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1、 From the Classroom to the Worldwe honor the mission and tradition of national Geographic Society:to inspire people to care about the planet.PeoPle you will meet inlinGuistGeoloGistGregory Andersontraveled to Siberia to study theendangered Xyzyl language.p. 38Ken Simsclimbs into dangerous volcanoest
2、o help predict future eruptions.p. 242MountAin cliMBer And PhotoGrAPherJimmy ChinBioenGineerKakani Katijaclimbs some of the worldshighest peaks and is a contributingphotographer for nationalGeographic.dives in the ocean to study howsea creatures swim and mix theocean.p. 279p. 39herPetoloGistPilotJen
3、ny DaltryBarrington Irvingbecame the youngest person toy solo around the world.p. 288studies Siamese crocodiles andother reptiles in Cambodia.p. 82Food AnthroPoloGistCatherine Jaffeeled a honey-tasting heritagetour through historic regionsofturkey.ArtistHA Schultcreates ecological awareness ofhuman
4、consumption and wastewith his sculptures made of trash.p. 320p. 101AdventurerinnovAtor And entrePreneurTan Lecreated the rst multi-channelportable eeG and brain-computerinterface for consumers.p. 382Andrew Skurkagoes on extreme solo treks,including a 176-day trip acrossAlaska and theyukon.p. 103Copy
5、right 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect
6、the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Paul CarneSeries Editors: Rob Jenkins and Staci JohnsonAustralia Brazil Japan Korea Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United StatesCopyright
7、 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the o
8、verall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions,some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial revi
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12、 Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Grammar Explorer 2 2015 National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage LearningPaul CarneWCN: 02-300Publisher: Sherrise RoehrALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered
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17、ontent Project Manager: Andrea BobotasPrint Buyer: Mary Beth HenneburyCover Designer: 3CD, ChicagoStudent Book 2: 978-1-111-35110-6National Geographic Learning20 Channel Center StreetBoston, MA 02210USACover Image: BRIAN J. SKERRY/NationalGeographic CreativeCompositor: Cenveo Publisher ServicesCenga
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19、 Visit our corporate website at Printed in the United States of America56 7 8 9 10 21 20 19 18Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/
20、or eChapter(s).Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. CONTENTSInside a UnitxAcknowledgments xviCredi
21、ts xviiUNIT 1 Customs and Traditions2The PresentLESSON 1: Simple Present: Statements and Questions4Reading: An Afar Wedding.1 Simple Present: Armative and Negative Statements.2 Simple Present: Questions and Answers.3 Frequency Adverbs with the Simple Present41116783LESSON 2: Present Progressive and
22、Simple Present 12Reading: Diwali 12111.4 Present Progressive: Armative and Negative Statements 14.5 Present Progressive: Questions and Answers 15.6 Action and Non-Action Verbs 16Review the Grammar 20Connect the Grammar to Writing: Write about a Tradition 22UNIT 2 Survival24The PastLESSON 1: Simple P
23、ast 26Reading: The Lion Guardians Project, Kenya 2622.1 Simple Past: Armative and Negative Statements 28.2 Simple Past: Questions and Answers 29LESSON 2: Past Progressive and Simple Past 33Reading: Community Radio in Guatemala 3322.3 Past Progressive: Armative and Negative Statements 35.4 Past Progr
24、essive: Questions and Answers 36LESSON 3: Past Time Clauses 39Reading: Surviving an Avalanche 3922.5 Past Time Clauses with When and While 41.6 Past Time Clauses with When: Events in Sequence 42LESSON 4: Repeated Past Actions: Used To and Would 46Reading: Who Owns the Past? 46222.7 Used To: Armative
25、 and Negative Statements 48.8 Used To: Questions and Answers 49.9 Would: Repeated Past Actions 50Review the Grammar 53Connect the Grammar to Writing: Write about a Difcult Experience 56Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in par
26、t. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time i
27、f subsequent rights restrictions require it. UNIT 3 Health and Fitness58NounsLESSON 1: Plural and Possessive Nouns; Another and Other 60Reading: Sangomas of Southern Africa 60333.1 Spelling Rules for Regular and Irregular Plural Nouns 62.2 Possessive Nouns 63.3 Another and Other 64LESSON 2: Count an
28、d Non-Count Nouns 68Reading: Superfoods 6833.4 Count Nouns and Non-Count Nouns 70.5 More Non-Count Nouns 71LESSON 3: Quantity and Measurement Words 74Reading: The Science of Sports 7433.6 Quantity Words with Count and Non-Count Nouns 76.7 Measurement Words with Non-Count Nouns 77Review the Grammar 8
