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1、植物营养学复习要点 第一章：Questions-2 1、How to assess 评价 an element that is essential to higher plants?(1)A given plant must be unable to complete its life cycle in the absence of the mineral element;(2)The function of the element must not be replaceable by another mineral element;(3)The element must be directl
2、y involved in plant metabolism-for example,as a component of an essential plant constituent such as an enzyme-or it must be required for a distinct metabolic step such as an enzyme reaction.2、How many kinds of elements are essential for higher plants?18 3、What are the general functions of the essent
3、ial elements for higher plants?As the constituents 成分 of important compounds in plant；As the constituents or activators of enzymes 作为酶的成分或激活剂 Stabilize the structure of the cell 4、Please describe the general composition of a living plant.Water、Dry matter(Organic matter and ashes/minerals)5、Terms:Hyp
4、eraccumulation,phytoremediation,Macronutrients,micronutrients,three essentials of fertilizer Macronutrients：C,H,O,N,P,K,Ca,Mg,S。Micronutrients：Cu,Zn,Mn,Fe,B,Mo,CI,Ni，Co。Questions-3 1、What are the main functions of plant roots?Anchoring 固定 the plant in the soil Absorption and translocation of water a
5、nd nutrients Synthesis of phytohormones 植物激素 and other organic compounds Storage 存储 of inorganic and organic nutrients 2、There are two kinds of roots,what are they?须根系(fibrous root system)、直根系(tap root system)3、Whats root hair?Cluster root?群集根 root hair：Root hairs are tubular 管状物的 tensions of the ro
6、ot epidermal 表皮 cell and occur as a result of lateral cell growth.Cluster root：4、There are many environmental factors that affect root growth.What are they?How they affect the growth of root?Soil compaction：土壤容重 1.1-1.3 g/cm3 适宜旱地作物生长。溶液中根系细长，土壤中根系粗短。Soil temperature：适宜温度：20-25 Water：“干长根，湿长苗”Nutrie
7、nt：根系具有趋肥性 Questions-4 1、How many parts of a root tip could be divided into?Meristematic zone 分生区、Elongation zone 伸长区、Hair zone 根冠。2、Please describe the transverse section 截面 of a young root Root hairs/根毛、Epidermis/表皮、Parenchyma/皮层薄壁组织、Endodermis/内皮层、Stele/中柱。3、Whats free space in a root?Donnan free
8、 space and water free space?free space：在根的某些组织或细胞内允许外部溶液通过自由扩散进出的那些区域。水分自由空间：水溶性离子可自由进出的那部分空间.杜南自由空间：细胞组织上所带的负电菏点位而吸持阳离子排斥阳离子所占据的空间。4、What are apoplast and symplast?Symplast：the cytoplasmatic continuum formed by numerous plasmodesmata.共质体：指各个活的细胞通过胞间连丝相互连在一起形成的统一体 Apoplast：comprises all parts of the
9、 tissue open to solutes and water without their having to cross a membrane.质外体：植物组织中细胞壁的连续体，包括细胞壁、细胞间隙和木质部导管等非原生质 的部分。5、Please describe the structure of a cell membrane.大约等比例的蛋白质和脂质分子组成，约 7 to 10 nm 厚。Questions-5 1、What is active and passive absorption of elements by plant root cells?passive uptake:
10、顺浓度或电化学梯度、不消耗能量、无选择性。active uptake：逆浓度或电化学梯度、消耗能量、有选择性。2、What is ion pumps,ion channels?ion channels：是细胞膜上具有选择性的孔状跨膜蛋白，可以允许离子迅速透过质膜，能快速开启和关闭。ion pumps：3、Why Nernst Equation is useful for interpreting 解释 the ion transport into plasma 原生质 membrane?4、What,generally,is the mechanism that has been propos
