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1、动词的时态和语态【考纲解读】动词的时态和语态问题是高考考查的重点之一，也是历年高考的必考点。英语的十六种 时态中，常考的主要有一般现在时、一般将来时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、 现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时及完成进行时等。一般情况下，语态常结合时态进行 综合考查，主要以语法填空、短文改错等形式进行考查，动词的语态在语法填空和短文改错 中是必考点。主要考查热点，动词时态的考查：1 . 一般现在时和现在进行时表示将来；2 .将来时表示计划和安排；3 .完成时与完成进行时态；4 .过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的假设；5 .固定句型中的时态分布。6 .动词语态的考查。【考点剖析】一、
2、一般现在时与一般过去时及被动语态例 1： （2021 年高考 全国甲卷）The Xi an City Wal I i s the most comp I ete ci ty wa I I that has survived Chinas Iong history. It 41 （bui Id） original Iy to protect the city i n the Tang dynasty and has now been comp IeteIy restored （修复）.【答案】was bui It例 2： （2021 年高考 全国甲卷）We（h i re） our b i kes
3、 from the renta I p I ace at the South Gate. My bi ke was old and shaky _but_ d id the job.【答案】hired例 3： （2021 年高考 全国甲卷 改错）（Thei r answers a I so show that they disI ike talking to others. ） They kept very much to themselves. In my opinion, whenever in trouble, we shouId seek he Ip from those we tru
4、st most.【答案】kept改为keep例 4： （2020 年高考 新课标 I 卷）The unmanned Chang e-4 probe （探测器）一the name was i nsp i red by an anc i ent Ch i nese moon goddess 61 （touch） down I ast week i n the South Pole-Aitken bas i n.【答案】touched注意：如果表示说话人的判断，不用will代替be going to。Look at the dark cIouds. It5 s going to rain.看那块乌云
5、。就要下雨了。(此处不用will代替be going to.)但是，如果表示交谈时的临时决定，则不宜用be going to；应用wi I I 或 shall。1 m sorry. I forgot to post your letter.对不起，我忘记给你寄信了。”Thats all r ight. 1111 post it myself.“没关系，我自己去寄。”(这里不 用Im going to post it myseIfo )(4)祈使句+and /then /or+陈述句这个结构中，陈述句用一般将来时。Watch cIoseIy and you wi I I f ind how it
6、 works.仔细观察，你会发现它是如何工作的。2.过去将来时1)过去将来时主要表示从过去某时看将要发生的事或存在的状态。时间的出发点是过 去。该时态常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。而主句的谓语动词常常是过去时间或有过去完成 时。My brother told me that he wouId be back on Saturday. 我哥哥告诉我他星期天回来。He said that the meet ing would begin at ha If past nine thi s morni ng.他说会议将在今天早晨九点半开始。No one knew wh i ch country wouI
7、d ho Id the next 01ymp i c Games.没有人知道哪个国家将举行下次奥林匹克运动会。2)表示过去将来时的几种方法：(1) was (were) goi ng to do sth表示已经决定或已经安排要做的事，也可以用来表 示很可能或必然发生的事。He said he was going to start for Guangzhou next week.他说他打算下星期动身去广州。I was go i ng to pI ay volleybalI on Monday, but I cant now.我打算星期一打排球，而现在不行。(2) was (were) about
8、 to do表示即将做或正要做，不能与表示具体将来的时间状 语连用。They were about to start when it rained.他们正要出发，天就下起雨来了。(3) was (were) t。d。sth表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务应该在短期内将要发生 的动作。This experience was to change h i s I ife.这个经历后来改变了他的生活道路。He said a I I these things were to be answered for.他说所有这一切都是要偿还的。（4）某些终止性动词的过去进行时可表示过去将来时。这类动词常见的有：go
9、, come,leave, start, arrive, spent, sail, meet等这种结构常用来表示按计划、安排即将发生 的动作。I didnt know that they were coming.我不知道他们什么时候来。There they found a wounded boy, who was dying.在那儿，他们发现了一个受伤的男孩，快要死了。五、将来进行时与将来完成时1 .将来进行时1）表示将来某时正在进行的动作，一般不表意愿，常表示已安排好的事，给人一种期 待之感，多与表示将来的时间状语连用。2）表示“纯粹”将来，将来进行时不带感情色彩，而一般将来时中的will起
