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1、读书破万卷 下笔如有神 1linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of language.2“lexikon”means“word or phrase”3“logie”means“learning or the study of”4Lexicology means“science of the word”.5Semantics:the study of the meanings of words and other parts of language.6Etymology:studies the meanings,origin an
2、d history of individual words and their development.7Phraseology(成语学）:mainly deals with set expressions and idioms.8 a word is“a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function”.9Vocabulary:Total number of words that make up a language.10Basic word stock is
3、the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language.11 Stability.Words of the basic word stock have been in use for centuries,12Productivity.Words of the basic stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words.13Polysemy.Words be longing to the basic
4、 word stock often 读书破万卷 下笔如有神 possess more than one meaning 14 Collocability.Many words of the basic word stock enter quite a number of set expressions,idiomatic usages,proverbial sayings and the like.Instances are numerous.15Argotgenerally refers to the jargon of criminals.16Dialectal wordsare word
5、s used only by speakers of the dialect in question.17Archaisms are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.18Neologisms-are newly-created words or expressions.19Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation an
6、d spelling.20Translation-loans.Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.21Semantic-loans.Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form.22So the three sounds are c
7、alled phonemes rather than morphemes.23 the morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words 读书破万卷 下笔如有神 24Allomorphs(词素变体/语素变体/形位变体)do not occur at random,but are phonetically conditioned and thus predictable:25A free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning.26Mor
8、phemes(粘附词素)which can mot occur(stand alone)as separate words are bound morphemes.27bound root is that part of word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root.28Affixes:affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function(all affixes are bound m
9、orphemes).29derivational affixes:are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.30Affixation (词缀法)is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-form or derivational affixes to stems.affixation falls into two subclasses:prefixation and suffixation.31Prefixation 前缀法 is the fo
10、rmation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.32Suffixation 后缀法 is the formation of words by adding suffixes to stems.读书破万卷 下笔如有神 33compound 复合句is a lexical unit consisting more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word.34Conversion(词类转化法/转类法)is the format
11、ion of new words by converting words of one class to another class.This is a method of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speech.35Blending（拼缀法）is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining parts of two words.36Clipping 截短法 is to shorten a
12、 longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.37 Acronymy (首字母拼音法)is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms 38Initialisms 首字母缩略（合）词 are words pronounce
13、d letter by letter.The letters are separated by periods,but most of them have no periods between letters.39Acronyms (首字母拼音词）are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.40 Back-formation(逆生法)Back-formation is the process of creating a new words by 读书破万卷 下笔如有神 removing a real
14、 or supposed suffix.41Reduplication(重叠法/递接法)Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition of one word or two words with a change either in vowel or in consonant.42Analogy 类比 Analogy is a process whereby words are created in imitation of other w
15、ords(newly created ones or existing ones).43Onomatopoeia(=echoism)(拟声法/拟声词)Onomatopoeia：The formation of a word from a sound.44Connotative meaning(内涵意义)connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations which a word suggests or implies.45Connotative meaning is unstable,varying considerably
16、according to culture,historical period,and the experience of the individual.46Affective meaning indicates the speakers attitude towards the person or thing in question.47Polysemy (多义关系)Polysemy is a common feature to all natural languages.48Perfect homonyms(完全同形同音异义词)are words 读书破万卷 下笔如有神 identical
17、both in sound and spelling,but different in meaning,49 Homographs(同形异音异义词)are words identical only spelling but different in sound and meaning,50Homophones(同音异形异义词)are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning 51Narrowing/specialization 词义的缩小 52 Elevation of Meaning 词义的升华 53 Degradation/Pejoration 词义的降格 54 Transference of Meaning 词义的转移 55 Euphemism 委婉语