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1、北京市朝阳区高三年级第二学期质量检测二英语（考试时间90分钟满分100分）本试卷共10页。考生务必在答题卡指定区域作答，在试卷上作答无效。第一部分知识运用（共两节，30分）第一节（共10小题;每小题1.5分,共15分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在 答题卡上将该项涂黑。My son was born with breathing difficulties, so he had to stay in NICU, the hospital unit for newborns needing intensive care. There he cou
2、ld only be fed through a tube. I hated the tube. The lovely dreams I had of nursing my baby were entirely 1On the fifth day, I 2 about the tube, saying that I wanted to feed him with a bottle. The doctors agreed to let me try. My sons feedings would be closely recorded to see if he was able to get 3
3、 milk intake without the tube. After eighteen hours, it was determined he could not do that and the tube was back. This meant he wasnt getting stronger. The 4 felt so dark.Seated outside the NICU, I started crying. Just then, a young nurse came and sat beside me. When I had 5 my sorrow a little, she
4、 handed me a tissue and asked if I wanted to talk. I asked again if we could remove the tube.The nurse replied, Not today. But remember, tomorrow is a new day/7She seemed much younger than me, but her words were 6 and hope-filled, and I held on to them. I remembered her advice and repeated it to mys
5、elf multiple times a day. The nurse changed my perspective away from current 7 to see the hope of tomorrow. Gradually, things started to 8, On day eight, my son drank half ofhis milk without the tube. On day ten, the doctors approved taking off the tube 9 Tomoirow came. It just came a few days later
6、 than expected. On day fifteen, we were released from the hospital, and my son graduated” from the NTCU.What I learned from that nurse was to look beyond today and the suffering of it and to consider tomorrowwith 10. After all, tomorrow is a new day.1. A. controlledB. destroyed2. A. protestedB. wond
7、ered3. A. maximumB. restrictedC. questionedC. forgotC. sufficientD. recalledD. warnedD. additional4. A. plotB.spotC. atmosphereD. situation推理判断题。根据最后一段的“I shared my story in my book called I Am Choosing to Smile. I do, indeed, choose to smile. Waking up every morning, I look down at my one foot and
8、say with all sincerity, Good morning, five toes. Im very glad t。see you!”（我在我的书我选择微笑中分享了我的故事。我的确选择微笑。每天早上 醒来，我低头看着我的一只脚，真诚地说：“早上好，五个脚趾。我很高兴见到你！“）”可知，作者勇敢地 面对自己的缺陷，因此他是勇敢的，故选B。CResearchers from a U.K. plant research institute have found a way to provide plants with an antibody-based defense for a spe
9、cific threat, potentially speeding the creation of crops resistant to any kind of emerging virus, or bacterium 终田菌）.The strategy is to inoculatea protein from the plant pathogen （病原体）to be targeted to a camel or other camel relatives, purify the unusually small antibodies the camels produce, and eng
10、ineer the corresponding gene section fbr them into a plants own immune gene.Farmers lose many billions of dollars to plant diseases each year, and emerging pathogens pose new threats to food security in the developing world. Plants have evolved their own immune system, kick-started by cell receptors
11、 that recognize general pathogen features, such as a bacterial cell wall, as well as intracellular receptors for molecules （分子）produced by specific pathogens. If a plant cell detects these molecules, it may trigger its own death to save the rest of the plant. But plant pathogens often evolve and esc
12、ape from those receptors.A long-standing dream in plant biotechnology is to create designer disease resistance genes that could be produced as fast as pathogens emerge. One approach is to edit the gene for a plant immune receptor, changing the proteins shape to recognize a particular pathogenic mole
