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1、2023年考研考试英语英译汉难点(一)代词的处理方法内容比较简洁的文章它会运用很多的代词,比较困难的文章难懂的文章运用代词比较少。 代词在句子当中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语四大句子成分。代词在种类上分成六大类:人 称代词、物称代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词、关系代词。(1)人称代词处理原则:人称代词出现在句首的时候,要求大家确定在文章里边找出他详细的对象, 名词究竟说明谁而且要把代词翻译成名词,假如人称代词在句子的中间或者末尾的地方,而 且同时指代对象,我们一般可以把他译成人称。假如划线部分有很多个名词,而且指代并不 特别明确的时候,我们代词可以分为名词。当我们把翻译,翻译成代词表达特别清
2、晰的时候把它译成代词,表达不清晰的时候译成 名词。例:But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.但更为重要的是,这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象,因为他们看到的是 150亿年前宇宙云的形态和结构。(2)物称代词物称代词放在句首的时候有两种状况:一种是
3、可以或者要求我们找到名词来代替它,另 一种是找不到名词可以代替它或者是要说清晰这个代词是什么,没方法代出代词。假如这个 物称代词放在句中或者句末的时候要依据句子状况的翻译来表达,关键是要清除。彳列:This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持,看来通常能有效地解决这一 问题。(3)指示代词例
4、:During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.在这种转变中,历史学家探讨历史时,那些说明新史料的新方法充溢了传统的历史探讨 方法。(4)不定代词不明确的指代一个人或一个事物的代词例:However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in princ
5、iple unable to deal with some of the world s more fascinating and delightful aspects.然而,世界就是如此,完备的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。(5)疑问代词例:It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their
6、 activity with specific techniques.这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派;前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人 士对各种史料来源的评论,后者认为历史的探讨是详细rong例:How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is inter
7、preted.这些预料在多大程度上为后来的表现所证明,这取决于所采纳信息的数量、牢靠性和相 宜性,以及说明这些信息的技能和才智。(责任编辑:陈永雷)2023年考研考试英语英译汉难点(二)1、不相识的名词(1)从文章句形找它的说明例:Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundr
8、eds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.将来学家皮尔森汇合世界各地数百位探讨人员的成果,编制了一个独特的新技术千年历, 它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发觉的最迟日期。(2)看看前边有没有同义词例:But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integrationdt will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a
9、 fully electronic human before the end of the next century.但皮尔森指出,这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的起先:“它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一 步,人机一体化最终会使人们在下世纪末之前研制出完全电子化的仿真人J(3)从构词法找答案彳列:Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their
10、findings soon.天体物理学家运用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器,正越来越近地观测这些云系,或许不久 后会报告他们的观测结果。2、产生新意的名词(1)用逻辑推理法彳列:In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.一般地说,当所要测定的特征能很精确地界定
11、时,测试最为有效;而当所要测定或预料的 东西不能明确地界定时,测试的效果则最差。(2)紧扣文章的主题彳列:There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.所谓方法论是指一般的历史探讨中的特有概念,还是指历史探究中各个详细领域适用的 探讨手段,人们对此看法不一。(3
12、)语言环境例:But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.但更为重要的是,这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象,因为他们看到的是 150亿年前宇宙云的形态和结构。(4)熟识习惯表达法例:Arguing from the view that humans a
13、re different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.这类人持极端看法,认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同,对待动物无须考虑道德问题。3、抽象名词如何处理把抽象名词依据以下四种方法来应对(1)名词和动词的协作彳列:The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put for
14、ward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.巨大的宇宙云的存在,事实上是使二十世纪二十年头首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起 源论的主导地位所不行缺少的。(2)用形容词和名词之间进行协作彳列:Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from
15、internal quarrels among historians themselves.人们之所以关注历史探讨的方法论,主要是因为史学界内部看法不一,其次是因为外界 并不认为历史是一门学问。(3)名词和句子之间进行协作彳列:Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themse
16、lves.人们之所以关注历史探讨的方法论,主要是因为史学界内部看法不一,其次是因为外界 并不认为历史是一门学问。(4)名词和章之间进行协作彳列:It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派;前者认为历
17、史就是史学界内部和外部人 士对各种史料来源的评论,后者认为历史的探讨是详细方法的探讨。4、专出名词的问题包括人名、地名和专业术语(1)熟识的专出名词例:Galileo s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.伽利略的最光辉业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新独创的望远
18、镜对准天空,以证明行星 是围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转的(2)不太熟识的专出名词例:Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique m川ennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.将来学家皮尔森汇合世界各地数百位探讨人员
19、的成果,编制了一个独特的新技术千年历, 它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发觉的最迟日期。(3)复合性的专出名词彳列:The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.巨大的宇宙云的存在,事实上是使二十世纪二十年头首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起 源论的主导地位所不行缺少的。(责任编辑:陈永雷)2023年考
20、研考试英语英译汉难点(三)一是常用动词,二是高难动词,三是简洁混消的动词,四是动词短语。(1)常用动词例:For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.例如,测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公;因此,它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人, 假如在较好的环境下成长的话,会有
21、多大才能。(2)高难动词彳列:How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.这些预料在多大程度上为后来的表现所证明,这取决于所采纳信息的数量、牢靠性和相 宜性,以及说明这些信息的技能和才智。(3)简洁混消的动词彳列:Interest in
22、historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.人们之所以关注历史探讨的方法论,主要是因为史学界内部看法不一,其次是因为外界 并不认为历史是一门学问。(4)动词短语彳列:Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country s
23、economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.再者,自不待言的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率亲密相关,而效率的提高 则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力2023年考研考试英语英译汉难点(四)(1)把非谓语动词干脆译成动词例:However, the world is so made that eleg
24、ant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world s more fascinating and delightful aspects.然而,世界就是如此,完备的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。(2)把非谓语动词干脆译成形容词彳列:The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as t
