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1、2011陕西考研英语一真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot 1its legitima
2、cy as guardian of the rule of law 2justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that 3the courts reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that th
3、e courts decisions will be 4as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not 5by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself 6to the code of conduct that 7to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases 8the question of whether there is s
4、till a 9 between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law 10having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions 11they would be free to 12 those in power and have no need to 13political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from
5、 politics precisely because they are so closely 14 .Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social 15like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it 16is inescapably politicalwhich is why decisions split along ide
6、ological lines are so easily 17as unjust.The justices must 18doubts about the courts legitimacy by making themselves 19to the code of conduct. That would make their rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, 20, convincing as law.1.Aemphasize Bmaintain Cmodify Drecognize2.Awhen Bl
7、est Cbefore Dunless3.Arestored Bweakened Cestablished Deliminated4.Achallenged Bcompromised Csuspected Daccepted5.Aadvanced Bcaught Cbound Dfounded6.Aresistant Bsubject Cimmune Dprone7.Aresorts Bsticks Cleads Dapplies8.Aevade Braise Cdeny Dsettle9.Aline Bbarrier Csimilarity Dconflict10.Aby Bas Cthro
8、ugh Dtowards11.Aso Bsince Cprovided Dthough12.Aserve Bsatisfy Cupset Dreplace13.Aconfirm Bexpress Ccultivate Doffer14.Aguarded Bfollowed Cstudied Dtied15.Aconcepts Btheories Cdivisions Dconventions16.Aexcludes Bquestions Cshapes Dcontrols17.Adismissed Breleased Cranked Ddistorted18.Asuppress Bexploi
9、t Caddress Dignore19.Aaccessible Bamiable Cagreeable Daccountable20.Aby all means Bat all costs Cin a word Das a result答案解析：1.【答案】B【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是_ _法官表现得像政治家的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选C,maintain维持，保持，其他显然语义不通。2.【答案】A【解析】从第三段可以看出，文章认为法院和政治之间应该是有界限的。所以这里应该是当法官像政治家一样行事，模糊了二者之间的区别时，就失去了其作为法律
10、卫士的合法性。只有B，when表示这个意思。3.【答案】B【解析】第二段给的具体事例说明，法官出现在政治活动中会使法官形象受损，影响他们独立、公正的名声。只有B，weaken能表示这个意思。4.【答案】D【解析】空前信息显示，法官出席政治活动会让法院的审判收到影响，人们就会认为其审判不公正，所以选D，be accepted as.被认为是。5.【答案】C【解析】空所在的语境为：产生这样的问题，部分原因在于法官没有_ _道德规范。后一句话说，至少法院应该遵守行为规范，这显然是进一步说明上一句话。所以上一句是说法官没有受到道德规范的约束，选C，bound。6.【答案】B【解析】根据解析5可以看出，
11、这里应该是说遵守行为规范，subject与to连用，表示服从某物，受支配。故本题选B。7.【答案】D【解析】分析句子结构可知，这里是由that引导的定语从句修饰说明前面的行为规范，是说法院也应当遵守适用于其他联邦司法部的行为规范。apply to 适用于符合题意。resort to 求助于;stick to 坚持(原则等)语意不通。8.【答案】B【解析】空所在的语境为，类似这样的案例提出了这样一个问题：法院和政治之间是否还存在着界限。提出问题，产生问题用只能选raise。9.【答案】A【解析】根据第8题可知，空内应填line，界限。 barrier 障碍，similarity相似性，confl
12、ict冲突都不合题意。10.【答案】B【解析】根据句意，宪法的起草者们预想的是将司法从政治中分出来，让其享有独立的权力。envision as 将想象成。所以选B。11.【答案】A【解析】本题考察逻辑搭配。本选项答案的确定需结合前句意思，制宪者旨在使法律不受政治的任何影响，这样一来，法官就可以免受掌权者的影响了。此空就是考察由此所带来的结果，故选A。12.【答案】C【解析】此题承接上题，可知法律不受政治的影响，从而法官也不用担心掌权者(those in power)。13.【答案】C【解析】此题承接上题, 结合句意, 可知该半句主要表达法官也无需政治支持了。选项C最符题意。14.【答案】D【解
13、析】此题考察词意辨析。原句表达我们的法律体系是法律完全不受政治的影响，是因为这两者是紧密。结合句意思，D最合题意.15.【答案】A【解析】此题考察词意辨析。文中说宪法具有政治性，是因其的选择都是植根于诸如自由，财产之类的基本社会。中。自由，财产是西方社会的一些基本社会理念或概念，故选A。16.【答案】C【解析】此题考察词意辨析。首先分析该句，可知空白处添加上一动词可构成一定语从句，限定the law。其次，文中语境表达当法律处理社会政策决策问题时，。的法律不可避免的具有政治性。四个选项中，C为最佳答案。17.【答案】A【解析】此题考察词意辨析。可由文中语境得知，该半句主要表达这也就解释了为何背
14、离思想路线的决策被看作是不公正的，从而被轻易的.。结合语境，以及四个选项的意思，可知A最佳。18.【答案】C【解析】此题考察词意辨析。由文中语境可知该句主要表达法官必须。有关法庭(裁决的)公正合理的质疑。四个选项中，仅C符合题意。19.【答案】D【解析】本题考察短语搭配及相似短语辨析。四个选项均可与连用，其中accessible to 易接近的;可归属的;可得到的可归因的amiable to可亲，多指人和蔼可亲，易于接近agreeable to欣然同意的;适合的，适宜的accountable to对负责此题的理解需承接整个句, 首先此空所在后半句乃一方式状语，承接前半句说明法官怎样来解决有关法
15、庭(裁决的)公正合理的质疑。将此四个选项分别代入，可得出正确答案D，法官只有对对行为准则负责，也即是遵循一定的行为准则才可确保其裁决的公正与合理。20.【答案】D【解析】此题考察逻辑搭配。此句承接上句，旨在说明由此带来的结果，也即是文中所说的。使得裁决看起来完全不受政治的影响，如法律一般令人信服。 结合四个选项意思，可知选D。Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C
16、 or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on Everybodys doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join t
17、he Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, o
18、ffers a host of examples of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as loveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers
19、.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many public-health campaigns is spot-on：they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology. “Dare to be different, please dont sm
