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1、优学教育学科教师辅导讲义 讲义编号 学员编号：年 级：高一 课时数：2 学员姓名：辅导科目：英语 学科教师：老师 课 题 情态动词 授课日期及时段 2013-5-25 15:00-17:00 教学目的 掌握情态动词的意义和用法 教学内容 一概述：情态动词表示说话人对动作或状态的各种观点和态度，如需要、猜测、意愿或怀疑等。情态动词有词义，但不完全，是所谓的“辅助性”动词，在句中不能单独充当谓语。一）情态动词的各种形式见下表：情态动词 否定式 缩写 may may not might might not cant can cannot can not mightnt could could not
2、 couldnt must must not mustnt have to do not have to dont have to ought to ought not to oughtnt to（否定句中 to 可省略）will will not wont would would not wouldnt shall shall not should should not shouldnt need need not neednt dare dare not darent used to used not to/did not use to Usednt to didnt use to 二）情
3、态动词的语法特征 1）情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。2）情态动词 除 ought 和 have 外，后面只能接不带 to 的不定式。3）情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。You ought to wear a raincoat.She ought to wear a raincoat.Plants must have oxygen in order to live.A plant must have oxygen in order to live.4）情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。三）情态动词表示推测的用法
4、:除 ought to,used to 等外，后面只接不带 to 的不定式。can,could,may,might,must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下：1）情态动词+动词原形。情态动词+do 表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。You shouldnt be so careless.Jessica told him yesterday she might not go on the trip.Difficulties can and must be overcome.I dont know where she is,she may be in Wuhan.2）情态动词+动词现在
5、进行时。情态动词+be doing 表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。She must be listening to pop music.You should be reviewing your lessons.My mother may be cooking now.At this moment,our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.3）情态动词+动词完成时。情态动词+have done 表示对过去情况的推测。They might have visited the Great Wall.He must have got up v
6、ery early to catch the train.You ought to have come earlier.The road is wet.It must have rained last night.4）情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。Your mother must have been looking for you.你妈妈一定一直在找你。5）推测的否定形式，疑问形式用 cant,couldnt 表示。Mike cant have found his car,for he came to work by bus this morning.注意：co
7、uld,might 表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如 can,may。6)情态动词+be done This word can also be used as a verb.Something must be done to stop pollution.The work ought to have been finished long ago.5.情态动词的时态并不是区分时间的主要标志。在一些场合中，情态动词的现在式和过去式都可以表示现在时间、过去时间或将来时间。Im afraid it might rain tonight.Could I borrow your books?Its
8、a nice day today.We could go for a walk.6.情态动词是互相排斥的，一般不允许两个意义相近的情态动词连用。【误】Soldiers must have to obey orders.【正】Soldiers have to obey orders.【正】Soldiers must obey orders.【误】Can I be able to borrow two books at a time 【正】Can I borrow two books at a time 【正】Will I be able to borrow two books at a time
9、 四）情态动词的意义和用法 A.may和 might 1表示请求、许可，常译为“可以”。在口语中可用 can,could 代替 may，但在正式场合用 may。表示允许时，也可用 might 代 替，might 不表示过去时，而是表示口气比较婉转。You may take this seat if you like.May/Can/Could/Might I have a talk with you -May/Might I come into the room to see my mother -No,you mustnt.She needs to have a good rest.提示：改
10、造项迎龙怡景苑顶升单位塔吊型号广西建工集团第四建筑工程有限责任公司施工单位验收日期设备编号原塔吊顶升后高高检查内容与标准检查结果顶升前检查项目标准节数量和型号是否正确标准节套架平台等钢结构是否开焊变形点螺栓是否紧顶升后检查项目验收结论塔身连接是否可靠螺栓和销子等是否齐全塔身与回转平台连接是否可靠螺栓拧紧力是否达标套架是否降低到规定位置电源线是否接好塔身对支承面垂直度是否小于超高限位器动作是否灵敏可靠式起重机附着锚固验收记录工程项目安装单位塔吊型号附着道数百色市迎龙城东棚户区改造项目迎龙怡景苑施工单位广西建工集团第四建筑工程有限责任公司验收期塔高锚固占高与建筑物水平附着距离设备编号各道附着间距检
11、查内 May I.问句常见的肯定回答和否定回答。肯定回答 Yes,please.Certainly.Yes,of course.Sure.Go ahead,please.否定回答 No,you cant.（最常见）No,you mustnt.（具有强烈禁止的意思）Please dont.Youd better not.I dont think you can.Im sorry its not allowed.2表示推测，可译为“可能，也许”。Your math teacher may/might be in his office.你们的数学老师可能在办公室里。（一般情况下，might 表示的可
12、能性很小）The light isnt on.It may/might be broken.There may/might be some ink left in the bottle.注意：用 may 表示推测一般不用于疑问句，在疑问句中通常用 can 来代替。Can he be at home 他可能在家吗？-Can it be true 这可能是真的吗？-It may be,or may not be.可能是，也可能不是。3有时可以用于祈使句表示祝愿。May you succeed.祝你成功 May you be happy.祝你快乐。May that day come soon.希望这
13、一天早日到来。4.比较 may和 might 1）表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。May God bless you!He might be at home.注意：might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比 may 小。2）成语：may/might as well，后面接不带 to 的不定式，意为不妨。If that is the case,we may as well try.典型例题 Peter _come with us tonight,but he isnt very sure yet.A.must B.may C.can D.will 答案 B.