10、着情态 动词的作用，常表示意愿、决心等，因此，现代口语中常用此时态表示将来发生的动作或情 况。3）表示推测，will还有“大概”或“一定”的意味，即表示一种揣测和表示某种倾向 或习惯性的动作，不表将来现在，常与now连用。We will be see i ng a fash i on show th i s time tomorrow.明天这时候我们将在看时装表演。I 1 I be taking my hoi idays soon.我不久将要度假了。Wi I I you be telephoning him tomorrow?你明天会不会给他打电话？ 比较：I wi I I go to Sha
11、nghai tomorrow.我明天要去上海（表意愿、打算、决心等）。I wi I I be going to Shanghai tomorrow.我明天要去上海了 （单纯表将来时间）。I 1 I be hav i ng c I asses tomorrow morn i ng. 明天上午我有课。They wi I I be watching footbaI I game now.他们现在大概在观看足球赛呢。Its Sunday. She wont be studying now.今天是星期天，她不会在学习的。2 .将来完成时1）表示从将来的某一时间开始、延续到另一个将来时间的动作或状态，或是
12、发生在某 个将来的时间，但对其后的另一个将来时间有影响的动作或状态。By the middle of the century, computers that are mi I I ions of times smarter than us wi I I have been developed.到本世纪中叶，比我们聪明数百万倍的计算机将被开发出来。六、被动语态用法与常用的被动语态结构1 .被动语态用法当不知道动作的执行者或没有必要指出动作的执行者以及强调动作的承受者时常使用 被动态。主动语态变为被动语态时，谓语动词的时态不变；主动句中作宾语的人称代词须变 为主格，作主语的人称代词放在介词by之后
13、，变为宾格；by短语常省略。The research was reported by the government.这项研究得到了政府的支持。A new computer was bought for me.有人给我买了一台新电脑The tr i p i s organ i zed by a we I I-known tour i st company with a good reputat i on. 这次出游是由一家声誉很好的旅游公司组织的。2 .常用的被动语态结构被动语态由be +过去分词构成，不同时态的被动语态的差别在于be的不同时态。时态助动词be过去分词一般现在时am /i s /
14、aredone一般过去时was/ weredone现在进行时am/ i s/ are beingdone过去进行时was/ were be i ngdone现在完成时have/ has beendone过去完成时had / beendone一般将来时wi I 1/ sha 1 1 be am /i s/ are going to bedone过去将来时wou1d/ should be was/ were going to bedone情态动词情态动词+ bedone【强化训练】I.填空（题1T2）或改错（题13-15）1. （2021年高考全国I卷） What comes next i s t
15、he end I ess ser ies of steps. You can5 t help wonder i ng how hard i t 61 （be） for the peopIe then to put a I I those rocks i nto pI ace.2. （2021 年高考浙江卷）When the house was bui It, it was much sma I I er than i t i s today. Mary* s niece wrote, The IittIe home 40 （paint） white.3. （2020 年高考 浙江卷）And,
16、as more ch i I dren were born, more food 59 （need）.4. （2020 年高考 新课标 I 卷）This real ly excites scientists, ” Car Ie Pieters, a sci ent i st at Brown Uni vers i ty, says, because it 67 （mean） we have the chanceto obta i n i nformat i on about how the moon 68 （construct）.5. （2020 年高考 浙江卷）New methods 65
17、（mean） that fewer people worked in farmi ng.6. （2020 年高考 新课标 I I I 卷）The artist was sure he wou I d 63（choose）, but when he presented hi s masterpiece to the emperor5 s chief minister, the oId man Iaughed.7. （2020 年高考新课标 I I I 卷）65 （When /As） he asked the v i I I agers on the banks of the r i ver wh
18、ere he could f ind the Iegendary art i st, they smi Ied and 66（point）down the r i ver.8. （2020 年高考 山东卷）The 80, 000 objects col lected by Si r Hans SIoane, for examp Ie, 38 （form） the core co I Iect i on of the British Museum 39 （which/that） opened in 1759.9. （2020 年高考 山东卷）The parts of a museum open
19、to the pub I ic 40 （ca II） galler ies or rooms.10. （2019 年高考 新课标 I I 卷）I dont see any reason to give up work. I love coming here and see i ng my famiIy and a I I the fr i ends I 66（make） over the years11. （2021 年高考新课标 III 卷）Our hosts shared many of the i r exper i ences and65（recommend） wonderfu I p
