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1、 2023托福阅读理解试题 The history of clinical nutrition, or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances, can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century when it was recogni
2、zed for the first time that food contained constituents that were essential for human function and that different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents. Near the end of this era, research studies demonstrated that rapid weight loss was associated with nitrogen imbalance and coul
3、d only be rectified by providing adequate dietary protein associated with certain foods. The second era was initiated in the early decades of the twentieth century and might be called the vitamin period. Vitamins came to be recognized in foods, and deficiency syndromes were described. As vitamins be
4、came recognized as essential food constituents necessary for health, it became tempting to suggest that every disease and condition for which there had been no previous effective treatment might be responsive to vitamin therapy. At that point in time, medical schools started to become more intereste
5、d in having their curricula integrate nutritional concepts into the basic sciences. Much of the focus of this education was on the recognition of vitamin deficiency symptoms. Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine
6、. Reckless claims were made for effects of vitamins that went far beyond what could actually be achieved from the use of them. In the third era of nutritional history in the early 1950s to mid-1960s, vitamin therapy began to fall into disrepute. Concomitant with this, nutrition education in medical
7、schools also became less popular. It was just a decade before this that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a variety of health-relat
8、ed conditions. Expectations as to the success of vitamins in disease control were exaggerated. As is known in retrospect, vitamin and mineral therapies are much less effective when applied to health-crisis conditions than when applied to long-term problems of undernutrition that lead to chronic heal
9、th problems. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) The effects of vitamins on the human body (B) The history of food preferences from the nineteenth century to the present (C) The stages of development of clinical nutrition as a field of study (D) Nutritional practices of the nineteenth centu
10、ry 2. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following discoveries was made during the first era in the history of nutrition? (A) Protein was recognized as an essential component of diet. (B) Vitamins were synthesized from foods. (C) Effective techniques of weight loss were determined
11、. (D) Certain foods were found to be harmful to good health. 3. The word tempting in line 12 is closest in meaning to (A) necessary (B) attractive (C) realistic (D) correct 4. It can be inferred from the passage that medical schools began to teach concepts of nutrition in order to (A) convince medic
12、al doctors to participate in research studies on nutrition (B) encourage medical doctors to apply concepts of nutrition in the treatment of disease (C) convince doctors to conduct experimental vitamin therapies on their patients (D) support the creation of artificial vitamins 5. The word Reckless in
13、 line 18 is closest in meaning to (A) recorded (B) irresponsible (C) informative (D) urgent 6. The word them in line 19 refers to (A) therapies (B) claims (C) effects (D) vitamins 7. Why did vitamin therapy begin losing favor in the 1950s (A) The public lost interest in vitamins. (B) Medical schools
14、 stopped teaching nutritional concepts. (C) Nutritional research was of poor quality (D) Claims for the effectiveness of vitamin therapy were seen to be exaggerated. 8. The phrase concomitant with in line 21 is closest in meaning to (A) in conjunction with (B) prior to (C) in dispute with (D) in reg
15、ard to 9. The word skyrocketing in line 23 is closest in meaning to (A) internationally popular (B) increasing rapidly (C) acceptable (D) surprising 10. The word extolling in line 24 is closest in meaning to (A) analyzing (B) questioning (C) praising (D) promising 11. The paragraph following the pas
16、sage most probably discusses (A) the fourth era of nutrition history (B) problems associated with undernutrition (C) how drug companies became successful (D) why nutrition education lost its appeal 参考答案：CABBB DDABC A PASSAGE 26 (20) In July of 1994, an astounding series of events took place. The wor
17、ld anxiously watched as, every few hours, a hurtling chunk of comet plunged into the atmosphere of Jupiter. All of the twenty-odd fragments, collectively called comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 after its discoverers, were once part of the same object, now dismembered and strung out along the same orbit. This
18、cometary train, glistening like a string of pearls, had been first glimpsed only a few months before its fateful impact with Jupiter, and rather quickly scientists had predicted that the fragments were on a collision course with the giant planet. The impact caused an explosion clearly visible from E
19、arth, a bright flaming fire that quickly expanded as each icy mass incinerated itself. When each fragment slammed at 60 kilometers per second into the dense atmosphere, its immense kinetic energy was transformed into heat, producing a superheated fireball that was ejected back through the tunnel the
20、 fragment had made a few seconds earlier. The residues from these explosions left huge black marks on the face of Jupiter, some of which have stretched out to form dark ribbons. Although this impact event was of considerable scientific import, it especially piqued public curiosity and interest. Phot
21、ographs of each collision made the evening television newscast and were posted on the Internet. This was possibly the most open scientific endeavor in history. The face of the largest planet in the solar system was changed before our very eyes. And for the very first time, most of humanity came to f
22、ully appreciate the fact that we ourselves live on a similar target, a world subject to catastrophe by random assaults from celestial bodies. That realization was a surprise to many, but it should not have been. One of the great truths revealed by the last few decades of planetary exploration is tha
23、t collisions between bodies of all sizes are relatively commonplace, at least in geologic terms, and were even more frequent in the early solar system. 1. The passage mentions which of the following with respect to the fragments of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9? (A) They were once combine in a larger body.
24、 (B) Some of them burned up before entering the atmosphere of Jupiter. (C) Some of them are still orbiting Jupiter. (D) They have an unusual orbit. 2. The word collectively in line 3 is closest in meaning to (A) respectively (B) popularly (C) also (D) together 3. The author compares the fragments of
25、 comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 to all of the following EXCEPT (A) a dismembered body (B) a train (C) a pearl necklace (D) a giant planet 4. Before comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 hit Jupiter in July 1994, scientists (A) had been unaware of its existence (B) had been tracking it for only a few months (C) had observe
26、d its breakup into twenty-odd fragments (D) had decided it would not collide with the planet 5. Before the comet fragments entered the atmosphere of Jupiter, they were most likely (A) invisible (B) black (C) frozen (D) exploding 6. Superheated fireballs were produced as soon as the fragments of come
27、t Shoemaker- Levy 9 (A) hit the surface of Jupiter (B) were pulled into Jupiters orbit (C) were ejected back through the tunnel (D) entered the atmosphere of Jupiter 7. The phrase incinerated itself in line 9 is closest in meaning to (A) burned up (B) broke into smaller pieces (C) increased its spee
28、d (D) grew in size 8. Which of the following is mentioned as evidence of the explosions that is still visible on Jupiter? (A) fireballs (B) ice masses (C) black marks (D) tunnels 9. Paragraph 2 discusses the impact of the comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 primarily in terms of (A) its importance as an event of
29、 great scientific significance (B) its effect on public awareness of the possibility of damage to Earth (C) the changes it made to the surface of Jupiter (D) the effect it had on television broadcasting 10. The target in line 20 most probably referred to (A) Earth (B) Jupiter (C) the solar system (D) a comet 参考答案：ADDBC DACBA