14、表可能性只能用 may.此句意可从后半句推出。B.can和 could 1表示能力，可译为“能，会”。I can swim.Emily can dance well and her mother could dance well when she was young.The cinema can seat 1,000 people.I could not read such an easy book when I was 7 years old.2表示允许、许可，常用在口语中。could比 can语气上要客气。-Could I use your dictionary 我可以用一下你的字典吗？-
15、Yes,go ahead.可以，用吧。（或 Yes,you can.但不能说 Yes,you could.）Could/Can you tell me how to get to the zoo He asked me whether he could take the book out of the reading room.3 表示推测，可用于肯定句（can罕见）、否定句和疑问句，但更常见于疑问句或否定句。在此种用法中 can和 could没有时态的区别，只是表示可能性的大小，can表示推测的可能性比 could大。Can he be ill at home Can the story b
16、e true He cannot be at home.。改造项迎龙怡景苑顶升单位塔吊型号广西建工集团第四建筑工程有限责任公司施工单位验收日期设备编号原塔吊顶升后高高检查内容与标准检查结果顶升前检查项目标准节数量和型号是否正确标准节套架平台等钢结构是否开焊变形点螺栓是否紧顶升后检查项目验收结论塔身连接是否可靠螺栓和销子等是否齐全塔身与回转平台连接是否可靠螺栓拧紧力是否达标套架是否降低到规定位置电源线是否接好塔身对支承面垂直度是否小于超高限位器动作是否灵敏可靠式起重机附着锚固验收记录工程项目安装单位塔吊型号附着道数百色市迎龙城东棚户区改造项目迎龙怡景苑施工单位广西建工集团第四建筑工程有限责任公司
17、验收期塔高锚固占高与建筑物水平附着距离设备编号各道附着间距检查内 You mustnt smoke while you are walking around in the woods.You could start a fire.4表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度，主要用于否定句和疑问句中。How can you be so careless 你怎么这么粗心？Where can could they have gone 他们会去了哪里？He cant/couldnt be over sixty.他不可能超过 60 岁。5Could 可以用在虚拟条件句中。If I could fly,I shoul
18、d be very happy.如果我能飞，我会很高兴。If you had followed my advice,you could have finished it.如果你当时听我的，你早就做完了。If you had tried harder,you could have passed your exam.如果你再努力些，你就能通过考试了。6can与 be able to的区别 can 表示“能力”时，和 be able to 相当，许多场合都可以互相替换。但当叙述过去经过一 番努力才能完成的事情或前面有特殊说明，表示你有能力时，只能用 be able to。【正】Can you spe
19、ak any foreign languages你会说外语吗？【正】Are you able to speak any foreign languages你会说外语吗？【误】The fire spread the building quickly but everybody could escape.【正】The fire spread the building quickly but everybody was able to escape.大火迅速蔓延到整幢大楼，但大家都逃了出来。【正】The fire spread the building quickly but everybody m
20、anaged to escape.大火迅速蔓延到整幢大楼，但大家都想法逃了出来。be able to 比 can 有更多形式。No one could answer the question.没人能回答这个问题。（这里 could 可用 was able to 代替）When he grows up,he will be able to support his family.他长大后就能养家了。Frank is ill.He hasnt been able to go to school for one week.Im sorry for not being able to help you
21、in time.对不起，不能及时帮你的忙。could 经常和动词 see,hear,smell,taste,feel,remember,understand 等连用。When we went into the house,we could smell something burning.当我们走进屋子时，我们闻到什么东西烧焦了。（不用 was able to）She spoke in a very low voice,but I could understand what she said.虽然她讲话的声音很低，但我还是明白了她说的话。在谈论说话时发生的动作，用 can，不用 be able
22、to。【误】Look!Im able to swim.【正】Look!I can swim.看，我会游泳了！Cmust和 have to 1must表示有做某一动作的必要或义务，强调主观看法，可译为“必须，应该”。Everyone must obey the rule.We must do everything step by step.Teachers must be patient enough with their students.2have to表示因客观需要促使主语不得不做某事。You cant turn right here.You have to turn left.My ey
