket in the city.10.Sunday is the first day of a week.11.I saw old man.old man was Toms grandpa.12.Can you play vol
19、leyball well?13.Chongqing is the largest city in China.二、选择填空()1.I want to b e honest student.A.a B.an C./D.the()2.There is art room in our school.A.a B.an C./D.the()3.This i sf”.Its in“He”.A.a B.an C./D.the()4.I saw old man in the street.A.a B.an C./D.the)5.Billy is English teacher.He is good teach
20、er.A.a,an B.an,a C.an,an D.the,a)6.Lefs go out for walk.A.a B.an C./D.the)7.The park is very far.It will takes us hour to get there.A.a B.an C./D.the)8.Monkey king is famous story.And it is interesting story.A.the,the B.an,an C.an,a D.a,an)9.sun is star.It is bright and huge.A./,the B.A,the C.The,a
21、D.The,an)10.I know old man.But old man is your grandpa.A.an,an B.the,the C.an,the D.a,an第三章代词一、人称代词单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称1 me we us第二人称yoUyouyouyou第三人称hehimtheythemshhee rit it人称代词的主格做主语，人称代词的宾格做宾语。如：He works in the factory.I work on the farm.He likes her.We love them.练习题用人称代词的主格或宾格填空1.I have a cat.is ver
22、y fat and pretty.2.My little brother is very naughty.I often tell a story.3.This is my s i s t e r.H a s two big eyes.4.Look at the children.Can you hear singing?5.bur feet are dirty.Please put on the floor.6.There is much rubbish on the floor.Please pick up.7.Peter was ill.His father to o k to the
23、hospital.8.Sue is lovely.I like very much.She also l i k e s,t o o.9.These are my glasses.are very expensive.10.Tom and Lucy are not my children.But I l i ke.二、物主代词人称形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词单数复数单数复数第一人称myourmineourS第二yoyoyouuryo人称 urrsurshishis第三 he the he the人称rirrsirsitsits练习题一、用物主代词及所给词的适当形式填空1.This is my
24、 blue bike.The blue bike is2.That is Sues green dress.The green dress is3.This is Toms jacket.Ifs.4.That is their computer.Ifs.5.That is our classroom.Ifs.6.This is a monkey.tail is long.7.This is your coat.This coat is.8.The children are cleaning classroom.9.But I do not l ik e S u e)house.I l i k
25、e(L u c y)10.Wh e n s(Ka t e s father)birthday?Its in December.11.These are Ken and Kates fathers clothes.These coats are12.Mike was tired,so he went to bedroom and had a sleep.13.She saw the stamp and said,That s .(I)14.This is(Jim and Candy)room.、选择填空)1.His brother is taller t han.A.he B.her C.him
26、 D.she)2.The girl over there is my sister.is a doctor.A.She B.He C.Her D.His)3.live in ShenZhen.A.He B.We C.Our D.Her)4.This is an elephant.Nose is very long.A.Ifs B.His C.Their D.Its)5.bedroom is much bigger than.A.His,my B.Hers,us C.Our,her D.My,yours)6.-Is this your robot?-No,ifs not.Ifs,A.His,To
27、m B.my,her C.mine,Toms D.His,my)7.TDday is birthday.A.Ann fathers B.Anns fathersC.Anns father D.Ann father()8.Miss Wang teaches English.We like class very much.A.our,her B.we,his C.ours,his D.us,her()9.book is more expensive t han.A.My,her B.Your,hers C.His,her D.Your,her()10.They a re parents.A.the
28、irs B.Lucy and lilys C.mine D.Lucys and Lilys三、反身代词人称单数复数第一mysel ourse人称fIves第二yours yours人称elfelveshimselfthem第三herse selve人称Ifsitself练习题1.I often finish my homework by.2.They clean their classroom by.3.She and he must finish the work before supper by4.Ybu and I are cleaning the house by.5.Do you o
29、ften work at computer by?6.Sam washed his clothes by.7.Ken and Carl are working by.8.Mary doesnt do her homework by.9.The robot bought some vegetables by10.He and you can go home by.四、指示代词数指称单数复数近指thisthese远指thatthose除此之外，小学阶段出现的指示代词还有so,same,it等。1.i t的用法：打电话时，常用that询问对方是谁，用this介绍自己是谁。i t的用法比较多。1）说话