11、ed to account for the active absorption of ions by roots?载体学说(Carrier transport)、离子泵学说(Ion pump)5、Is the driving force the same for charged nutrients and uncharged nutrients across the membrane?Explain your answer.Uncharged molecules 不带电的 move in response to:differences in concentration(chemical gra
12、dient)Charged molecules move in response to:differences in concentration(chemical gradient)、differences in voltage(electrical gradient)=electro-chemical gradient 6、Please describe the types of transporters existed in the membranes.主动运输、被动扩散、内 吞外排。7、Km,Cmin,Imax Imax:maximal net influx of ions into r
13、oots 离子进入根的最大量 Km:Michaelis-Menten constant 米氏常数 Cmin:Concentration of nutrient in medium 养分介质中的浓度 when influx=efflux 当进出相等 Questions-6 1、What is foliar fertilization?The process of nutrient uptake by leaves and other aerial plant organs(也称为根外营养).2、What are the advantages and disadvantages of foliar
14、 fertilization?Advantages：Preventing the fixation or transformation of nutrients or plant growth regulators in soils 防止养分在土壤中固定和转移。High uptake rate and immediately involving plant metabolism 代谢。吸收速度快而且立即参与 土壤容重适宜旱地作物生长溶液中根系细长土壤中根系粗短适宜温度干长根湿长苗根系具有趋肥性分生区伸长区根冠截面根毛表皮皮层薄壁组织内皮层中柱在根的某些组织或细胞内允许外部溶液通过自由扩散进出的
15、那些区域水分自所占据的空间共质体指各个活的细胞通过胞间连丝相互连在一起形成的统一体质外体植物组织中细胞壁的连续体包括细胞壁细胞间隙和木质部导管等非原生质的部分大约等比例的蛋白质和脂质分子组成约厚顺浓度或电化学梯度不消透过质膜能快速开启和闭解释原生质载体学说离子泵学说不带电的主动运输被动扩散内吞外排离子进入根的最大量米氏常数养分介质中的浓度当进出相等也称为根外营养防止养分在土壤中固定和转移代谢吸收速度快而且立即参与补Disadvantages：补充养分数量有限，不能满足植物对大量元素的需要；效果快，但持续时间短；难于从叶片向其他部位运输。3、How to increase the uptake
16、efficiency of nutrients applied by foliar spraying?Nutrient species；Concentration and pH of nutrients；Wetting time 润湿时间；Leaf type；Mobility of nutrient in plant Questions-7 1、Why the occurrence of calcium deficiency is usually observed in some plants grown in calcareous soil?2、Why the earliest visibl
17、e deficiency symptoms of N,P and K appear in the older leaves of plants?Ca,Fe,Zn,et.al deficiency symptoms appear in younger leaves?N,P and K 在植物体可移动；Ca,Fe,Zn,在植物体不可移动。3、Why boron toxicity of plant is usually observed in the margins of older leaves when the concentration of boron in soil is very hig
18、h?4、Please compare the short distance transport and long distance transport of nutrient in plant.short distance transport：Pathway：apoplast（质外体）、symplast（共质体）ong distance transport：Pathway：xylem zailem 木质部、phloem fl?uem 韧皮部。5、Which kinds of nutrients are mainly transported in apoplastin plant?Which n
19、utrients in symplast?主动吸收的养分以共质体运输为主途径，如 K,H2PO4；被动吸收的养分如 Ca，以及以分子态吸收的养分如：B，Si 等以质外体(apoplast)途径。cycling and recycling in plant：指养分由根表皮细胞进入根内经皮层组织到达中柱的迁移过程，又称为横向运：指养分通过木质部或韧皮部由根部向地上部分或从地上部分向根部的运输，又：器官衰老或外界养分供应不足时养分由其他部位向新生组织转移的现象。cycling：The retranslocation of nutrients in the phloem from the shoots
20、 to the root.养分由根木质部地上部分韧皮部根的循环过程。Recycling（再循环）：The translocation 运输 of cycled nutrients back in the xylem to the shoots.Questions-8 1、In the growth period of a plant,there usually have several key periods for nutrient uptake,which are very important for plant growth.Please name them.植物营养临界期（Critic