23、esight is very poor.I have to wear glasses for reading.You have to pass a test before you can get a driving licence.3must与 have to的比较。1)两词都是必须的意思，must 含有说话者的强烈决意（表示主观的看法），have to 则表示外力环境或习惯使然（即 表示客观的必要，作“不得不”解）。My brother was very ill,so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟病得很厉害，我
24、只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)He said that they must work hard.他说他们必须努力工作。（主观上要做这件事）改造项迎龙怡景苑顶升单位塔吊型号广西建工集团第四建筑工程有限责任公司施工单位验收日期设备编号原塔吊顶升后高高检查内容与标准检查结果顶升前检查项目标准节数量和型号是否正确标准节套架平台等钢结构是否开焊变形点螺栓是否紧顶升后检查项目验收结论塔身连接是否可靠螺栓和销子等是否齐全塔身与回转平台连接是否可靠螺栓拧紧力是否达标套架是否降低到规定位置电源线是否接好塔身对支承面垂直度是否小于超高限位器动作是否灵敏可靠式起重机附着锚固验收记录工程项目安装单位塔吊
25、型号附着道数百色市迎龙城东棚户区改造项目迎龙怡景苑施工单位广西建工集团第四建筑工程有限责任公司验收期塔高锚固占高与建筑物水平附着距离设备编号各道附着间距检查内 I must study hard.我必须努力学习。（发自内心的决定）I have to study hard.我不得不努力学习。（外界因素逼迫）2)have to 有人称、数、时态的变化，而 must 只有一种形式。但 must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。He had to look after his sister yesterday.3）在否定结构中：dont have to 表示不必 mustnt 表示禁止，You
26、must keep it a secret.You mustnt tell anyone.你必须保密，你不可以告诉任何人。（mustnt 表示“禁止”）You dont have to tell me the secret.你不必告诉我这个秘密。（dont have to 意思是“没有必要”=dont need to）You dont have to tell him about it.You mustnt tell him about it.4must用于表示推测，它的肯定程度比 may,might,could大得多，一般只用于肯定句。must do(这里的 do 通常是状态动词或系动词)，
27、表示对现在状态的推测。He must be very lazy for his desk is very untidy.他肯定很懒，因为他的课桌很不整洁。Carol must get very bored with her job.She does the same thing every day.must be doing 表示对现在动作或状态的推测。Put on more clothes.You must be feeling cold with only a shirt on.must have done 表示对过去的动作或状态的推测。The ground is wet.It must
28、have rained last night.地面是湿的，昨晚肯定下雨了。I didnt hear the phone.I must have been asleep.我没听见电话铃响，我一定是睡着了。提示：must表示推测只用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句要用 can,could来代替 must。Hes just had his lunch.He cant be hungry already.他刚吃过午饭，不会饿的。They have just arrived here.They cant know many people.Leslie walked past me without speakin
29、g.He cant/couldnt have seen me.莱斯利从我身边走过而没打招呼，他肯定没看见我。5must可用来表示根据逻辑推理必然要发生的事，可译为“必然会，总是会”。We all must die.我们都会死。Truth must be out.真相必然会大白的。Winter must be followed by spring.冬天到了，春天还会远吗？Dwill 和 would 1.will 和 would 可用于第二人称疑问句，表示请求和建议等。would 比 will 委婉客气。Will you have some tea 你喝点茶，好吗？Will you share y
30、our happiness with us 你可以把你的欢乐与我们共享吗？Would you pass this book to the student in the last row 注意：Will/Would you.表示请求和建议的答复。肯定回答 Yes,please.是的，请。Certainly.当然可以。Sure.当然了。All right.好啊！否定回答 Im sorry.I cant.No,thank you.No,I wont.不，不行。2will 和 would 可表示意志、愿望和决心，用于各种人称陈述句。I will do anything for you.I will n
31、ever tell you the secret.They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed.3will 和 would 可表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。will 表示现在的习惯动作，would 表示过去的习惯动作。He will surf the Internet every night.改造项迎龙怡景苑顶升单位塔吊型号广西建工集团第四建筑工程有限责任公司施工单位验收日期设备编号原塔吊顶升后高高检查内容与标准检查结果顶升前检查项目标准节数量和型号是否正确标准节套架平台等钢结构是否开焊变形点螺栓是否紧顶升后检查项目验收结论塔身连接