30、人不知道对方是谁，可以说：Whos that?This is Lili.2）指时间：Whafs the time?Ifs five.3）指天气：Whafs the weather like?Its cold.4）指前面提到的事情：Whafs this?Ifs a book.2.sam e的用法：same的意思是“一样的，相同的”常与the连用。如：the They are in the same class.3.s o的用法：so也可以用作指示代词。如：Can you mend the broken clock?Sorry,I dont think so.练习题用 this,that,thes
31、e,those 填空1.is my mother and is my sister.2.Who is?is Mike speaking.3.are my books.They are cheap.They are over there.are yours.They are thinner.They are here.4.Who is?That is Miss Liu.5.Whos t h a t?i s Mr Wang.6.Dad,is Tom.TDITI,is my dad.7.Hello,Tim,let me introduce.is my friend Nick and is David
32、.8.Whos the boy over there?Oh,is my brother.9.Is Kate speaking?Yes,is Kate speaking.10.Look at pictures,Lucy.They are pretty.Where?I cant see them.They are over there.五、疑问代词疑问代词和疑问副词它们都用来引导特殊疑问句，它们都叫做疑问词。疑问代词有 who,whose,what,which 等，how,when,where 是疑问副词。1.Who是主格，和 whom相对应，用于疑问句。如：Whos the girl over
33、there?Who are they?2.whose兼有名词和形容词的性质.如：Whose is this pen?Whose pen is this?3.what内容丰富，既可单独使用,也可以和一些名词组成词组使用.如：What are they doing?They are writing poems.What colour is your new dress?Whafs your mane?4.which 用来指人或物，如：Which one do you like best?Which of you will go with me?你们哪一位愿和我去?（单数作主语）练习题用疑问词填空L
34、 bag is this?Ifs Kens bag.2.is it?Its me.3.is better,the blue one or the black one?4.are you going to do?I am going to go out for a walk.5.coat is this?Ifs Marys.6.is your mothers job?She is a nurse.7.many pink hats do you want?Two.8.is he going to leave?Tomorrow.9.sunglasses are these?They are Nick
35、s.10.is that boy behind the tree?My sisters son11.are the dogs?They are under the bed.12.is this blue shirt?That is Peters.13.do you go to work?By bike.14.is that in English?Ifs a pear.15.is her book?The red one.16.one do you like better?I like the blue one.17.is that?Thafs Miss Huang.18.country has
36、 this flag?Its Australia.19.long do you want to stay here?About a week.20.i s he going to go?He is going to go Shanghai.不定代词不定代词：不指明代替任何特定名词的代词。它具有计量作用，表示不同的数量概念。如：some、a n y、no、every、others、all、bothsomebody、anyone、nobody、another、each oresomeone、anybody、ro ore、everybody、much、few、littlesomething、anyt
37、hing、nothing、everything、many、a fe w、a little、alotsome和 any表示“一些。some通常用于肯定句，any用于疑问句或否定句。如：There are some cups on the table.Do you have any stamps?遇至Would you like？”句型，要用 som e,如：Would you likesome tea?Would you like some water?a fe w 少许，少数，few少数，几乎没有用于否定，都用于修饰可数名词。a little少许，少数，Mtle少数，几乎没有用于否定，都修饰不
38、可数名词。much和 many的意思是“许多、大量”，much修饰或指代不可数名词，many修饰或指代可数名词。much还可能用在比较级前面。如：She has much water.How many pens do you have?something和 anything意思都是 某物，something用于肯定句，anything于否定句或疑问句。everyone意思是“每个人”。用作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Everyone is here today.（Done指代可数名词，既可指代人，也可以指物；它有复数形式ones的所有格形 式 ones。other意思是“别的”、“其他的
39、”。既可以指人，也可以指物，但不确指。用 the other表示“两 者 中 的 另 一 个 用 another表示“另外的”。如：Some students like playing basketball,but other students like playingfootball.Bruce has two sons.One is a teacher,the other is an engineer.I dont like this pen.Please give me another one.Practice（练习）一、用 some或 any填空1.I am thirsty.Pleas
40、e give m e water.2.There is milk in the glass.3.Do you have fruits?Sorry,I dont have fruits.4.Can you give me salt?It is tasteless.5.There arent people in the street.Because it is raining hard.6.Tom has interesting stories.Peter has famous stories.But I dont have stories.7.Can I have pears,please?So
41、rry,we can,t have pears.8.YDU can visit me at time.9.I am too hungry.Can you give m e bread?10.The sun is much bigger than star.二、用 a few,few,a little,little 填空1.I have studied English for years.But I only understand English.2.Hurry up.There is time.3.Don,t worry.We have time.4.Mary is a quiet girl.