21、al period of plant nutrition）；植物营养的最大效率期（Maximum efficiency stage of plant nutrition）2、There are many environmental factors influencing ion absorption of root.What are they?Light、temperature、water、pH、aeration 通气性、nutrient concentration and composition 3、Why the responses of various nutrients to the
22、changes of temperature are different?4、Please explain the mechanisms of water stress or deficit on nutrient uptake?5、When nitrate is absorbed by root,how the medium pH will change?What is situation of ammonium absorption?Please explain your answer.些养分 6、Terms:Short distance transport;long distance t
23、ransport；nutrient remobilization;nutrient Short distance transport 输。long distance transport 称为径向运输。nutrient remobilization 土壤容重适宜旱地作物生长溶液中根系细长土壤中根系粗短适宜温度干长根湿长苗根系具有趋肥性分生区伸长区根冠截面根毛表皮皮层薄壁组织内皮层中柱在根的某些组织或细胞内允许外部溶液通过自由扩散进出的那些区域水分自所占据的空间共质体指各个活的细胞通过胞间连丝相互连在一起形成的统一体质外体植物组织中细胞壁的连续体包括细胞壁细胞间隙和木质部导管等非原生质的部分大约等
24、比例的蛋白质和脂质分子组成约厚顺浓度或电化学梯度不消透过质膜能快速开启和闭解释原生质载体学说离子泵学说不带电的主动运输被动扩散内吞外排离子进入根的最大量米氏常数养分介质中的浓度当进出相等也称为根外营养防止养分在土壤中固定和转移代谢吸收速度快而且立即参与补NH4+-N generally decrease，NO3-N increase。3NH4+3R.NH2+4H+，3NO3-3R.NH2+2OH-。6、Why the excess supply of NH4+ion usually induces the deficiency of K?离子的竞争作用。7、What is the ionic
25、antagonisms?And ionic synergism?ionic antagonisms（竟争作用）：One ion species present in excess in the nutrient medium may depress the uptake of other ion species is called ion antagonism.指溶液中某一离子的存在能抑制另一离子 吸收的现象。ionic synergism（协助作用）：One ion species present in excess in the nutrient medium may promote th
26、e uptake of other ion species is called ion synergism.指溶液中某一离子的存在能促进另一离子吸 收的现象。第二章：土壤-植物中的营养元素 Questions-9 1、Which factors affect the nutrient contents in soils?Climate、biotic activities、topography（地形）、parent material（母质）、time、ertilization（施肥）and cultivation（种植）。2、Explain the forms of nutrients exis
27、ting in soil.（1）By their physical states：Solid form、Liquid form、Gaseous form。（2）By their chemical forms：Organic form、inorganic form、Ionic form、Molecular form。3、Define available nutrients in soil The portion of any element or compound in the soil that can be readily absorbed and assimilated by growin
28、g plants.在作物生长期间可供作物吸收利用的那一部分土壤养分称为土壤有效养分。4、What factors influence diffusion of nutrient ions to roots in soil?Describe and explain a practical way of improving the diffusion of nutrient ions.数量：与土壤水分含量及养分浓度有关；养分种类：土壤溶液中含量低的养分，如 NH4,K+,PO4，Mg等。由于养分浓度差的存在，导致养分由高浓度向低浓度的迁移过程，称为扩散。提高土壤中的养分浓度可以促 进扩散。5、Ex
29、plain the mechanisms of water stress on nutrient availability.6、What is your opinion as to the relative importance of root interception,simple diffusion,and mass flow in bringing nutrient ions into contact with the absorbing surface of plant roots?Would the importance of these three mechanisms be al
30、tered by soil texture?By plant species?Why?7、Define the following terms:nutrient availability,mass flow,diffusion,Q/I curve,buffer capacity nutrient availability：土壤全量养分中仅有一部分养分可以为作物吸收利用，这一特性称为土壤养分有 效性。mass flow：Mass flow is the movement of nutrients through the soil to the root in the convective 对流