32、是否可靠螺栓和销子等是否齐全塔身与回转平台连接是否可靠螺栓拧紧力是否达标套架是否降低到规定位置电源线是否接好塔身对支承面垂直度是否小于超高限位器动作是否灵敏可靠式起重机附着锚固验收记录工程项目安装单位塔吊型号附着道数百色市迎龙城东棚户区改造项目迎龙怡景苑施工单位广西建工集团第四建筑工程有限责任公司验收期塔高锚固占高与建筑物水平附着距离设备编号各道附着间距检查内 The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.那男孩常常坐在那儿好几个钟头，看着车辆行人通过。He would be nervous when h
33、e met strangers.In class he would ask some silly questions,and his classmates would laugh at him.课上，他总是问一些蠢问题，他的同学们总是嘲笑他。4will 可表示固执坚持，这时 will 不可使用ll 的简略形式。用于非人称主语时，表示物体的固有性质和倾向。I will take the job,and no one can stop me.He wont do what hes told.他就是不愿按所吩咐的去做。The window wont open.。This glass will not
34、 crack under heavy pressure.5will 表示将来时间时，不可用于条件状语从句，但 will 表示意愿或决心时，可用于条件状语从句。If you will read the book,Ill lend it to you.如果你愿意读这本书，我会把它借给你。If you will give up smoking,your health will improve.如果你愿意把烟戒掉的话，你的健康状况就会好转。6will 和 would 可表示推论或猜测。The patient took the sleeping pills an hour ago.He will be
35、asleep now.病人一小时前吃的安眠药，现在应该睡着了。It would be about ten when he left home.I thought he would have told you about it.It would be raining when she went home.比较：Would you like.表示邀请 Do you like.表示习惯 Do you like going go the cinema 你喜欢看电影吗？Yes,I go to the cinema a lot.是的，我经常去看电影。Would you like to go to the
36、cinema tonight 今天晚上去看电影好吗？Yes,Id love to.非常乐意。Eshall和 should 1shall 表示征询意见或请求指示，用于一、三人称疑问句。Shall I carry it for you 我来帮你搬它，好吗？Shall we sing a song Shall they wait outside 让他们在外面等吗？Shall the waiter bring meals to your room 提示：Shall I open the window 我打开窗子好吗？Will you open the window 你打开窗子好吗？Shall he o
37、pen the window 他打开窗子好吗？表示说话人的意愿，有“命令、允诺、警告、决心”等意思，用于第二、三人称陈述句中。You shall do as I say.按我说的做。（命令）He shall be sorry for it one day,I tell you.我告诉你，总有一天他会后悔的。（警告）You shall fall behind in your exam if you keep playing.Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan.什么也阻止不了我们执行这项计划。（决心）He shall have the
38、book when I finish reading.我看完这本书就给他看。（允诺）I shall do my homework after reading this story book.2should 表示义务，意为“应该”（某件事宜于做），用于各种人称。Children should obey their parents.One shouldnt be selfish.Customers who get bad service should complain,shouldnt they 常与 what,how,why等词连用，表示意外、惊讶等情绪。改造项迎龙怡景苑顶升单位塔吊型号广西建工
39、集团第四建筑工程有限责任公司施工单位验收日期设备编号原塔吊顶升后高高检查内容与标准检查结果顶升前检查项目标准节数量和型号是否正确标准节套架平台等钢结构是否开焊变形点螺栓是否紧顶升后检查项目验收结论塔身连接是否可靠螺栓和销子等是否齐全塔身与回转平台连接是否可靠螺栓拧紧力是否达标套架是否降低到规定位置电源线是否接好塔身对支承面垂直度是否小于超高限位器动作是否灵敏可靠式起重机附着锚固验收记录工程项目安装单位塔吊型号附着道数百色市迎龙城东棚户区改造项目迎龙怡景苑施工单位广西建工集团第四建筑工程有限责任公司验收期塔高锚固占高与建筑物水平附着距离设备编号各道附着间距检查内 How should I kno
40、w?Why should I fear?What should she do but cry for help I dont know why you should think I did it.表示对过去、现在或将来情况的某种推测，可译为“可能、照说应该”。It should be fine tomorrow.He should be taking a bath now.Its nearly seven oclock.Jack should be here at any moment.表示对现在或以前的动作的责怪、批评（应做的事却没做）。The boys shouldnt be playin
41、g football.They should be at school.You shouldnt have entered the teachers office without permission.Fought to 1表示义务，意为“应该”（因责任、义务而该做），口气比 should稍重。We ought to defend our country.我们应当保卫我们的国家。（每一个公民应尽的义务）You ought to respect your parents.你应当尊敬你的父母。Oughtnt we to do everything possible to stop pollutio