29、1Connect the Grammar to Writing: Write Opinion Paragraphs 84UNIT 4 Going Places86Pronouns, Prepositions, and ArticlesLESSON 1: Personal Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives 88Reading: Getting Around Mexico City 88444.1 Subject and Object Pronouns 90.2 Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns 91.3 Reexive Pr
30、onouns 92LESSON 2: Prepositions of Time, Place, and Direction 96Reading: Diving in the Bahamas 9644.4 Prepositions of Time 98.5 Prepositions of Place and Direction 99LESSON 3: Articles 103Reading: Andrew Skurkas Alaska-Yukon Expedition 10344.6 Indenite and Denite Articles 105.7 Generalizations vs. S
31、pecic References 106LESSON 4: Articles with Place Names 110Reading: Gregs and Mayas Travel Blogs 11044.8 The and No Article: Geographic Names 112.9 Other Uses of The and No Article with Place Names 113Review the Grammar 116Connect the Grammar to Writing: Write about a Place 118iv CONTENTSCopyright 2
32、015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the ove
33、rall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. UNIT 5 A Changing World120The Present PerfectLESSON 1: Present Perfect: Statements and Questions 122Reading: Asias Aral Sea 122555.1 Present Perfect: S
34、tatements 124.2 Present Perfect: Questions and Answers 126.3 Using Adverbs with the Present Perfect 127LESSON 2: Present Perfect with For and Since 130Reading: Paro, the Robot Seal 13055.4 Present Perfect with For and Since 132.5 Present Perfect: Past Time Clauses with Since 133LESSON 3: Present Per
35、fect and Simple Past 136Reading: The Composites 13655.6 Present Perfect and Simple Past: Indenite or Denite Past Time 138.7 Present Perfect and Simple Past: Incomplete or Complete Time 139LESSON 4: Present Perfect Progressive 144Reading: Good Times and Bad Times for the Inuit 144555.8 Present Perfec
36、t Progressive: Statements 146.9 Present Perfect Progressive: Questions and Answers 147.10 Present Perfect Progressive and Present Perfect 148Review the Grammar 151Connect the Grammar to Writing: Write about Changes 154UNIT 6 Appearances and Behavior156Adjectives and AdverbsLESSON 1: Adjectives 158Re
37、ading: Koalas Fight Back! 158666.1 Adjectives 160.2 Nouns as Adjectives 161.3 Word Order of Adjectives 162LESSON 2: Adverbs 165Reading: Moko The Art of Maori Tattoos 16566.4 Adverbs of Manner 167.5 Adverbs of Degree 168Review the Grammar 172Connect the Grammar to Writing: Write a Description of an A
38、nimal 174CONTENTS vCopyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does
39、 not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. UNIT 7 Tomorrow and Beyond176The FutureLESSON 1: Future with Will and Be Going To 178Reading: A Star-Studded Trip Youll N
40、ever Forget 17877.1 Future with Will 180.2 Future with Be Going To 182LESSON 2: Using Present Forms to Express the Future 186Reading: The Future of Work 18677.3 Simple Present: Future Schedules 188.4 Present Progressive for Future Plans 189LESSON 3: Comparison of Future Forms; Future Time Clauses 19
41、2Reading: Fatimas Blog: Ocean News and Views 19277.5 Comparison of Future Forms 194.6 Future Time Clauses with After, As Soon As, When, Before 195Review the Grammar 200Connect the Grammar to Writing: Write about the Future 202UNIT 8 Consumer Society204Comparatives and SuperlativesLESSON 1: Comparati
42、ve Adjectives and Adverbs 206Reading: What is a Consumer Society? 206888.1 Comparative Adjectives 208.2 Comparative Adverbs 209.3 Completing Comparisons 210LESSON 2: Comparisons with (Not) As . . . As and Less 213Reading: Online Reviews: or ? 21388.4 Comparisons with As . . . As 215.5 Comparisons wi
43、th Less and Not As . . . As 216LESSON 3: Superlative Adjectives and Adverbs 220Reading: Mount Everest: The Highest Garbage Dump in the World? 22088.6 Superlative Adjectives and Adverbs 222.7 More on Superlative Adjectives and Adverbs 223Review the Grammar 227Connect the Grammar to Writing: Write a P
44、roduct Review 230UNIT 9 The Natural World232Conjunctions and Adverb ClausesLESSON 1: Conjunctions 234Reading: Whats for Dinner? 23499.1 Conjunctions: And, Or, So, But 236.2 And + Too, So, Either, Neither 237LESSON 2: Adverb Clauses: Cause and Contrast 242Reading: Volcano Watching 24299.3 Adverb Clau
45、ses: Cause 244.4 Adverb Clauses: Contrast 245vi CONTENTSCopyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).Editorial review has de
46、emed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. LESSON 3: Adverb Clauses: Future Conditional 250Reading: The Sounds of the Sea 25099.5 Adverb Clauses: Future Conditional 252.6 Adverb Clauses: If and When 253Review the Grammar 258Connect the Grammar to Writing: Write about Causes and Effects 260UNIT 10 Work and Play262Gerunds and InnitivesLESSON 1: Gerunds 264Readin