13、cule.Instead, Sophien Kamoun, a molecular biologist at the Sainsbury Laboratory, and his colleagues used an animal immune system to help make the receptor adjustments. During an infection with a new pathogen, animals produce billions of slightly different antibodies, ultimately selecting and mass-pr
14、oducing those that best target the virus.Camelids, which include camels, are workhorses for antibody design because their immune systems create unusually small versions, called nano-bodies. As a proof of principle of the new plant defense strategy, Kamouns group turned to two standard camelid nano-b
15、odies that recognize two different molecules, including one called green fluorescent protein （GFP）, to detect test viruses, in this case a potato virus, engineered to make the fluorescent proteins. They investigated how well plants with the nano-body-enhanced receptors detected the changed potato vi
16、ruses. It was found that the plants increased an active immune response and experienced almost no viral reproduction.“The exciting part about this technology is that we have the potential of made-to-order resistance genes and keeping up with a pathogen J Kamoun says. This technology is a potential g
17、ame changer/9 says Jeff Dangl, a plant researcher at the University of North Carolina. Ksenia Krasileva, a scientist at the University of California, Berkeley, says the mixture of nano-bodies with plant immune receptors opens up a vast body of biomedical knowledge for plant scientists. We can now di
18、g into all of that research and translate it to save crops.”27. What does the underlined word “inoculate“ in Paragraph 1 probably mean?A. Compare.B. Restore.C. Introduce.D. Label.28. What is the main purpose of Paragraph 2?A. To illustrate the function of cells in saving the plant.B. To explain how
19、to strengthen plant receptors effectively.C. To demonstrate the solutions to farmers5 annual heavy losses.D. To reveal why plants fail to handle constantly-updated diseases.29. What can we learn from the passage?A. Editing plant receptors is to match the shape of pathogens.B. Nano-bodies can help pl
20、ants catch up with pathogen changes.C. Plants select the best antibodies from animals to fight viruses.D. Plants with nano-bodies respond actively in massive virus copying.30. According to the passage, scientists will.A. apply the outcome in the real worldB. prove the findings of resistance genesC.
21、identify similar means to fight diseasesD. seek more support for the new strategy【答案】27.C28. D 29. B 30. A【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了英国一家植物研究所的研究人员发现了一种方法，可以为植物提供 一种基于抗体的防御机制，以抵御一种特定的威胁，这可能会加速作物对任何新出现的病毒或细菌的抗性 的产生。【27题详解】词句猜测题。根据画线词下文 u a protein from the plant pathogen （病原体）to be targeted to a camel or o
22、ther camel relatives, purify the unusually small antibodies the camels produce, and engineer the corresponding gene section for them into a planfs own immune gene（将植物病原体中的一种蛋白质接种到骆驼或其他骆驼亲属，纯化骆驼产 生的异常小的抗体，并将其相应的基因片段转化为植物自身的免疫基因）”可知，要纯化骆驼产生的异常小 的抗体，并将相应的基因片段设计成植物自身的免疫基因，需要把一种来自植物病原体的蛋白质引入到骆 驼或其他骆驼的近亲身
23、上，故画线词意思是“引入二故选C。【28题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段“Farmers lose many billions of dollars to plant diseases each year, and emerging pathogens pose new threats to food security in the developing world. Plants have evolved their own immune system, kick-started by cell receptors that recognize general pathogen feature
24、s, such as a bacterial cell wall, as well as intracellular receptors for molecules （分子）produced by specific pathogens. If a plant cell detects these molecules, it may trigger its own death to save the rest of the plant. But plant pathogens often evolve and escape from those receptors.（农民每年因植物病害损失数十亿
25、美元，新出现的病原体对发展中国家的粮食安全构成了新的威胁。 植物已经进化出了自己的免疫系统，由识别一般病原体特征（如细菌细胞壁）的细胞受体以及识别特定病 原体产生的分子的细胞内受体启动。如果一个植物细胞检测到这些分子，它可能会触发自己的死亡，以拯 救植物的其余部分。但植物病原体经常进化并逃离这些受体）”可推知，第二段的主要目的是揭示为什么植 物不能应对不断更新的疾病。故选D。【29题详解】细节理解题 o 根据最后段 “ “The exciting part about this technology is that we have the potential of made-to-order
