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1、Section IIIGrammar非限制性定语从句和定语从句的缩略课前自主领梧KEQIANZIZHULINGWU语法图解作用关系代词引导的非限制性 定语从句关系副词引导的非限制性 定语从句“名词/代词+介词俣系代词” 引导的非限制性定语从句语从句的缩略一 箱限制性定语从句一,缩略为分词短语 缩略为形容词短语 （缩略为名词短语） （缩略为介词短语 q缩略为不定式短语）探究发觉She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into mouth.The weather turned out to be very good, which wa
2、s more than we could expect.A person with his head in the clouds is a dreamer, whose mind is not in the real world.Qingdao is a beautiful city, where 1*11 pay a six-day visit.They have a son and two daughters, all of whom live in the city.He lived in London for two months, during which time he picke
3、d up some English.David, as you know, is an amateur photographer.He spoke to the girl (who was) from Paris.We said goodbye to Mr. Green, (who was) still busy at his office.我的发觉(1)句中，关系词前面均有逗号，它们为非限制性定语从句。(2)句中都可以省略括号中的词，从而构成定语从句的缩略。课堂要点精析KETANGYAODIANJINGXI一、非限制性定语从句1 .作用非限制性定语从句只是对主句内容或先行词的补充、解释或附加
4、说明。主句与先行词 或从句之间一般用逗号隔开，经常单独翻译。没有它，主句意思仍旧完整。2 .关系代词引导的非限制性定语从句关系代词有as, which, who, whom, whose等，作定语从句的主语、宾语、表语或定语。 领先行词指人时，通常使用who, whom, whose来引导；领先行词指物时，通常使用which 来引导。关系代词不行以省略。另外，that不能引导非限制性定语从句。A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present.一个五岁男孩会讲两门
5、外语，这令在场的全部人感到惊异。Bobs father, who worked on the project, spent four years in Egypt.鲍勃的父亲从事这项工程，在埃及度过了四年。As can be seen from his face, he is quite pleased.从他的脸上可以看出来，他特别欢乐。名师点津由as, which引导的非限制性定语从句，as和which可指代整个主句或主 句所表达的整个意思，相当于and this或and that,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。 但不同之处主要有：(l)as引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不行。(
6、2)as后常接expect, know, report, say, see等动词的主、被动语态句,有“正如，就像” 之意；which常翻译为这一点。即时演练1(1)用适当的关系代词填空Have you seen the film 加/。，啦(？魔兽？), whose leading actor is world famous?My friend, who has served on the International Olympic mittee all his life, is retiring next month.As we all know, China is a developing
7、 country.(4)My uncle gave me a book, the cover of which is very beautiful.Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris.(2)完成句子The boy, whose fathei jg an,niineen studies very hard.那个小男孩学习很努力，他的父亲是位工程师。These apple trees, which I plantedjthrec years agiO2 have not borne any fruit.我三年前栽的这些苹果树还没有
8、结过果实。3 .关系副词引导的非限制性定语从句领先行词指时间或地点时，用when, where引导非限制性定语从句，在定语从句中作状 语。why不引导非限制性定语从句，但可用for which代替。We will put off the outing until next week, when we won*t be so busy.我们将把郊游推迟到下个星期，那时我们就不会那么忙了。Many children go to a day care centre, where they can learn games.很多孩子上日间托儿所，在那儿他们可以学习嬉戏。即时演练2(1)用适当的关系代词和
9、关系副词填空They went to London, where they lived for six months.He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will stay with his family.WeD graduate in July, when we will be free.They reached the hotel yesterday, where a negotiation of sale will be held.(2)完成句子(浙江高考改编)1 didnt bee a serious climber un
10、til the fifth grade, whenwent up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.五班级时，我爬上一棵树去取卡在树枝上的风筝，直到那时我才成为一名真正的登山 爱好者。4 . “名词/代词+介词+关系代词结构此类结构常见的有 some/several/a few/a little/many/more/most/the largest .of which/whom 等形式。Here are the questions, some of which I thought are dimcult for
11、you.问题都在这儿，其中一些我认为对你来说太难了。即时演练3选词填空：which, whomJohn invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of whom are family members.English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of which uses it differently.(2)完成句子(2016江苏高考改编)Many young people, mosj。匚yvhom were well-educated, headed for rem
12、ote regions to chase their dreams.很多年轻人都去了偏远地区追求自己的幻想，他们中大局部都受过良好的教育。It now has 20,000 hectares of land, more than twothirdsf yvhich are under cultivation.现在它拥有两万公顷土地，其中超过三分之二的土地已经耕种。The textile mill has over 8,000 workers and staff, eighty percentf yvhom are women.这家纺织厂有8千多职工，女职工占百分之八十。二、定语从句的缩略有些定
13、语从句可以缩略为各种短语，如分词短语、形容词短语、名词短语、介词短语 及动词不定式短语等，且句意不受影响。我们称这一语言现象为定语从句的缩略。1 .缩略为分词短语有些定语从句可直接略去作主语的关系代词(who, which, that)和局部谓语(am, is, are 等)，从而使之缩略为现在分词短语或过去分词短语作后置定语。The people who live in the village have moved to other areas.f The people living in the village have moved to other areas.住在这个村子里的人们已经搬
14、到其他地方了。They are problems which have been left over by history.f They are problems left over by history.这些是历史遗留下来的问题。名师点津有些定语从句不能按上述方法直接缩略，而需变动词为分词。这类定语从 句一般缩略为现在分词短语，且在缩略时要考虑现在分词的时态和语态。The man who owns that car will be fined for illegal parking.f The man owning that car will be fined for illegal par