20、l aces to eat, shop, and visit. For breakfast, we were abIe to eat papaya （木瓜）and other fruits from thei r trees in the backyard.12. （2019 高考 新课标 I II 卷）On the Iast day of our week-long stay, we 69 （invite） to attend a pr i vate concert on a beaut i fuI farm on the North Shore under the stars13. （20
21、20 年高考 新课标 I I 卷 改错）Actua I I y, I start to I earn kung fu when I was seven years old,14. （2019 年高考 新课标 I I 卷改错）And the other is that I wanted to he I p peop I e i n need.15. （2018 年高考 新课标 I 卷 改错）Dur ing my Iast winter hoi iday, I went to the countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I fi
22、nd a big change there. II.单项选择16. （2021 年高考 天津卷）We quite enough work for the morning; now lets take a break.A. have done B. will do C. had done D. were doing17. （2020 年高考 江苏卷）Instead of gett ing down to a new task as I , he examined the prev i ous work aga i n.A. had expectedB. have expected C. woul
23、d expectD. expect18. （2020 年高考 江苏卷）I f you I ook at a I I s i des of the s i tuat i on, you I I f i nd probabIy a solution that everyone.A. suit B. suitedC. suits D. has suited19. （2020 年高考 天津卷）The number of med icaI schools reached 18 in the ear Iy 1990s and around that I eve I s i nee.A. are rema
24、i n ing B. have rema i nedC. i s rema i n i ng D. has rema i ned20. （2020年高考天津卷）You are a great swimmer.Thanks. It5 s because I a Iot these days.A. have been pract icing B. was pract icing C. wouId pract i ce D. had practiced21. （2019 年高考 江苏卷）The musician a I ong with h i s band members ten performa
25、nces i n the Iast three months.A. gives B. has given C. have given D. give22. （2019 年高考天津卷）I to send Peter a gift to congratu I ate him on h i s marr i age, but I couIdnt manage it.A. had hoped B. am hoping C. have hoped D. would hope23. （2019年高考天津卷）Amy, as we I I as her brothers, a warm we I come w
26、hen return i ng to the v i I I age Iast week.A. i s given B. are given C. was given D. were given24. （2018 年高考 天津卷）My wash i ng mach i ne th i s week, so I have to washmy cIothes by hand.A. was repa i red B. i s repa i red C. is being repa i red D. has been repa i red 25. （2018 年高考 北京卷）A rescue work
27、er r i sked h i s I ife sav i ng two tour i sts who i n the mounta i ns for two days.A. are trappi ng B. have been trappedC. were trapp ing D. had been trappedIII.语法填空阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。Ch i nese-Amer i can commun i ty groups are prepar i ng to ho Id the i r second annua I I nternat
28、 i ona I Confuc i us Cu I tura I Fest i va I （孑L子文化节）on Sept, 8 i n FI ush i ng Queens, New York Citys easternmost borough.The event serves not on Iy 1 a spectacuI ar ceremony to memor i ze the worId-famous Chinese phi Iosopher, but a chance 2 celebrate) Chinese culturetogether with other I oca I co
29、mmunities, sa i d Wang L i zh i, pres i dent of Amer i ca East Shandong Association ( AESA).Co-sponsored by AESA, Amer i ca East Shandong Chamber of Commerce and Confuc i us Education Foundation Inc, the festivaI 3 (feature) recitation of the ”Di Zi Gui,“ Ii teraI Iy trans Iated as “Standards for be