26、resistance genes and keeping up with a pathogen J Kamoun says.（ Kamoun 说：“这项技术令人兴奋的部分是，我 们有可能定制抗性基因，并跟上病原体的步伐。）”可知，纳米体可以帮助植物跟上病原体的变化。故选B。【30题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段Ksenia Krasileva, a scientist at the University of California, Berkeley, says the mixture of nano-bodies with plant immune receptors opens up a
27、vast body of biomedical knowledge fbr plant scientists. We can now dig into all of that research and translate it to save crops.”（力口州大学伯克利分校的科学家 Ksenia Krasileva 说，纳米体与植物免疫受体的混合为植物科学家开辟了一个庞大的生物医学知识体系。“我们现在可以深入 研究所有这些研究，并将其转化为拯救作物。“）可知，科学家将把研究结果应用到现实世界中。故选A。DSuperhuman artificial intelligence is alre
28、ady among us. Well, sort of. When it comes to playing games like chess and Go, or solving difficult scientific challenges like predicting protein structures, computers are well ahead of us. But we have one superpower they arent close to mastering: mind reading.Humans have a mysterious ability to rea
29、son the goals, desires and beliefs of others, a crucial skill that means we can anticipate other peoples actions and the consequences of our own. Reading minds comes so easily to us, though, that we often dont think to spell out what we want. If Ais are to become truly useful in everyday lifeto coop
30、erate effectively with us or to understand that a child might run into the road after a bouncing ball-we have to give them this gift that evolution has given us to read other peoples minds.Psychologists refer to the ability to infer anothers mental state as theory of mind. In humans, this capacity s
31、tarts to develop at a very young age. How to reproduce the capability in machines is far from clear, though. One of the main challenges is context. For instance, if someone asks whether you are going fbr a run and you reply its raining”, they can quickly conclude that the answer is no. But this requ
32、ires huge amounts of background knowledge about running, weather and human preferences.Moreover, whether humans or AI, the theory of mind is supposed to emerge naturally from ones own learning process. Building prior knowledge into AI makes it reliant on our imperfect understanding of theory of mind
33、. In addition, AI may be capable of developing approaches we could never imagine. There can be many forms of theory of mind that we dont know about simply because we live in a human body that has certain types of senses and a certain ability to think.Yet we might still want AI to have a more human-l
34、ike form of theory of mind. Humans can clearly explain their goals and desires to each other using common language and ideas. While letting AI form the theory of mind in their learning process is likely to lead to developing more powerful AI, plainly building in shared ways to represent knowledge ma
35、y be crucial for humans to trust and communicate with ALIt is important to remember, though, that the pursuit of machines with theory of mind is about more than just building more useful robots. It is also a stepping stone on the path towards a deeper goal for AI and robotics research: building trul
36、y self-aware machines. Whether we will ever get there remains to be seen. But along the way thinking about other people and other agents, we are on the path to learning to think about ourselves.31. According to the passage, which of the following contexts can AI understand well?A. When you are asked
37、 to eat spicy food for dinner and you reply a sore throat”.B. When a teacher asks for a boys homework and he answers my dog ate it”.C. When a mom tells her kid some food is good for health and the kid eats it.D. When kids see their mom after hurting themselves and they cry louder.32. The author beli