15、king.那辆汽车的仆人将因违章停车而被处以罚款。2 .缩略为形容词短语假设定语从句为主系表结构，且表语由形容词短语充当，可直接略去作主语的关系代 词和系动词，从而使定语从句缩略为形容词短语作后置定语。He saw a magazine on the table that/which was next to him.f He saw a magazine on the table next to him.在他旁边的桌子上，他看到了一本杂志。My uncle lives in a village that/which is remote from the madding crowd.My unc
16、le lives in a village remote from the madding crowd.我叔叔住在一个远离喧嚣尘世的村庄里。3 .缩略为名词短语由名词短语作表语的非限制性定语从句略去作主语的关系代词和系动词便成为名词短 语作同位语。We finally reached Rio, (which was) the end of our journey.我们最终抵达里约我们旅行的终点站。4 .缩略为介词短语假设定语从句为主系表结构，且表语为介词短语，可略去作主语的关系代词和系动词, 使之缩略为介词短语作后置定语。Then the man who was in the shop und
17、erstood what the Frenchman meant.f Then the man in the shop understood what the Frenchman meant.然后商店里的人明白了法国人的意思。Do you know where is the black cup that/which was on the shelf?Do you know where is the black cup on the shelf?你知道以前架子上的黑色杯子现在在哪里吗？名师点津假设定语从句中含动词has, have, had (有)，可以用介词with/without代替定语从句
18、中作主语的关系代词和谓语动词has/have/had,使定语从句缩略为 with/without短语作后置定语。with适用于确定的定语从句；without适用于否认的定语 从句。The teacher was looking for a rule that didnt have an exception.The teacher was looking for a rule without an exception.老师在查找一条无例外的规那么。5.缩略为动词不定式短语某些含有情态动词或助动词的定语从句可缩略为动词不定式短语作后置定语。There are still many problems
19、 that must be solved.f There are still many problems to solve.还有很多问题必需解决。The question which will be discussed tomorrow is whether workers1 salary should be increased.f The question to be discussed tomorrow is whether workers* salary should be increased.明天要争论的问题是工人薪水是否应当增加。即时演练4（1）用所给词的适当形式填空Theres a
20、 note pinned to the door saying （say） when the shop will open again.The airport tQ J）e pleted （plete） next year will help promote tourism in this area.（2）完成句子The house damaged1口hg_fire will be rebuilt soon.在火灾中损坏的房子不久就要被翻修。（过去分词短语作定语）The train leaving freiq piatforiq 5 goes to Beijing.从第五站台开出的火车驶往北京
21、。（现在分词短语作定语）This is the best thing tQ do in memory of our beloved teacher.这是为纪念我们尊敬的老师所做的最好的事情。（不定式作定语）The box ful9f rooks is mine.装满书的箱子是我的。（形容词短语作定语）He lives in a small house neahe w（）o他住在动物园四周的小房子里。（介词短语作定语）课后强化训练KEHOUQIANGHUAXUNLIAN1 .单句语法填空1. （2017天漳高考改编）My eldest son, whose work takes him all
22、over the world, is inNew York at the moment2. （2016浙江高考改编）Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of which has been proved.3. （2015福延高考改编）%加a Today attracts a worldwide readership, which shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about Chin
23、a.4. （2015江苏高考改编）The number of smokers, as is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.5. （2015T匕京高考改编）Opposite is St. Pauls Church, where you can hear some lovely music.6. （2015置庆高考改编）He wrote many childrens books, nearly half of which were published in the 1990s.7. The famous basketbal
24、l star, who tried to make a eback, attracted a lot of attention.8. York, which I visited last year, is a nice old city.9. Please give the book to Jessica, whom we met in the hall just now.10. None of us accepted the reason he explained, for which he was absent.II .完成句子1. . （2017* 北京高考书面表达）Material c
25、ollecting took us a whole week, duriiigvhich/e jnterviewe（|9ui teachers and took pictures of every aspect of school life.搜集材料花了我们整整一周的时间，在此期间我们采访了老师并拍摄了学校生活的各 个方面。2. （2015北京高考书面表达）1 am going to take part in a Dragon Boat Training Camp, which?”gtarii June J7 and end on June 20.我准备参与一个龙舟训练营，训练营将在6月17日
26、开头，6月20日结束。3. .（2015四川高考书面表达）1 have taught some foreigners Mandarin, which makes jne havc jmich Cxperience jii teachinw我已经教过很多外国人学习一般话，这使我在教学方面有很多阅历。4. （2015全国卷口 书面表达）WeH also spend some fun time together singing, dancing and playing games, which二we_hoajwilLaake_therq_Jiappy.我们还将会在一起唱歌、跳舞、玩嬉戏，度过一段欢乐
27、的时间，我们盼望这能使他们 欢乐。5. They were the last two tQ 驶 aboard 耻 shin.他们是最终两个上船的。6. The girl standin uedethe tree is my younger sister.站在树下的那个女孩是我妹妹。7. He is cleaning the windows, many 9f jvhich are yery dirty.他正在擦窗子，很多窗子很脏。8. He has many friends, somef whoiq are from fsrsign coimtries.他有很多伴侣，其中一些来自外国。川.短文改
28、错My brother used to ask me question whenever he did his homework, that made me annoyed. But every time he accepted my explanations I felt that I was the smartest person in the world. Answered his questions, I always liked to say that he was so stupid to solve such simple problems.Last week both of t
29、hem got the report cards from our school. Unexpectedly, I got a lot of Bs, though he got As. To make things worse, all that day my brother screamed how foolish it was for me not to ask questions! I could say nothing but admit that he was right. I have never made a fun of him since then.答案：第一句：questionf questions; thatf which其次句：Butf And第三句： Answered-1Answering; sof too第四句：themfus第五句：thoughf while第六句：forof第七句：but后加to第八句：去掉a