42、n 难道我们不应当尽可能地制止污染吗？2表示推测，暗含很大的可能，可译为“应该是，会是”。Prices ought to come down soon.Han Mei ought to know his telephone number.Theres a fine sunset;it ought to be a fine day tomorrow.3ought to和 should一样，表示对现在或以前应做的事却没做的责怪、批评。You ought to be washing your clothes.Why are you playing Ping-Pong 你应该在洗衣服（可是你没洗）。为
43、什么你在打乒乓球？You ought to have handed in the exercise last week.你上周就应当交练习。（可你没交，含责备的意思。）He ought to have asked me before he took my bike.4ought to与 should的比较。ought to 和 should 的含义较近，但不完全相同。ought to 表示“应该”，是从“义务”或“按理推断”的角度来讲的。should则是从说话人的个人看法这一角度来讲的。You are her mother.You ought to look after her.你是她的母亲，
44、你应当照管她。（是道义上的责任，不能和 should 互换。）We should encourage him for we are his classmates.提示：表示“义务”时，我们在口语中可以用 had better 或 be supposed to 来代替 should 和 ought to。If you are not well,you had better ask Alice to go instead.Im supposed to be there at 8 oclock.Gused to 1used to表示过去的习惯或过去某时期的状况，但现在已不存在。He used to
45、drink tea but now he drinks coffee.他过去总是喝茶但现在他喝咖啡了。（强调现在不喝茶了）I know where there used to be a river here.When I was a child I didnt use to like tomatoes.He is not what he used to be.Where did you use to live before you came here 2would 和 used to的用法区别。used to 表示过去与现在或过去某时与后来的情况有不同，强调“现已无此习惯了”，而 would
46、只表示过去的情况，与现在无关。When he was young,he would smoke a lot.他年轻时总是吸许多烟。（不含有和现在比较，现在他也许还在抽，也许不抽了。）改造项迎龙怡景苑顶升单位塔吊型号广西建工集团第四建筑工程有限责任公司施工单位验收日期设备编号原塔吊顶升后高高检查内容与标准检查结果顶升前检查项目标准节数量和型号是否正确标准节套架平台等钢结构是否开焊变形点螺栓是否紧顶升后检查项目验收结论塔身连接是否可靠螺栓和销子等是否齐全塔身与回转平台连接是否可靠螺栓拧紧力是否达标套架是否降低到规定位置电源线是否接好塔身对支承面垂直度是否小于超高限位器动作是否灵敏可靠式起重机附着锚
47、固验收记录工程项目安装单位塔吊型号附着道数百色市迎龙城东棚户区改造项目迎龙怡景苑施工单位广西建工集团第四建筑工程有限责任公司验收期塔高锚固占高与建筑物水平附着距离设备编号各道附着间距检查内 He used to live in the country,but now he lives in the city.他过去住在乡下，现在住在城里。used to 可表示过去的习惯动作或状态，而 would 只表示过去的习惯动作。Kate used to be very thin.There used to be a building at the street corner,but it has bee
48、n pulled down.街道拐角处过去有座楼房，现在拆了。（不用 would）used to 可泛指过去的习惯动作或状态，而 would 表示过去的习惯动作时，往往要带有一个特定的时间状语。【误】We would play hide-and-seek in the fields.【正】We used to play hide-and-seek in the fields.【正】Whenever we were in the country,we would play hide-and-seek in the fields.Hdare dare 既可用作情态动词，也可用作行为动词，指勇气和胆
49、量上的可能，可译为“敢”。1情态动词 dare dare 作为情态动词时主要用于疑问句和否定句，一般不用于肯定句中。I dare not/darent walk through the forest at night.-Dare you walk through the forest at night -Yes,I dare.是的，我敢。-No,I darent.不，我不敢。He dare not drive too fast on the rainy day.。He dared not do it last year.去年他不敢做这事。（dare 的过去时为 dared）可以用于表示怀疑的名
50、词性从句中。I wonder how he dare say such things.We dont know whether he dare climb the mountain.可以用于条件状语从句中。If the enemy dare enter the village,well fight against them to the end.If you dare cheat in your exam,I will give you some punishment.2行为动词 dare dare 可以作为行为动词，多用于肯定句中，但也可用在疑问句和否定句中 He will dare any