30、 i ng a Good Pupi I and Child,“ a book 4 (wr i te) based on Confuc i us * teach i ngs that emphas i ze the 5 (base)necess i t i es for be i ng a good person and gu i de Ii nes for 6 (Ii ve) i n harmony with others, as we I I as Ch i nese traditional dances, Shan- dong fo I k mus i c and photo exhibi
31、tions.The groups hosted the 7 (one) Internat ionaI Confucius Cuitura I Fest i vaIin fIushing on Sept. 8 Last year to ceIebrate the 2, 18th anniversary of the bi rth of Confucius (511 BC -79 BC).Confucius was 8 extraord i nary educator and phi losopher, and founded Confuc i an i sm. 11 was he 9 f i r
32、st set up pr i vate schoo I s and rece i ved studentsfrom every waIk of Ii fe without 10 (consider) of the i r soci a I status.答案I.填空（题172）或改错（题1375）1. （2021 年高考全国 I 卷）What comes next i s the end I ess ser ies of steps. You can5 t help wonder i ng how hard it 61 （be） for the peopIe then to put a I I
33、 those rocks i nto pI ace.【答案】was【解析】句意：你不禁会想，对当时的人们来说，把这些石头都安置好有多难。考查一般过 去时。分析句子可知，how hard it 61 for the peop I e then to put a I I those rocks i nto p I ace作wonder的宾语，it是从句的形式主语，不定式为真正主语，谓语动 词用单数形式，安置台阶的石头为陈述过去的事情，应用一般过去时。所用was。2. （2021 年高考 浙江卷）When the house was bui It, it was much sma I I er th
34、an it i s today. Marys niece wrote, The IittIe home 40 （paint） white.【答案】has been【解析】句意：这个小房子被漆成了白色。考查被动语态。分析句子结构可知，设空处作谓 语动词，The little home作主语。房子是“被漆”的，主语和谓语动词之间是被动关系， 用被动语态；根据上文的was bui It可知为一般过去时态；一般过去时的被动语态结构是 was/were+过去分词；主语The I ittIe home是单数第三人称，所以要用was,提示词paint 的过去分词形式是painted。因此,填was pain
35、tedo3. (2020 年高考 浙江卷)And, as more ch i I dren were born, more food 59 (need).【答案】was needed【解析】句意：随着越多的小孩出生，越多的食物被需要。考查时态语态。分析句子，逻辑 主语和need之间是被动的关系，此处描述的是过去的时间，所以此处应用过去时态的被动 语态。food为不可数名词。因此填was neededo4. (2020 年高考 新课标 I 卷)This real ly excites scientists, Car I e P i eters, a sc i ent i st at Brown
36、Uni vers i ty, says, because it 67(mean) we have the chanceto obta i n i nformat i on about how the moon 68(construct).”【答案】67. means； 68. is constructed【解析】句意：“这真的使科学家们激动，”布朗大学的一位科学家Car Ie Pieters说：“因 为它意味着我们有机会获得月球是如何构造的信息。”空67：根据上文“This really excites scientists”可知，此处用一般现在时，主语是it,所以空处谓语动词，用第三 人称单
37、数形式means,所以填means。空68：是宾语从句中的谓语动词，谓语construct与 主语the moon之间是被动关系，要用被动语态，再根据上下文可知，此处用一般现在时， 主语the moon是单数，所以填is constructedo这两个空考查的是考查时态和主谓一致； 空68还考查了语态。5. (2020 年高考 浙江卷)New methods 65(mean) that fewer peop I e worked i nfarming.【答案】meant【解析】句意：新方法意味着更少的人从事农业。考查时态。分析句子，主句部分无其他动 词，所以此处需根据时态填空。文章的整体时态是
38、过去时，根据时态一致原则，也应用过去 时。逻辑主语和动词之间表示主动关系。所以此处填过去时的主动形式。因此填meant。6. (2020 年高考 新课标 I I I 卷)The art i st was sure he wou I d 63(choose), but when he presented hi s masterpiece to the emperor, s chief mini ster, the oId man Iaughed.【答案】be chosen【解析】句意：画家确信他会被选中，但是当他把他的杰作送给皇帝的宰相时，这位老人笑 了。考查动词语态。该句主语he与谓语动词ch