25、he dominant explanation of the cosmos.巨大的宇宙云的存在,事实上是使二十世纪二十年头首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起 源论的主导地位所不行缺少的。(3)把非谓语动词干脆译成名词彳列:When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.当人们产生怜悯心的时候并不是一个错误,这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本
26、能在起作 用,这种本能应得到激励,而不应遭到嘲弄(4)把非谓语动词干脆译成谓词动词彳列:Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.在这些缘由中,有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求;另一些则是由于科学在确定程度 上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必定结果。2023年考研考试英语英译汉难点(
27、五)(1)主语从句 (2)宾语从句(3)表语从句彳列: Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之)often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.政府原委是以削减对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入,还是相反,这往 往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力气。(4)定语从句彳列:They are the possessions o
28、f the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.自由和尊严(它们)是传统理论定义的自制者所拥有的,是要求一个人对自己的行为负 责并因其业绩而赐予确定的必不行少的前提。(5)状语从句彳列: While there are almost as many definition
29、s of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定,但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是 试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出说明。(6)同谓语从句例:This trend began during the Second World War, when severa
30、l governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.这种趋势始于其次次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府得出结论:政府要向科研机构 提出的详细要求通常是无法详尽预见的。2023年考研英语考试英译汉难点(六)(1)结构上对称,例用并列联词,and, or but(2)误意上对称,运用同一类型的词。例:New forms o
31、f thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.同过去一样,将来必定会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象,给完备以新的标准。The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incomp
32、etent users.例:例如,测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公;因此,它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年 轻人,假如在较好的环境下成长的话,会有多大才能。彳列:During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.在这种转变中,历史学家探讨历史时,那些说明新史料的新方法充溢了传统的历史探讨 方法。2023年考研英语考试英
33、译汉难点七一个是结构上的改变,另一个是英语词上的改变(1)结构上的改变彳列:This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持,看来通常能有效地解决这个 问题。(2)用词上的改变彳列:Interest in historical methods has arisen less through ex
34、ternal challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.人们之所以关注历史探讨的方法论,主要是因为史学界内部看法不一,其次是因为外界 并不认为历史是一门学问。彳列:The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly
35、observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.行为科学之所以发展始终缓慢,部分缘由是用来说明行为的依据好像往往是干脆视察到 的,部分缘由是其他的说明方式始终难以找到。2023年考研英语考试英译汉难点(八)英译汉中的倒装(1)在疑问句倒装(2)在感叹句倒装(3)在否定词之后倒装(4)在。nly的复词短语,或复词从句放在句首加强语气(5) s。或so+形容词或者复词放在句首加强语气(6) if从句省略if的时候(7)表示地点的句词,短语放在句首的时候(8)表语放在句首加强语气(9)复词或
36、者介词短语放在句首加强语气例:For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.例如,测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公;因此,它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人, 假如在较好的环境下成长的话,会有多大才能。彳列:Odd though it sounds, cosmic i
37、nflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇妙,但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信 的推论。很多天体物理学家七、八年来始终认为这一论说是正确的。彳列:Thus, the anthropological co
38、ncept of culture, like the concept ofsetin mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.因此,人类学中“文化”概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样,是一个抽象概念,它使大 量的详细探讨和相识成为可能。2023年考研英语考试英译汉难点(九)英译汉中的惯用法参考例年考题People have wondered for a long time how their personalitie
39、s and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. (61) They want to explain why we possess certain characteri
40、stics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as “ nature vs. nurture. ”(62) Those wh
41、o support the “ nature “ side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (63) That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.Taken to an extreme, th
42、is theory maintains that our behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.Those who support the “nurture“ theory, that is, they advocate education, are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our b
43、iologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings.(64) The behaviorists maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.
44、Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic, intelligence, offered by the two theories.(65) Supporters of the “ nature “ theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say: They don t believe that factors
45、in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand, behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences.(66) Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli whic
46、h develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. (67) In the United States, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some “ nature “
47、 proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites.(68) Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.Most people think neither of these
48、 theories can yet fully explain human behavior.61 .他们想要说明,为什么我们具有某些性格特征和表现出某些行为。62 .在这场争辩中,赞成“天性” 一方的那些人认为,我们的性格特征和行为模式大多 是由生物因素所确定的。63 .这种理论的核心是,我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的 话,也是微乎其微的。64 .行为主义者坚信,人象机器一样,对环境的刺激作出反应,这是他们行为的基础。65 .支持“天性”论的人坚持说,我们生来就具有确定的学习才能,这是由生物因素确 定的。66 .行为主义者的看法是,假如一个儿童在有很多刺激物的环境里成长,而这些刺激物 能够发展其作出适当反应的实力,那么,这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。67 .在美国,黑人在标准化智力测试中的成果经常低于白人。68 .相反,行为主义者认为,成果的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教化及其它环 境方面所享有的很多有利条件。