38、eves that.A. humans, theory of mind is far from perfectB. humans limit Als theory of mind to an extentC. we should reject human-like forms of abilities for AID. shared forms of theory of mind result in more powerful AI33. As for Ais, what does the author value most?A. Reliability.B. Practicability.C
39、. Reasoning capability.D. Communication ability.34. Which would be the best title for the passage?A. AI with Its Own Theory of Mind Is ExpectedB. AI with Theory of Mind Will Reshape Our FutureC. Als Theory of Mind Is a Blessing or Suffering to HumansD. Theory of Mind Bridges the Gap Between Humans a
40、nd AI【答案】3LC 32. B 33. C 34. A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇议论文。当涉及到下棋和围棋等游戏，或解决预测蛋白质结构等棘手的科学挑战时， 计算机远远领先于我们。但我们有一个他们还没有掌握的超能力：读心术。作者希望人工智能也能具备这 种思维能力，实现人类与人工智能的交流。【31题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段 “But we have one superpower they arent close to mastering: mind reading.（但我们有 一个他们还没有掌握的超能力：读心术）”和第二段“Humans have a mysterious ability
41、 to reason the goals, desires and beliefs of others, a crucial skill that means we can anticipate other peoples actions and the consequences of our own.（人类有一种神秘的能力来推理他人的目标、欲望和信仰，这是一项至关重要的技能，意味着我们可 以预测他人的行为和自己的后果）”和第三段的uFor instance, if someone asks whether you are going for a run and you reply “its
42、raining”, they can quickly conclude that the answer is no.（例如，如果有人问你是否要跑步， 而你回答“正在下雨”，他们很快就会得出结论，答案是否定的）”可知，读心需要经过一定的推理，而计 算机不具备人类所拥有的读心的能力。A 项“ When you are asked to eat spicy food for dinner and you reply “a sore throat”.（你被要求晚餐吃辣的食物时，你回答说“喉咙痛”）、B项When a teacher asks for a boy 9s homework and he a
43、nswers “my dog ate it”.（当老师问一个男孩的家庭作业时，他回答说“我的狗吃了“）”和D项“When kids see their mom after hurting themselves and they cry louder.（当孩子们在伤害自己后看到他们的妈妈时，他 们哭得更大声）”都需要运用到思维理论去解释人们的目标和欲望。C项u When a mom tells her kid some food is good for health and the kid eats it.（当妈妈告诉她的孩子一些食物对健康有益时,孩子就会吃）”是直接的陈 述，不需要运用思维理论
44、。故选C。【32题详解】推理判断题。 根据第三段 “In humans, this capacity starts to develop at a very young age. How to reproduce the capability in machines is far from clear, though. One of the main challenges is context. For instance, if someone asks whether you are going fbr a run and you reply its raining”, they can q
45、uickly conclude that the answer is no. But this requires huge amounts of background knowledge about running, weather and human preferences.（心理学家将推断 他人精神状态的能力称为心理理论。在人类中，这种能力在很小的时候就开始发展。然而，如何在机器中 复制这种能力还远不清楚。主要挑战之一是语境问题。例如，如果有人问你是否要跑步，而你回答“正在 下雨”，他们很快就会得出结论，答案是否定的。但这需耍大量关于跑步、天气和人类偏好的背景知识）”可 知，人类在一定程度
46、上限制了人工智能的思维理论。故选B。【33题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段 “Yet we might still want AI to have a more human-like form of theory of mind.Humans can clearly explain their goals and desires to each other using common language and ideas. While letting AI form the theory of mind in their learning process is likely to lead t
47、o developing more powerful AI, plainly building in shared ways to represent knowledge may be crucial for humans to trust and communicate with AL （然而, 我们可能 仍然希望人工智能拥有一种更像人类的思维理论。人类可以用共同的语言和想法向彼此清楚地解释他们的 目标和欲望。虽然让人工智能在学习过程中形成思维理论可能会导致开发出更强大的人工智能，但以共享 的方式表达知识可能对人类信任人工智能和与人工智能交流至关重要）”可知，关于人工智能，作者最看重 的是它
48、的推理能力，这样才能实现人类人工智能的交流。故选C。【34题详解】主旨大意题。通读全文，结合最后一段的 “It is important to remember, though, that the pursuit of machines with theory of mind is about more than just building more useful robots. It is also a stepping stone on the path towards a deeper goal for AI and robotics research: building truly s
49、elf-aware machines.（然而，重要的是要记住，追求具有 思维理论的机器不仅仅是为了制造更有用的机器人。这也是迈向人工智能和机器人研究更深层目标的垫脚 石：建造真正有自我意识的机器）”可知，作者期待建造真正有自我意识的机器，即作者期待人工智能具备 思维理论。故A项“AI with Its Own Theory ofMind Is Expected（期待人工智有拥有自己的心智理论）”可以 作为本文的最佳标题。故选A。第二节（共5小题;每小题2分，共10分）根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项选项中有两项为多余选项。In our modern world, there are endless alternati