42、She has words every day.5.She is a Japanese,so she knows about China.6.He is a singer,so he can sing popular songs.7.He doesnt like singing.So he can sing popular songs.8.Many people like climbing the mountain,but people can climb onthe top of the mountain.9.I have many friends.But I have good frien
43、ds.10.I am thirsty.Give me some water.Oh,there is water in the bottle.三、用 many,much填空。1.There are students in the classroom.2.There is milk in the glass.3.I have interesting books in my house.4.Lucy has money in her bag.5.The sun is bigger than the moon.6.Sue has milk and eggs.7.How boxes are there?
44、There are 27 boxes.8.How is it?It is 56 yuan.9.The dress is too dear.I don,t have money.10.Helen runs faster than her sister.四、用 something,anything 填空。1.There is under the table.2.Is there important in todays newspaper?3.There isnt new in todays newspaper.4.Do you have new to tell me?5.There is wron
45、g with my mobile phone.五、用 everyone,one,other,the other,another 填空。1.Hel l o.My name is Pat.Tm from England.2.I have two books.is a s t o r y b o o k,i s a science.3.Since is here.Lets begin our class.4.Which do you like better,the blue or the red.5.He likes pears.Please give hi m.6.Miss Huang often
46、 hel ps.We should hel p,too.7.Tve drunk a glass of water already,but I still feel thirsty.Please give meone.8.He has no English dictionary,so he has decided to buy.9.I have two coats of this kind to sell.If you don5t like this one,HI showyou.10.two weeks,we could have finished the job.第四章形容词和副词一、形容词
47、的基本用法：用来修饰名词，说明事物或人的特征或性质的词。形容词一般放在名词、代词的前面。如：Helen is a beautiful girl.1、形容词修饰 something,anything,nothing,everything 等词时，须放在其后。如:something important2、表示长、宽、高、深及年龄的形容词，应放在相应的名词之后。3、else只能做后置定语，修饰疑问代词what,who,whom,whose和不定代词 something,anything,nothing,somebody,anybody,nobody 等。4、貌似副词的形容词有 friendly,de
48、adly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly 等。5、enough 跟名词：enough time（名词在 enough 后）enough跟形容词、副词：tall enough、fast enough（形容词、副词放在enough 前）二、副词的基本用法：副词主要修饰动词、形容词、副词或其它结构。一般表示时间、方式、频率、方位、程度等。表示如间的如：tonight,n o w,表示方式的如:happily,fast,angrily；表示频率的如：often,sometimes,every day；表示方位的如：home,there,here；表
49、示程度的如：very,quite 等。三、形容词、副词的比较级的构成及句型。1.形容词、副词的比较级和最高级变化规律。1）一般的加-er,-est。$n：talltallertallest2）以 e 结尾的加-r,-st JnJatelaterlatest3）以辅音字母加y结尾的，把y变i加ber,-est如:early-earlier-earliest4）重读闭音节,双写末尾的辅音字母，加-er,est。如:big-bigger-biggest5）副词的比较级和最高级，有些同形容词的比较级和最高级变化一样，如:fastfasterfastest;highhigherhighest如果是以ly
50、结尾的副词，比较级加m ore,最高级加m ost,副词最高级前一般可省略 th e,如 more slowly,most slowly6）形容词、副词比较级和最高级的不规则变化:原级比较级最高级good/wellbetterbestbad/badly/il1worseworstmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleastoldolder/elderoldest/eldestfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest2.双音节和多音节形容词、副词比较级和最高级的构成.部分双音节和多音节形容词分别在原级前加more和 most构成比较级和最高级.如