39、oose构成被动关系，而且would后跟动词 原形。所有填be chosen o7. (2020 年高考新课标 III 卷)65 (When /As) he asked the v i I I agers on the banks ofthe r i ver where he couId f i nd the Iegendary art i st, they smi led and 66(poi nt)down the r i ver.【答案】po i nted【解析】句意：当他问河岸上的村民，他在哪里可以找到这位传奇艺术家时，他们笑着指着 河的下游。考查动词时态。根据上文they smile
40、d and可知此处应用一般过去时。所有填 pointedo8. (2020 年高考 山东卷)The 80, 000 objects col lected by Si r Hans SIoane, for example, 38(form) the core col lection of the British Museum 39 (which/that) openedin 1759.【答案】formed【解析】句意：例如，汉斯斯隆爵士的8万件藏品构成了 1759年开馆的大英博物馆的核 心藏品。考查动词时态。空格38处是谓语动词，根据时间状语M1759可知，应使用一般 过去时。所有填formed
41、。9. (2020 年高考 山东卷)The parts of a museum open to the pub I ic 40 (ca II) gal I er i es or rooms.【答案】are cal led【解析】句意：博物馆对公众开放的部分被称为画廊或展厅。考查动词时态及语态。此处描 述的是客观事实，要用一般现在时；主语与call是逻辑动宾关系，应使用被动语态，且主 语是复数概念。所以填are cal ledo10. (2019年高考 新课标I I卷)I dont see any reason to give up work. I Iove coming here and se
42、e i ng my famiIy and a I I the fr iends I 66(make) over the years【答案】have made【解析】句意：我喜欢到这里来看看我的家人和我这些年来交到的朋友们。考查动词的时态。 根据该定语从句中的时间状语“over the years”可知，此处用现在完成时态，所有，填 have madeo11. (2021 年高考 新课标 III 卷)Our hosts shared many of the i r exper i ences and65(recommend) wonderfu I p I aces to eat, shop, a
43、nd visit. For breakfast, we wereabIe to eat papaya (木瓜)and other fruits from thei r trees in the backyard.【答案】recommendedo【解析】句意：我们的主人跟我们分享了很多他们的经历并推荐了一些很好的吃饭、购物和 参观的地方。考查一般过去时。and前后动作shared与recommended是并列关系，时态一 致。所有填 recommended o12. （2019 高考 新课标 III 卷）On the Iast day of our week-long stay, we 69 （
44、invite） to attend a pr i vate concert on a beaut i fu I farm on the North Shore under the stars 【答案】were i nv i ted【解析】句意：在我们为期一周的逗留的最后一天，我们应邀在星光下北岸一个美丽的农场 参加了一场私人音乐会。考查动词的时态和语态。由on the Iast day of our we加Tong stay”可知，句子时态为一般过去时。根据we和invite之间是被动的关系（我们被邀 请）,用被动语态。主语为we,所以填were invited。13. （2020 年高考 新
45、课标 I I 卷改错）Actua I I y, I start to I earn kung fu when I was seven years old, .【答案】start改为started【解析】句意：事实上，我七岁时就开始学功夫了，考查时态。分析句子可知，此处 动词start讲述的是7岁的时候，动词应该用过去时。故将start改为started。14. （2019 年高考 新课标 I I 卷改错）And the other is that I wanted to he I p peop I e i n need.【答案】is改为was【解析】句意：另一个原因是我想帮助有需要的人。考查一
46、般过去时。本篇文章使用的全 是一般过去时，且与最后一句并列的one was that-用的也是一般过去时，所以最后一 句话时态应为一般过去时。讲述当时做决定时的原因。因此将is改为was。15. （2018 年高考 新课标 I 卷 改错）Dur ing my Iast winter hoi iday, I went to the countrys ide with my father to visit my grandparents. I f ind a big change there.【答案】find改成found【解析】句意：去年寒假期间，我和父亲去乡下看望我的祖父母。我发现那里发生了很
47、大的 变化。考查动词时态。根据文章中的Dur i ng my last winter holiday可知，事件发生在过 去，用一个过去时态。所以将find改成found。II.单项选择16. （2021 年高考 天津卷）We quite enough work for the morn i ng; now lets take a break.A. have done B. will do C. had done D. were doi ng【答案】A【解析】句意：今天上午我们做的工作够多的了，现在让我们休息一下吧。考查时态。根据 后半句now lets take a break可知，做很多工作
48、这件事情是从过去某个时间开始一 直到现在，应该用现在完成时。所以选A。17. （2020 年高考 江苏卷）Instead of gett ing down to a new task as I , he examined the prev i ous work aga i n.A. had expected B. have expected C. wouId expect D. expect【答案】A【解析】句意：他没有像我所期望的那样着手做新工作，而是又检查了一遍以前的工作。考 查动词时态。此处描述的动作发生在examined之前，属于“过去的过去”，要用过去完成 时。故选A。18. （2020 年高考 江苏卷）If you I ook at a I I sides of the situation, you, I I find probabIy