31、flow of water caused by plant water absorption.指由于植物根系吸收水分引起的水流携带的养分 由土体向根表的迁移现象。Diffusion：When a concentration gradient exist,net movement occurs by diffusion from locations of high concentration to locations of low concentration.由于养分浓度差的存在，导致养分由高浓度 向低浓度的迁移过程，称为扩散。Intensity factor（I）：Which is direc
32、tly available and represented 代表 by the concentration of the soil solution.强度土壤容重适宜旱地作物生长溶液中根系细长土壤中根系粗短适宜温度干长根湿长苗根系具有趋肥性分生区伸长区根冠截面根毛表皮皮层薄壁组织内皮层中柱在根的某些组织或细胞内允许外部溶液通过自由扩散进出的那些区域水分自所占据的空间共质体指各个活的细胞通过胞间连丝相互连在一起形成的统一体质外体植物组织中细胞壁的连续体包括细胞壁细胞间隙和木质部导管等非原生质的部分大约等比例的蛋白质和脂质分子组成约厚顺浓度或电化学梯度不消透过质膜能快速开启和闭解释原生质载体学说离
33、子泵学说不带电的主动运输被动扩散内吞外排离子进入根的最大量米氏常数养分介质中的浓度当进出相等也称为根外营养防止养分在土壤中固定和转移代谢吸收速度快而且立即参与补因素：土壤对养分的保持能力，一般以土壤溶液中养分浓度作为衡量指标。Quantity factor（Q）：Which represents the amounts of a potential 潜在 available nutrient.容量因素：土壤中有效养分的数量 buffer capacity 缓冲力：The ability of the soil to maintain the nutrient intensity,i.e.,th
34、e nutrient concentration in the soil solution.B=Q/I Questions-10 1、Define the rhizosphere,root exudation,allelopathy,mycorrhizae 菌根 Rhizosphere：This part of the soil,which is directly influenced by the roots,is called rhizosphere and extends about 1 to 2 mm from the root surface into the bulk soil(M
35、engel,1987,pp-86).由 于受植物根系活动影响在物理、化学和生物学性质上不同于土体的那一部分微域土壤称为根际。或 根际是 根系周围受根系直接影响的那一部分微域土壤。root exudation 根系分泌物：根系生长过程中向生长介质中主动或被动地释放不同类型物质(包括根系脱落 物)的现象。allelopathy：一些植物的根系分泌物也会对其他 植物或其自身产生不良影响，即化学 互感作用(Allelopathy)mycorrhizae 菌根：he association,usually symbiotic 共生,of fungi 真菌 with roots of seed plant
36、s.2、What factors result in the differences between the rhizosphere and bulk soil?Ion concentration、pH、Redox(Eh)、Root exudation(根系分泌物)3、Is the concentrations of the ions in rhizosphere always lower than that in the bulk soil?NO。4、What factors induce the pH change in rhizosphere?mbalance uptake of cat
37、ions and anion ions，阳离子和阴离子的不平衡吸收 N-fixation by leguminous crops(NH4+,H+)，豆科作物 N-固定 soil respiration(CO2)，土壤的呼吸作用 exudation of organic acids，有机酸的分泌物 nutrient stresses(Fe H+,P organic acids)5、Describe the possible compositions of root exudates.Gas(CO2,C 2H2)；Proton and inorganic ions 质子和无机离子；Organic
38、matters。6、Explain the potential roles of root exudates in plant nutrition.influence nutrient availability in soil by the changes of pH,Eh,or chelating;通过改变根际 pH、Eh、或螯合作用等，影响养分的有效性；root exudates absorbed by other plants directly;分泌物可以直接为其他植物吸收利用；root exudates inhibit the growth of other plants(allelo
39、pathy).分泌物的抑制作用，即化学互感作 用 7、Explain the necessary to study the rhizosphere.Questions-11 1、Explain the potential gains and losses of the nutrients in agricultural soils.土壤容重适宜旱地作物生长溶液中根系细长土壤中根系粗短适宜温度干长根湿长苗根系具有趋肥性分生区伸长区根冠截面根毛表皮皮层薄壁组织内皮层中柱在根的某些组织或细胞内允许外部溶液通过自由扩散进出的那些区域水分自所占据的空间共质体指各个活的细胞通过胞间连丝相互连在一起形成的统
40、一体质外体植物组织中细胞壁的连续体包括细胞壁细胞间隙和木质部导管等非原生质的部分大约等比例的蛋白质和脂质分子组成约厚顺浓度或电化学梯度不消透过质膜能快速开启和闭解释原生质载体学说离子泵学说不带电的主动运输被动扩散内吞外排离子进入根的最大量米氏常数养分介质中的浓度当进出相等也称为根外营养防止养分在土壤中固定和转移代谢吸收速度快而且立即参与补2、Describe the methods of applying the fertilizers.What are the advantages and drawbacks of each method?Soil application、Foliar ap