20、oke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of
21、 the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as its presented here is that it doesnt work very well
22、 for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the loveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.Theres no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits as w
23、ell as negative ones spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activitie
24、s in virtuous directions. Its like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And thats the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing o
25、ur own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as _.A a supplement to the social cure B a stimulus to group dynamicsC an obstacle to social progress D a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should _.A recruit professional advertise
26、rs B learn from advertisers experienceC stay away from commercial advertisers D recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the authors view, Rosenbergs book fails to _.A adequately probe social and biological factors B effectively evade the flaws of the social cureC illustrate the functions o
27、f state funding D produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behaviors _.A is harmful to our networks of friends B will mislead behavioral studiesC occurs without our realizing it Dcan produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph th
28、at the effect ofpeer pressure is _.A harmful B desirable C profound D questionableText 2A deal is a deal except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstand
29、ing commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not: challenge the constitutionality of Vermonts rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. Its
30、a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermonts only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, t
31、he state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plants license be subject to Vermont legislatures approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didnt foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents,
32、 including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankees safety and Entergys management especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergys behavior,
33、 the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure:
34、whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if ever
35、y state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has nothing left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to r
36、un a nuclear plant is a public trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC
37、) reviews the companys application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on” (Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to _.A condemning B reaffirming C dishonoring D securing27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to _.A obtain protectio
38、n from Vermont regulators B seek favor from the federal legislatureC acquire an extension of its business license D get permission to purchase a power plant28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its _.A managerial practices B technical innovativeness C financial goals D bu
39、siness vision29. In the authors view, the Vermont case will test _.A Entergys capacity to fulfill all its promises B the mature of states patchwork regulationsC the federal authority over nuclear issues D the limits of states power over nuclear issues30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph th
40、at _.A Entergys business elsewhere might be affected B the authority of the NRC will be defiedC Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application D Vermonts reputation might be damagedText 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected b
41、y objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experiences. Prior knowledge and intere
42、sts influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of
43、 potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researchers me, here, now becomes the communitys anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the start
44、ing point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as
45、gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the int
46、eraction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individuals discovery claim into the communitys credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect
47、 of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself freque