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1、 by的用法归纳总结 1、by表单位的用法归纳 (1) 表示单位,意为“以计”,其后通常接表示计量单位的单数名词,且名词前要用定冠词。如: They are paid by the hour (by the month). 他们所得酬劳按小时(月)计。 Milk is sold by the pint, butter by the pound, and eggs by the dozen. 牛奶按品脱卖,黄油论磅卖,蛋类论打卖。 (2) 有时也接抽象名词,此时通常不用冠词。如: Bananas are usually sold by weight. 香蕉通常按重量卖。 2、by表示时间的用法
2、(1) 表示时间,指“最迟在之前”“到的时候已经”,此时要留意它所连用的.时态。如: He was very tired by the evening. 他到晚上已经很累了。 He has read about 40 pages of the book by now. 现在这本书他已读了大约40页。 We will have finished the work by next month. 到下个月我们就会干完了这工作。 By the time the doctor arrived the patient had died. 在医生到达时,病人已经死了。 (2) 另外,表示时间时,它还可表示“
3、在期间”,通常连用的名词是 day, night, moonlight, daylight等,留意名词前通常不用冠词。如: Cats sleep by day and hunt by night. 猫白天睡觉,夜里捉老鼠。 Do you like to swim by moonlight? 你喜爱在月光下游泳吗? 3、表示手段或方式等,留意以下用法: (1) 表示“乘”“坐”时,其后接交通工具(如 bus, bike, train, plane, car, taxi, ship等)或与交通工具亲密相关的名词(如air, water, land, road等),在句中主要用作方式状语,其中通常不
4、用冠词或其他限定词。如: They came here by the first bus. 他们是坐第一班车来的。 但是,若表示交通工具的名词前插有定语修饰语,则也可以用冠词。如: Were going by the 9:30 train. 我们坐9:30的火车去。 We went to Shanghai by a large ship. 我们乘一艘大船去上海。 留意,汉语说“步行”,英语习惯上用on foot, 而不用 by foot。 (2) 留意以下表示方式的有用表达,其中不用冠词或其他限定词: by phone 用电话 by telegram 用电报 by letter 用信件 by
5、express 用快件 by air mail 用航空邮件 by ordinary mail 用平信 by post 用邮寄 by radio 用无线电 by hand 用手工 by machine 用机器 留意下面两例用by与用with的.区分: The letter was written by hand. 这封信是用手写的(即不是打印的)。(by hand表示一种抽象的手段,是无形的,留意其中没用冠词或其他限定词) I write with my hand, but he writes with his mouth. 我用手写字,但他却用嘴写字。(with ones hand表示一种详细的工具,是有形的,留意其中用了物主代词) (3) 后接动名词表示行为的方式或手段,这是一种常用表达。如: He makes a living by teaching. 他以教书为生。 Lock this door by turning the key twice to the left. 锁这扇门要把钥匙向左转两圈。