41、plication 3、What are the consequences of inadequate application of fertilizer on the environment?硝酸盐的淋失(NO3 leaching)；水体富营养化(Eutrophication)；温室效应(Greenhouse effect)；臭 氧层的破坏(Destruction of stratospheric ozone)；生物多样性的降低(Decrease of biodiversity)。4、Define the fertilizers,straight fertilizers,and compou
42、nd or mixed fertilizer,fertilizer grade,eutrophication.ertilizers：Any material,except lime,added to soil to supply one or more essential elements.凡是施入土壤中能够为作物供应养分，改善和提高土壤肥力的物料均可称为肥料。Eutrophication：Enrichment of waters with nutrients,primarily phosphorus,causing abundant aquatic 水体的 plant growth.fert
43、ilizer grade 肥料级：The minimum guaranteed percentage of the available nutrients in a fertilizer（in the forms of N,P2O5 and K2O for N,P and K,respectively）.最小保证肥料中的养分的百分比。第三章：植物氮素营养与氮肥 Questions-12 1、Why nitrogen is so important for plants?its important role in the growth of plant；N deficiency in soil
44、is very common-+2、What are the main forms of nitrogen uptake by plants?Mainly as the forms of NO 3-N,NH4-N.3、Describe the basic reduction processes of nitrate in plant.NO 3-NO2-NH4+Nitrate reductase（硝酸还原酶）和 Nitrite reductase（亚硝酸还原酶）的作用 下。4、What factors affect the contents of nitrate in plants?Depend
45、 on plant species,growth periods,and parts of plant,and fertilization,etc.5、Describe the assimilating processes of ammonium in plant.NH 3+Oxo acid（酮酸）Amino acids（氨基酸）6、Compare the nutrition of nitrate and ammonium for plants.供应硝态氮促进了植物体内有机酸累积；供应不同形态氮素对生长介质 pH值的影响：供应硝态 N使 PH升高，供应铵态 N 使 PH降低，两者适当比例 最佳
46、。7、Describe the symptoms of nitrogen deficiency of plants,and harmful effects of over-application of nitrogen fertilizer.（1）Nitrogen deficiency symptoms Yellowing of older leaves（chlorosis）；Stunted growth 发育迟缓；Showing deficiency symptoms in the older leaves（2）Symptoms of excessive supply of N With c
47、rops such as cotton,a weakening of the fiber 纤维素 may result.With grain crops,lodging may occur;Excessive nitrogen fertilization will also reduce the sugar contents of sugar beets；may make a plant more susceptible（易受影响）to disease or insect attack;土壤容重适宜旱地作物生长溶液中根系细长土壤中根系粗短适宜温度干长根湿长苗根系具有趋肥性分生区伸长区根冠截面根
48、毛表皮皮层薄壁组织内皮层中柱在根的某些组织或细胞内允许外部溶液通过自由扩散进出的那些区域水分自所占据的空间共质体指各个活的细胞通过胞间连丝相互连在一起形成的统一体质外体植物组织中细胞壁的连续体包括细胞壁细胞间隙和木质部导管等非原生质的部分大约等比例的蛋白质和脂质分子组成约厚顺浓度或电化学梯度不消透过质膜能快速开启和闭解释原生质载体学说离子泵学说不带电的主动运输被动扩散内吞外排离子进入根的最大量米氏常数养分介质中的浓度当进出相等也称为根外营养防止养分在土壤中固定和转移代谢吸收速度快而且立即参与补Questions-13 1、What are the main forms of nitrogen
49、existed in soils?Organic N（95%）2、Compare the occurring conditions of ammonification,nitrification,denitrification in soils.Ammonification：can occur in aerobic 有氧 or anaerobic 厌氧 conditions due to the various microbes involved in the process.有氧或无氧、多种微生物。Nitrification：有氧、硝化细菌和亚硝化细菌。Denitrification：厌氧、
50、反硝化细菌。3、What are the main pathways of nitrogen losses from plant-soil system?NH3-volatilization（氨的挥发作用）、Leaching（淋溶作用）、Denitrification（反硝化作用）。4、Describe the consequences of nitrogen loss to the quality of environment.N2O是温室效应气体，可破坏臭氧层 5、What conditions favor NO 2-accumulation?Alkalinity of soil（碱性土壤